57,897
7,667,171
2,993,737
Hay and forage <
1919
1909
1,064,130
742,741
2,013,913 tons
1,399,597
47,717,065
17,200,252
Sugar beets . <
1919
1909
5,363
1.270
46,386
6,556
500,969
38,007
Crops of increasing importance are bulbs, flowers, vegetable seeds,
flax, filberts, and English walnuts. Prohibition increased enormously
the demand for berry-juices. Three-fifths of the loganberries pro-
duced in the United States come from Washington (1,157,778 qt. in
1919, valued at $208,402). The evergreen wild blackberry (supposed
to have been introduced from Hawaii) is spreading through the river
valleys, and the fruit is shipped in carload lots to the canneries.
In 1919 the state ranked first in the production of apples and third
in hops (1,615,761 Ib., valued at $727,092). The growth of the chief
orchard crops between 1909 and 1919 was as follows:
Production
Value
Apples . . . <
1919
1909
21,568,691 bus.
2,672,100
$38,823,641
2,925.761
Peaches . . j
1919
1909
1,544,859
84,494
3,321,449
118,918
Pears . . . [
1919
1909
1,728,759
310,804
3,025,331
328,895
Plums and Prunes <
1919
1909
785,920
1,032,077
1,532,546
600,503
The following table shows the growth in number and value of
domestic animals during the decade 1910-20.
Number
Value
Horses -|
1920
1910
296,381
280,572
$25,069,336
29,680,849
Mules /
1920
23,091
2,93.Ni3
1910
12,185
1.7/6.297
Milch cows . . <
1920
1910
289,635.
186,233
23.64,537
7,988,133
Sheep ... |
1920
1910
623,779
475-555
7,750,407
1,931,17
Swine . . . <
1920
1910
264,747
206,135
5,049,249
L927
In 1917-8 condenseries used 205,657,654 Ib. of whole milk to pro-
duce 1,844,097 cases of condensed milk, valued at $8, 870,^25.
Cream and butter were sent to the cities from 1 10 creameries. In
1919 in 19 factories the production of cheese was 2,004,365 lb. r
valued at $348,669.
During the decade 1910-20 the irrigated farms increased from
7,664 to 13,271 ; irrigated acreage from 334,378 ac. to 529,899 acres.
The Reclamation Service of the Federal Government has impounded
the waters in Keechelus Lake (Kittitas county) and other lakes toserve
large projects in the Yakima valley. The Kittitas county project
under the state law was designed to reclaim 70,000 ac. ; the Klickitat |
county project to irrigate 90,000 acres. The largest enterprise is the
Columbia Basin project, to utilize the waters of Pend Oreille lake
and river for the irrigation of 1,750,000 acres.
Mining. The value of gold production decreased from $840,0001
in 1911 to $280,000 in 1919. The amount of silver produced increased
from 230,000 oz. to 299,000 oz. ; copper from 196,000 Ib. to 1 ,320,000 !
Ib. ; lead from 848,000 Ib. to 1,700,000 Ib. ; zinc from 25,000 Ib. to
39,000 pounds. Coal mined in 1911 was 3,573,000 tons; in 1919;
3,100,000 tons. During the decade 1910-20 five new cement plants:
were established in the state, and large quantities of Portland cement
exported. Of increasing importance are clay products, such as
paving brick, sewer pipe, and terra cotta.
Manufactures. The following table shows the growth of manu-
factures 1909-14.
1914
1909
Number of establishments
Wage-earners (average)
Capital
Salaries
Wages
Cost of materials ....
Value of products ....
Value added bv rran'ifnrt'.re .
3,829
67,205
$277,715,262
11,504,088
51,703,052
136,609,309
245,326,456
108,717,147
3,674
69,120
$222,261,229 ,
9,826,579
49,766,368
117,887,688
220,746,421 I
102,858,733!
The chief items were lumber and timber products, flour-mill and
grist-mill products, slaughtering and meat-packing, butter, cheesei
and condensed milk, printing and publishing, malt liquors, canning 1
and preserving. In 1914 the state ranked twenty-third in value of'
products and twenty-seventh in number of wage-earners.
Water Power. Chief Engineer Merrill, of the Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, has prepared a chart showing the
distribution of water-power resources in the United States. The
total represents 54,000,000 H.P. Washington is shown to exceed all
other states, with 16% of the total, California being second with
14-5% and Oregon third with 12-3 per cent. Efforts were being
made in 1921 to secure Government control of trunk lines for the
distribution of hydro-electric power.
Ports and Commerce. During and immediately after the World
War the commerce passing through the district of Puget Sound was
second only to that of New York. A law approved on March 14 1911
WASHINGTON CONFERENCE
957
authorized the organization of ports, and where these are made
coextensive with the areas of first-class counties they become ports
of the first class. These have elaborate powers of taxation and
management. Seattle, Tacoma, Aberdeen and other cities have taken
advantage of this law to improve their harbours and to build great
wharves and other conveniences to handle the increasing commerce.
Highways. The state has embarked upon the task of providing
in extensive system of improved roadways. These include the
hington link of the Pacific Highway, intended to extend from
lea to the Straits of Magellan, another highway around Puget
~<>mid to the. Pacific; and highways across the Cascade Range and
rn Washington. The Federal Government maintains the Mt.
ier National Park and the Olympic National Monument.
rts were being made in 1921 to preserve the Mt. Baker and
rhe Mt. Adam national parks. National forests include 12,000,000
ic. within the state. The Legislature has created a state Park Board
mthorizcd to receive lands for parks and to preserve strips of native
orcst growth along the highways.
History. Ernest Lister, Democrat, became governor in 1913
md was reelected in 1916. He died June 14 1919, and was
iuccceded by Lt.-Gov. Louis F. Hart, Republican. Governor
was elected to succeed himself in 1920. He recommended
vhat is known as the Governor's Administrative Code of 1921,
>ne of the most significant changes in the state government
its organization. It was enacted by the Legislature, and
nany boards of commissioners were abolished. The work
I ormerly in their hands was entrusted to appointive officers.
I Commerce with many nations developed rapidly during the
lecade 1910-20. In Seattle there were in 1921 24 resident con-
[luls representing foreign countries. By far the greater number
if vessels coming to ports of Puget Sound were under the Japa-
.icsc flag. Branches of Japanese banks were established. In 1921
he Legislature passed a law restricting alien ownership of land,
imed especially at the Japanese. It provides that: an alien shall
lot own land or take or hold title thereto; no person shall take
r hold land or title to land for an alien; land now held by or for
.liens in violation of the constitution of the state is forfeited to
nd declared to be the property of the state; land hereafter
onvcycd to or for the use of aliens in violation of the constitution
r of this Act shall thereby be forfeited to and become the prop-
rty of the state. The word " alien " is so denned that it docs
ot include an alien who has in good faith declared his intention
o become a citizen of the United States, but does include all
ther aliens and all corporations and other organized groups of
ersons a majority of whose capital stock is owned or controlled
y aliens or a majority of whose members are aliens. During the
Vorld War many yards were established for the building of steel
nd wooden ships. A special railway was built into the spruce
crests of Clallam county to get materials for airplanes. The
'cdcral Government established a permanent cantonment at
I'amp Lewis, near Tacoma. A naval training station was estab-
\ shed on the campus of the university of Washington in Seattle.
Progressiveness was shown in such legislation as the working
len's compensation law (1911), initiative and referendum (1913),
Ipcall of public officers (1913) and aid for destitute mothers
1915). To meet the high cost of government the Legislature in
J92i enacted laws levying a poll-tax on every person between the
iges of 21 and 50, and a tax of one cent on each gallon of gasoline
ised by motor vehicles; the tuition charges in state institutions
' F learning, and the fees for licences for automobiles and for fish-
ealcrs and others were also increased.
During the World War the state supplied to the army 4S,iS4
ten; navy 11,887; and marine corps 1,767. The state's sub-
:riptions to the Liberty loans were: First, $17,070,650; Second,
38,481,100; Third, $42,907,950; Fourth, $70,189,650; Fifth,
4.5,024,150. (E. S. M.)
WASHINGTON CONFERENCE, 1921. Preliminary invita-
ons to a conference at Washington on the limitation of
ational armament were issued by President Harding on
uly 10 1921 to Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan. On
ug. 1 1 formal invitations were sent to these Powers, to China,
nd later to Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal, Presi-
ent Ha'rding having been authorized by Congress, in an amend-
icnt to the Naval Appropriations bill signed July n 1921, to
rrange for the Conference. The President made it plain that
he regarded disarmament questions .as closely linked with the
Pacific and Far Eastern problems. As American delegates
Mr. Harding designated Secretary of State Hughes, Elihu
Root, Senators Lodge and Underwood; the British Empire
was represented by Mr. Balfour, Lord Lee of Fareham, Sir
Auckland Geddes and Sir Robert Borden, as principal dele-
gates; France by Premier Briand, M. Viviani, M. Sarraut,
and M. Jusserand; Italy by Sig. Schanzer and Sig. Ricci; Japan
by Prince Tokugawa, Admiral Kato, and Ambassador Shide-
hara; China by Mr. Wellington Koo and Mr. Sze.
The Conference assembled Nov. 12 1921, was addressed by Mr.
Harding, and elected Mr. Hughes as its chairman. The latter
at once placed the American proposals on naval disarmament
before the gathering; they were so precise and far-reaching as
to cause general surprise. Reviewing the failure of previous
attempts at disarmament and emphasizing the existing oppor-
tunity, Mr. Hughes proposed that there should be a naval
" holiday ": " for a period of not less than 10 years there shall
be no further construction of capital ships." He then presented
a definite plan for the scrapping of certain of the older capital
ships and of capital ships under construction, and the restriction
of capital ship replacements by an agreed maximum of ton-
nage, as follows: for the United States and Great Britain
500,000 tons each, for Japan 300,000 tons a " 5-5-3 " ratio.
Discussion of the tonnage allowance for France and Italy was
reserved for later consideration. The directness with which
Mr. Hughes stated his case struck a note which evoked hearty
response from the delegates and the public, and he was at
once supported by the British delegation. " We can no longer
content ourselves," Mr. Hughes said, " with investigations,
with statistics, with reports, with the circumlocution of in-
quiiy. . . . The world wants a practical programme which
shall at once be put into execution." At the second plenary
conference, held Nov. 15, the representatives of France, Japan,
and Italy also accepted the principles of the Hughes pro-
posals, leaving the technical details for consideration by the
experts.
In the plenary session of Nov. 21 the subject of military
armament was introduced by Mr. Hughes, who said that the
United States had followed its traditional policy of reducing
its own regular military establishment to the smallest possible
basis. He recognized, however, the special difficulties existing
in Europe. M. Briand explained the attitude of France as based
on her need for security in Europe; expressing the readiness of
his country to take any steps necessary to 'ensure peace, he
emphasized the necessity of a genuine atmosphere of peace,
a " moral disarmament," before physical disarmament could
be attempted. This atmosphere, he maintained, was lack-
ing chiefly because of what France regarded as the warlike
attitude of Germany, the carefully maintained system which
made it possible for her suddenly to convert a huge number
of " civilians " into troops, and the availability of her war
industries. France, he claimed, had already reduced her army
by a third and was planning to reduce it by a half. Complete
demobilization, however, was impossible for her under the
conditions existing in Germany and Russia. M. Briand con-
cluded with an appeal for the moral support of France by other
nations, and this evoked a sympathetic response from the
other delegates. Sig. Schanzer of Italy, however, made plain
the desire of his country that "the general limitation of land
armaments may become a reality within the shortest space of
time." The result of the attitude of France was to establish
the impracticability of discussing any definite plan for the
limitation of armies. A sub-committee was appointed, however,
to consider the questions of air-craft, poison gases, and the
rules for the conduct of war.
The agenda of the Conference were dealt with by two com-
mittees of the whole, one composed of the delegates of the five
principal Powers to deal with limitation of armament, the other,
composed of delegates of all nine Powers, including China,
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal, to deal with matters
affecting the Pacific and the Far East.
958
WASHINGTON CONFERENCE
Meetings of these committees and their sub-committees, be-
ginning with their first sessions, Nov. 14 and 1 5, were held in the
Pan-American Building and were not open to the public. Lengthy
sions, of which six were held. The decisions reached were in regard
to navies, including submarines; poison gases; the Pacific Ocean
and its islands; and Chinese affairs.
communiques were published on the progress of the discussions,
and their results were reported formally at the open plenary ses-
The committee on armament discussed fully the maximum
tonnage and ratio of capital ships to which each Power should
WASHINGTON CONFERENCE
959
itrict itself; and on Dec. 20 a provisional agreement was
reached. Japan maintained (Dec. 20) that 60 per cent of the
quota proposed for the United States and Great Britain on
-5-3 pl an was insufficient for her defensive needs, and
.ed that it be increased to 70 per cent; her delegates were
icially unwilling to sacrifice the " Mutsu," a new capital
ip (in large measure paid for by popular subscription) which,
under the Hughes plan, would have to be scrapped. This
obstacle was overcome by permitting Japan to retain the
"Mutsu," on condition that an older ship, the " Setsu," should
be scrapped. This change gave Japan two post-Jutland ships
and an increased capital-ship tonnage, to offset which it was
agreed that the United States should complete two ships still
in process of construction, and that Great Britain should con-
struct two new vessels not to exceed 35,000 tons each. In
replacement tonnage the ratio was to stand thus: United States
ind Great Britain 525,000 tons each, and Japan 315,000 tons
i ratio of 5-5-3- This agreement was stated to be contingent
apon a suitable arrangement for France and Italy, who had
lljeen offered a replacement tonnage of 175,000 each. But M.
iSarraut, representing France, held out for an aggregate of
350,000 tons, to be constructed on a replacement basis from
[1925 onwards. The controversy was finally laid before M.
Briand, who had returned to France; he agreed to accept for
France the capital-ship ratio of 1-75 as against 1-60 for the
United Slates and for Great Britain, but made his consent
:onditional on the obtaining of a larger proportion of auxiliary
:ral't and submarines, which were regarded by France as purely
I defensive weapons. " The idea which dominates the Washington
Conference," he telegraphed, " is to restrict naval armaments
Iwhich are offensive and costly. But I do not believe that it
|!s the programme to deny to a nation like France, which has a
arge extent of coasts and a great number of distant colonies,
the means of defending its communications and its security."
The French reply settled the problem of capital ships, but
|l warm controversy was provoked over submarines, Mr. Bal-
iour, on behalf of the British delegation, proposing the complete
ibolition of the submarine, on the ground that it was an
Inhuman agent of warfare, effective only in illegal attacks upon
hommcrce. Mr. Hughes proposed a reduction of submarine
.onnage for the United States and Great Britain to 60,000
ppiece, and approximately the status quo for France, Japan,
knd Italy (31,500 for the first two, 21,000 tons for the last).
IBut the French delegates refused to accept less than 90,000
tons for submarines and 330,000 for cruisers and auxiliary
[:raft. Mr. Balfour then made it plain that, failing action against
[:he submarine itself, Great Britain could accept no limitation
for anti-submarine craft.
As a result, the treaty, as finally agreed upon by the five
Inajor Powers, did not include limitation of total tonnage of
liubmarine or auxiliary craft. Limits, however, were placed
Lpon the total tonnage of aircraft carriers and upon individual
j:onnage of capital ships and cruisers, as well as upon the calibre
l)f guns carried.
The failure of the British attempt to abolish the submarine
ras mitigated by the passage of a series of resolutions presented
jy Mr. Root and later embodied in a treaty. As accepted, they
itated the rules of international law as to " visit and search "
>n the high seas, and declared that belligerent submarines are
lot exempt from these rules. They invited the adherence of all
:ivili/,ed Powers to this statement. In the third place, they
ecognized that the use of submarines as commerce destroyers
ras practically impossible without violation of these rules,
jind that prohibition of such use should be accepted as a law of
iiations; they declared the assent of the contracting Powers
uo such prohibition and invited that of all other nations. No
lefinition of a merchant ship was adopted. In the fourth place,
pey declared that commanders of all ships transgressing inter-
lational rules should be subject to punishment for piracy.
Vircraft limitation was rejected by the Conference, after a
Uchnical report of the sub-committee had declared limitation
o be impracticable, but an inquiry commission was appointed.
The abolition of the use of poison gas in international warfare,
on the other hand, was advocated by the Naval Committee
Jan. 7 1922, on the motion of Mr. Hughes, and prohibition
of poison gas was embodied in a treaty.
In respect of the problems of the Pacific one of the most important
accomplishments of the Conference was the drafting of a new treaty,
presented at the plenary session Dec. 10 1921, between the United
States, Great Britain, France and Japan. It pledged each to respect
the rights of the others in relation to their insular possessions and
insular dominions in the Pacific, to accept mediation in case of
controversy over these possessions, and to open frank discussions
if their rights were threatened by any other Power. The treaty was
to remain in force for 10 years, and upon its ratification the Anglo-
Japanese Alliance Vas automatically to be terminated. A reservation
accompanied the treaty embodying provisions to the effect that it
should not be deemed an assent on the part of the United States to
"mandates" granted in the Pacific under the Peace Treaty of Ver-
sailles, and should not preclude agreements relative to mandated
islands.
The reservation also excepted from arbitrable controversies ques-
tions lying within the domestic jurisdiction of the contracting Powers.
To the treaty was later appended also a second agreement, denning
the phrase " insular possessions and insular dominions " in such a way
as to exclude Japan proper from its scope. The representatives of
the United States and Japan also signed a treaty regarding Yap,
according to which the United States was to have free access there on
a footing of entire equality with Japan in all that related to cable
and radio service, and received certain privileges and exemptions in
relation to electrical communications. Subject to various conditions
the United States consented to the administration by Japan of the
mandated islands in the Pacific north of the equator.
Chinese problems were presented Nov. 16 1921 by Mr. Sze in the
form of ten points, which the Conference was asked to adopt. They
called for recognition of the territorial integrity and political and
administrative independence of China, the "open door ' neutrality,
and the complete removal of all political, jurisdictional, and adminis-
trative restrictions upon the Chinese Republic.
The general attitude of the Conference towards China was crys-
tallized Nov. 21, when four resolutions presented by Mr. Root were
adopted. They declared the intention of the Powers' to respect the
sovereignty, the independence, and the territorial and administrative
integrity of China, their desire to maintain the principle of equal
opportunity for the commerce and industry of all nations, and their
agreement not to seek special rights or privileges. Details of specific
arrangements to be enforced led to long discussions. A resolution
was adopted (Dec. 24) proyiding for the voluntary withdrawal of
foreign post offices from China Jan. I 1923, on condition that China
should maintain efficient service and continue the supervision of
the foreign co-director general. The problem of extra-territorial
rights could not be settled definitely, but it was referred to an inter-
national committee for intensive study and report within a year.
The demand for the withdrawal of foreign troops from China was
referred to a sub-committee, and finally it was agreed that, while the
principle of withdrawal was accepted, the issues raised should be
made the subject of inquiry, in order to determine the conditions
upon which withdrawal must depend. On the other hand the
Powers passed a resolution urging China to reduce the large military
forces maintained by the military governors. The relinquishment
of foreign leaseholds in China was not actually secured (though
Great Britain announced her readiness in this respect if other
countries would join her) ; but China's fight for " open diplomacy "
was virtually won when a resolution was passed (Dec. 8) pledging the
nine Powers not to enter into any agreement that might impair the
force of the four Root resolutions. As regards the customs tariffs,
the demand for China for complete autonomy was not granted, nor
the request made, in view of the nation's financial necessities, that
her quota be raised from 5% to 12^%. It was decided, however,
that China's customs revenue should be increased by $46,000,000
silver annually, through an advance to 5% effective, a surtax of
23%, and a surtax not exceeding 5 % on luxuries. Other resolutions
included agreements that foreign radio stations should transmit
only Government messages, that there should be no unfair dis-
crimination in railway rates, an expression of hope that the railway
system might be unified under Chinese Government control, and an
agreement for the establishment of a Board of Reference for Far
Eastern Questions.
. The question of the Japanese occupation of Shantung entailed long
negotiations, which at times seemed dead-locked, especially those
relating to the Tsing-tao-Tsinan-fu railway. Largely through the
mediation of Mr. Hughes and Mr. Balfour a separate agreement
was finally reached between Japan and China and signed Feb. 4.
It provided for the return to China of the former German leasehold
and 5O-km. zone in Shantung, and the withdrawal of Japa-
nese troops and gendarmes; China was to purchase the Tsinan-fu
railway for $30,000,000, but, before complete redemption, there
were to be appointed a Japanese traffic manager subject to the
direction of the Chinese managing director, a Japanese accountant,
and a Chinese accountant of equal rank. Japan renounced all rights
960
WATERHOUSE WATER SUPPLY, MILITARY
to foreign assistance stipulated in the Chinese-German Treaty of
1898, and relinquished the maritime customs at Tsing-tao and former
German public properties. As to Siberian problems, Baron Shide-
hara made a full statement to the effect that it was "the fixed and
settled policy" of Japan to respect the territorial integrity of Russia,