In the years 1918-9 $366,000,000 of this gold was exported, leaving
a net additional balance of $723,000,000. This was in large part
reflected in the increase of gold money in circulation, which rose
from $590,000,000 in 1915 to $1,112,000,000 in 1919.
Railways and Canals. There was but little new railway construc-
tion in the years 1910-21. In the five years 1915-9 less than 5,000
m. of new railway was built, not as much as was constructed in one
year in the period 1902-7. In 1919 the miles of track in opera-
tion were 253,350 as compared with 242,107 in 1910, a gain of
less than 5 per cent. The railways, however, did more work.
Passenger-miles increased from 32,338 millions in 1910 to 39,477
millions in 1917, or 22%, and freight-ton-miles from 255,017 mil-
lions in 1910 to 394,465 millions in 1917, or 54 per cent. The aver-
age tons per freight train increased from 380 to 597. In 1917 1,264
million tons of freight (excluding duplications) were moved by the
railways as against 968 millions in 1910. More than one-half of the
tonnage carried was the products of mines, coal being by far the
largest item. The average number of passengers carried per train
rose from 56 to 65. The number of railway employees increased but
slightly, from 1,699,420 in 1910 to 1,833,732 in 1917. Electric rail-
ways, mostly used for passenger service, have been extended more
rapidly than steam railways. In 1907 there were 25,547 m. of
electric line and in 1917, 32,548. The number of employees rose from
221,429 to 294,826 and the number of revenue passengers from
7,441 millions to 11,305 millions. (See RAILWAYS.)
In 1916 the Bureau of Census made a study of transportation
by water. According to this report the tonnage employed on the
Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence river in 1916 was 2,737,491
tons as compared with 2,392,863 tons in 1906, a gain of 14-4 per
cent. The freight carried was 125,384,000 tons as against 75,610,000
tons in 1906, a gain of 65-8 per cent. Of this, 73,000,000 tons was
iron ore, 30,000,000 tons coal, and 6,000,000 tons grain. The
freight handled by the Lakes fleet represented nearly one-half,
48-6%, of the water-borne freight shipments reported for the
United States as a whole in 1916 as against 42-6 % in 1906. Tonnage
on the Mississippi river and tributaries declined greatly, from
4,412,000 tons in 1906 to 1,621,000 tons in 1916. Vessels operating
on canals declined both in number and in tonnage. In 1906 the
number of such vessels was 2,140 with a tonnage of 259,491; in
1916 the number was 2,049 with a tonnage of 196,426. The decline
was on the canals of New York state, where the tonnage dropped
from 209,152 tons in 1906 to 115,290 in 1916, showing that the
efforts to develop canal transportation in that state had not been
successful. The freight carried on the Sault Ste. Marie Canal, con-
necting lakes Superior and Huron, fluctuated during the decade
1910-9, between 53,477,000 tons in 1911 and 91,888,000 tons in
1915; in 1919 it was 68,236,000 tons.
Mails, Telephone and Telegraph. Postal statistics show a
slight extension of post routes, exclusive of rural delivery routes,
from 435,488 m. in 1910 to 455,498 m. in 1919; the number of city
carriers from 29,168 to 35,024; the mileage of rural delivery service
from 993,068 to 1,143,467; and the' number employed in railway
mail service from 16,795 t 19,683. The telephone Was rapidly
86o
UNITED STATES
TABLE 18. Exports of Principal Commodities, 1910-9.
3
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C-T3_C
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8.2
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3
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3
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11
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U
is
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T-
r o
i
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< S C
U
HH
H
Bush-
Dol-
Bales
Dol-
Lbs.
Dol-
Gal-
Dol-
Lbs.
Dol-
Dol-
Dol-
Dol-
Dol-
Dol-
Dol-
Dol-
els
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
lons
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
lars
(mil.)
1910
24
23-5
7-1
530-8
128
17-9
1,502
94-1
329
36-1
43-o
90-4
45-9
13-2
35-6
195-0
53-5
iMi i
33
30-4
8-6
5I7-I
198
24-2
1,769
105-9
370
42-2
52-8
98-2
54-5
19-2
45-7
57-o
1912
62
59-6
10-7
623-1
192
23-5
1,883
124-2
411
46-9
49-3
123-0
52-2
23-8
52-5
290-5
64-4
1913
100
95-J
8-6
575-5
213
28-0
2,137
149-3
444
52-9
56-9
H3-4
60-7
33-3
55-5
295-4
60-0
1914
174
187-2
6-3
343-9
184
25-6
2,240
139-9
347
43-9
62-4
116-0
48-6
34-2
50-1
201-3
67-9
1915
206
282-6
8-4
417-0
524
69-8
2,329
142-9
434
32-5
96-2
"7-3
48-3
II 1-6
95-8
390-9
156-1
1916
ISO
226-7
7-0
545-2
593
87-1
2,607
201-7
484
62-8
86-5
204-9
56-0
120-7
129-3
87I-3
159-7
1917
1 06
245-8
4-8
575-3
578
123-1
2,651
253-0
252
45-6
138-4
333-7
75-4
120-3
158-8
1,242-0
122-5
1918
ill
260-6
4-1
674-1
1,105
316-0
2,715
344-3
407
122-9
244-7
I95-I
144-9
96-7
181-0
1,035-3
91-7
1919
148
356-9
6-6
1,137-4
1,190
373-9
2,493
343-7
777
260-0
"7-3
238-0
I5I-7
273-1
968-5
303-2
TABLE 19. Imports of Principal Commodities, 1910-9.
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Pounds
(mil.)
Dol-
lars
(mil.)
Pounds
(mil.)
Dol-
lars
(mil.)
Pounds
(mil.)
Dol-
lars
(mil.)
Pounds
(mil.)
Dol-
lars
(mil.)
Pounds
(mil.)
Dol-
lars
(mil.)
Dol-
lars
(mil.)
Dol-
lars
(mil.)
Dol-
lars
(mil.)
Dol-
lars
(mil.)
Dol-
lars
(mil.)
1910
804
73-7
461
86-1
70-1
4,195
"3-9
1 80
36-1
110-4
67-0
28-9
27-3
54-5
1911
800
97-2
425
81-5
69-3
4.J34
100-4
156
25-5
87-9
65-8
30-6
23-9
51-8
1912
943
I30-5
615
I2I-I
3
79-8
4,317
118-5
238
42-2
III-2
67-0
44-5
24-5
57-7
1913
853
104-7
498
105-9
34
92-8
4,762
97-1
152
28-8
84-9
65-4
50-7
26-7
60-6
1914
,011
104-8
556
112-3
3'
92-6
5,4i8
127-2
260
58-3
74-7
60-3
49-1
24-5
63-2
1915
,229
113-8
646
127-4
37
94-8
5,286
179-2
423
95-o
II5-5
42-2
44-8
2I-O
59-8
1916
,167
118-8
726
I72-6
41
149-8
5,532
227-6
449
1255
164-5
53-8
65-5
37-5
77-2
1917
,287
122-6
631
209-7
43
189-8
4,944
222-5
421
171-6
239-5
53-8
95-8
63-4
98-6
1918
,052
99-4
362
108-0
49
194-2
5,171
454
251-8
149-2
39-8
114-4
107-6
98-3
1919
334
261-3
745
306-5
56
341-9
7,02 4
3')4'3
446
216-8
221-6
52-6
81-8
123-0
1 1 1-6
extended. In 1917 there were 28,827,000 m. of single wire in this
service as compared with 12,999,000 in 1907. The number of
employees nearly doubled during this period, increasing from
144,000 to 244,000. The Bell telephone system operated in 1919
23,281,000 m. of wire, of which 3,334,000 was for long-distance toll
service. The number of daily exchange messages of this system
alone was 30 millions and of toll messages one million. The tele-
graph systems made but little extension between 1907 and 1917.
In the former year there were 239,646 m. of pole line and in the
latter year 241,012. The number of messages sent increased over
50%, from 101 millions to 155 millions; and the number of employees
from 26,827 to 49,608. (See TELEGRAPH and TELEPHONE.)
The automobile became an important factor in terminal trans-
portation. Motor-car registration increased nine times between
1912 and 1920, numbering (not allowing for duplicate registration)
in the latter year 9,21 1,295. This represents a motor car for approxi-
mately every n of the population. (See MOTOR VEHICLES.)
Shipping. Owing to the great activity in shipbuilding during
the World War the tonnage of the American merchant marine
showed a marked increase between 1910 and 1919, rising from
7,508,100 tons in 1910 to 16,324,000 tons in 1920. Nearly one-
fifth, or 3,138,700 tons, was employed on the Great Lakes. The
tonnage on the western rivers continued to decline, being only
120,230 tons in 1920. Sailing vessels decreased both in number and
tonnage, and steam vessels declined in number from 12,452 to 8,103,
but increased in size. The average tonnage of a steam vessel in
1910 was 394 tons, and in 1919, 1,359 tons. During the five years,
1910^-4, the tonnage of new steam vessels built was 1,106,000 tons;
and in the next five years ending in 1919, 4,948,400 tons, or more
than four times as much. In 1920 new construction amounted to
3,880,639 tons. American shipping is engaged in two distinct
branches of trade: coastwise trade between domestic points, and
foreign trade. The tonnage in foreign trade increased from i ,076,152
tons in 1914 to 9,928,595 tons in 1920. Coasting tonnage remained
about the same. It is estimated that the new tonnage, constructed
under the emergency of the war, represented an expenditure of
$3,000,000,000, a sum greater than the book value of all the
world's merchant shipping in 1914, aggregating 49,000,000 tons.
(See SHIPPING.)
A notable change has taken place in the nationality of shipping
entering and clearing from American seaports. Until 1916 the ton-
nage of vessels sailing under foreign flags for many years was approxi-
mately three times as great as that under U.S. registry; in 1920
U.S. tonnage (26,242,332) equalled foreign tonnage (26,I78,328)._
The total tonnage of vessels entering at all ports from foreign
countries increased from 40,235,800 tons in 1910 to 52,420,600 tons
in 1920, and the tonnage cleared from 39, 705,900 tons to 56,072,300
tons. The tonnage of British shipping entering at seaports of the
United States fell from a maximum of 20,416,000 tons in 1914 to
11,237,000 tons in 1919. German tonnage entering in 1915 was
5,035,000 tons, and in the years 1916-9 was practically nil.
National Wealth. In 1912 the Bureau of Census made an esti-
mate of the wealth of the United States shown in Table 20, amount-
ing to $187,700,000,000.
This gave an average of $1,965 for each person as compared with
$1,165 m 1900. More than one-half the wealth consisted of real
estate and improvement, largely due to the increase in value of
urban real estate. In 1916 the value of taxable real estate in New
York City alone was nearly $8,000,000,000.
Unofficial estimates of the national wealth have been made by
statistical experts for dates later than 1912. That of W. R. Ingalls,
of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, published in the Annalist, Sept. 13
1920, gives $216,600,000,000 for the year 1916. Other estimates
run as high as $400,000,000,000. These figures, however, have little
significance as evidence of domestic welfare. High prices increased
appraised valuation; and high valuation, e.g. of real estate, may
be a burden upon the productive efforts of the community.
The income-tax statistics published by the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue throw light upon the distribution of wealth.
In 1918 the number of personal income-tax returns was 4,425,114.
The net income reported was $15,924,639,000; the tax collected on
this income was $1,127,722,000; 34-3% of those making returns
reported an income of from $1,000 to $2,000; 33-8% an income of
$2,000 to $3,000; 21 -I %an income from $3,000 to $5,000; and 7-2%
an income of from $5,000 to $10,000. Incomes of $1,000,000 or
more were reported by 67 persons. Of the total tax, New York
state paid $354,000,000, or 31-4%; Pennsylvania, $138,000,000, or
12-2%; Illinois, $85,000,000, or 7-5%; and Massachusetts paid
UNITED STATES
861
TABLE 20. National Wealth, 1912.
fil
<~
.
JS'o'o
*""c3
C '-S.
Items of Wealth
>i-B
M
fa
H | g
Real property and improvements .
Live stock
110-7
6-2
3-3
1,150
65
Farm implements and machinery,
etc '. .
1-4
0-7
14
Manufacturing machinery, tools
and implements ....
Gold and silver coin and bullion
6-1
2-6
3-2
1-4
63
27
Railway and equipment including
Pullman and private cars .
16-2
8-7
171
Street railways
4-6
2-4
47
Telegraphs
2
i
2
Telephones
I-I
6
12
Shipping and canals ....
1-5
8
16
Irrigation enterprises
4
2
4
Privately owned waterworks .
3
I
3
Privately owned electric light and
power stations . .
2-1
I-I
22
Agricultural products
5-2
2-7
53
Manufactured products .
14-7
7-8
153
Imported products ....
8
4
8
Mining products ....
8
4
8
Clothing and personal adornments.
4'3
2-3
45
Furniture, carriages, etc. .
8-5
4-5
88
Total
187-7
100-0
1,965
$81,000,000, or 7-2%. Of the personal income, 73% was from per-
sonal service and 27 % from property. Corporations reported a net
income of 88,362,000,000, of which those connected with metals and
metal products returned $2,053,000,000 and those connected with
transportation and other public utilities $1,054,000,000. The
income, war profits and excess-profits taxes from corporations
amounted to $3,159,000,000 of which those connected with metals
and metal products paid 31-76%, or $1,003,000,000. (See INCOME
TAX and EXCESS PROFITS TAX.)
Public Finance. The two main sources of Federal revenue are
customs duties and internal revenue duties. Revenue from customs
although nearly as large in 1920 as in 1910 was relatively unim-
portant; in 1910 it yielded $333,683,000 as compared with $289,934,-
ooo from internal revenue. After that year internal revenue was
the larger. Receipts were as follows :
Customs
Internal Revenue
1910
$333,683,000
$ 289,934,000
1911
314,497,000
386,875,000
1912
311,322,000
380,456,000
1913
318,891,000
405,120,000
1914
292,320,000
442,350,000
1915
209,787,000
415,670,000
1916
213,186,000
512,702,000
1917
225,962,000
809,366,000
1918
182,759,000
3,696,043,000
1919
183,429,000
3,840,231,000
1920
. 323,537,000
5,399,149,000
On account of the war new taxes were levied, the personal income
tax was increased, and excess-profits tax added. The income from
these two sources was, in 1918, $2,839,028,000; in 1919, $2,600,784,-
ooo ; and in 1920, $3,958,000,000. Transportation taxes in 1919
yielded $238,000,000. Tobacco duties yielded in 1910 $58,118,000
and in 1919 $206,003,000; spirits and fermented liquors in 1910,
$209,000,000 and in 1918, $483,000,000. The total ordinary receipts
in 1910 were $675,512,000, or $7.48 per capita, and in 1919 $4,647,-
604,000, or $43.79 per capita. Total ordinary expenditures increased
from $660,000,000 in 1910 to $15,365,000,000 in 1919, a per capita
increase from $7.30 to $144.77. Expenditures for the War Depart-
ment increased from $158,000,000 in 1910 to $9,273,000,000 in 1919;
for the Navy Department from $124,000,000 to $2,019,000,000.
The interest on the public debt increased from $24,742,000 in 1917
to 81,024,024,000 in 1920. Until 1917 the net public debt remained
fairly stationary for many years. In 1916 it was about $1,000,000,-
poo; in 1917 it rose to $1,909,000,000; in 1918 $10,924,000,000, and
m 1919 $24,331,000,000. For the Fourth Liberty Loan, the sub-
scriptions were $6,959,000,000 from 22,777,680 subscribers, or 21-9 %
of the total population. Of the subscriptions 53 % were for $50, the
total in this class making 10 % of the total amount subscribed.
The net cost of government, distinguishing between the United
States, states, and cities having a pop. of over 30,000, as tabulated
by the Bureau of Census for 1919, was: United States, $15,740,-
133,000 ($149.78 per capita) ; states, $635,370,000 ($6.05 per capita) ;
cities over 30,000 $1,202,324,000. Of the $635,006,000 representing
the cost of state Governments, $543,000,000 was devoted to current
expenses of the general departments, the balance representing pay-
' ments for outlays and interest on state debts. Of the $543,000,000
for general departmental services, $183,000,000 was expended for
schools, $134,000,000 for charities, hospitals and corrections, and
$62,000,000 for highways. The revenue receipts of states were
$675,000,000, of which $237,000,000 came from the general prop-
erty tax; $104,000,000 from special property taxes, as $46,000,000
inheritance tax, and $43,000,000 corporation stock taxes; $123,000,-
ooo was derived from business taxes; and $48,000,000 from licences
other than business, for the most part from the use of motor vehicles.
The net indebtedness of states in 1919 was $520,000,000 or $4.95
per capita. With this may be compared the net indebtedness of the
Federal Government amounting to $24,33 1,000,000^ or $232.95 per
capita, and for cities having a pop. of over 30,000, $2,698,000,000.
Of the total governmental-cost payments for cities having a pop.
of over 30,000, 754 millions was for current expenses of general depart-
ments; 238 millions was expended for schools, 72 millions for high-
ways; 6 1 millions for sanitation, 65 millions for fire departments,
8 1 millions for police departments, and 65 millions for charities,
hospitals and corrections. In addition 67 millions was expended for
public service enterprises, two-thirds of which was for water-supply
systems; 157 millions for interest on debt; and 256 millions for out-
lays; representing costs of new property and equipment. The gov-
ernmental-cost payments of 10 large cities for 1919 were as follows :
New York, $232,061,926 (pfr capita, $42.28); Chicago, $93,515,758
(p.c., $35.66); Philadelphia, $67,027,257 (p.c., $37.64); Detroit,
834,738,091 (p.c., $36.86); Cleveland, $29,617,643 (p.c., $38.84);
St. Louis, $24,188,963 (p.c., $31.75); Boston, $37,042,131 (p.c.,
$50.13); Baltimore, $16,372,941 (p.c., $25.12); Pittsburgh, $25,527,-
430 (p.c., $44.09); Los Angeles, $24,716,666 (p.c., $44.81). (See also
the section Finance.)
Army. On June 30 1920 the enlisted strength of the army was
composed of 15,451 officers and 184,904 men, making a total of
200,355. Of the total 149,869 were on duty in the United States,
I 9,3 I 9 in the Philippine Department, 4,519 in Hawaii, and the
remainder were scattered in China, Panama, Alaska, Porto Rico,
and Siberia, with the U.S. army in Europe, and at sea. By branches
of service the army was composed of Infantry, 52,560; Cavalry,
16,777; Coast Artillery, 16,145; Field Artillery, 15,757; Air Service,
9,358; Corps of Engineers, 4,877; Signal Corps, 4,948; Staff Corps
and Departments, 47,165; General Officers and aids, 195; Philip-
pine Scouts, 7,149; and miscellaneous, 25,368. As a result of service
in the World War it was estimated by the Chief of Staff of the War
Department in 1919 that there were nearly 4,000,000 men and
200,000 officers fit and trained for war. (See ARMY.)
Navy. Owing to the war with Germany, the navy, both in ves-
sels and men, was greatly increased. In 1912 there were 323 vessels
fit for service, and 42 under construction; in 1920 the respective
numbers were 795 and 165. The principal classes of vessels in 1920,
fit for service, were: battleships 37, armoured cruisers 8, cruisers
26, destroyers 249, submarines 98. In addition there were under
construction, II battleships, 24 cruisers, 70 destroyers and 50 sub-
marines. In 1910 the number of officers in the regular service was
2,645 an d enlisted men 45,076; in 1920 the respective numbers
were 8,765 and 116,760. In addition the marine corps contained in
1910 9,659 and in 1920 19,685. (See SHIP AND SHIPBUILDING.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Relating to the Thirteenth Census of the United
States, 1910 are the following volumes: I. Population, General
Report and Analysis (1913); II-III. Population, Reports by States
(1913); IV. Occupation Statistics (1914); V. Agriculture, Gen-
eral Report and Analysis (1913); VI-VII. Agriculture, Reports by
States (1913); VIII. Manufactures, General Report and Analysis
( I 9 I 3); IX. Manufactures, Reports by States (1912); X. Manu-
factures, Reports for Principal Industries (1913); XI. Mines and
Quarries, 1909 (1913). Much of the material in these volumes is
summarized in the Abstract (1913), and is graphically represented
in the Statistical Atlas of the U.S., 1(114.
The Census of Manufactures, 1914, appeared in 2 vols. in 1918-9.
Important volumes on special topics have been recently pub-
lished by the Bureau of the Census: Negro Population 1790-
1915 (1918); Indian Population in the United States and
Alaska, 1910 (1915); Religious Bodies, 1916: part I, Sum-
mary and General Tables (1919), part II, Separate Denomina-
tions (1919); Insane and Feeble-Minded in Institutions, 1910
(1914) ; Benevolent Institutions, 1910 (1913) ; Deaf Mutes in the United
States, 1910 (1918); Paupers in Almshouses, 1910 (1915); Prison-
ers and Juvenile Delinquents, 1910 (1918); Statistical Directory of
State Institutions for Defective, Dependent and Delinquent Classes
(1919); Wealth, Debt and Taxation, 1913 (3 vols. 1915); Central
Electric Light and Power Stations and Street and Electric Railways
1912 (1915); Telephones and Telegraphs, 1912 (1915); Transporta-
tion by Water, 1916 (1920). The Bureau of the Census has also pub-
lished a series of volumes on Financial Statistics of Cities and on
Financial Statistics of States and continues the annual compilation
on Mortality Statistics, begun in 1900. As the registration area is
constantly enlarged, these latter statistics are of increasing value.
The Federal Department of Agriculture issues many statistical
bulletins relating to crops, supplies and stocks of staple commodities.
862
UNITED STATES
The most important of these are summarized in the Year Book of
the Department of Agriculture. The U.S. Geological Survey of the
Department of the Interior issues frequent bulletins on mineral
products and stocks which are annually gathered together in the
volume Mineral Resources of the United States. Statistics of com-
merce are compiled by the Department of Commerce and published
in an annual volume, Foreign Commerce and Navigation.
The U.S. Tariff Commission has also published several volumes
in which commercial statistics are rearranged for use in tariff dis-
cussion, as The Wool-Growing Industry. Price statistics both for
retail and wholesale trade are gathered and published by the Fed-
eral Bureau of Labor Statistics. A valuable series of studies on price
statistics of different groups of commodities during the World War
was published under the editorship of W. C. Mitchell by the War
Industries Board, under the titles History of Prices during the War
and Government Control over Prices. The Bureau of Labor Statistics
also issues frequent bulletins showing wages in different trades in
different parts of the country. The Interstate Commerce Commis-
sion issues an annual report, Statistics of Railways. Shipping statis-
tics are published in the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Navi-
gation. Immigration statistics are published in the Annual Report
of the Commissioner of Immigration. Statistical tables in regard to
the Federal finances are to be found in the Annual Report of the
Secretary of the Treasury, sometimes known as the Finance Report.
This contains abstracts of the reports of the Comptroller, Treasurer,
Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Director of the Mint. Of
especial value for recent years are the annual reports and the month-
ly bulletins of the Federal Reserve Board. The bulletins contain a
great variety of commercial and trade statistics collected by the 12