than have been exterminated (the fauna having substantially
gained in numerical strength), there has been a falling off in
what may be called faunistic quality. For many masterly crea-
tures have been replaced by elusive vagrants, and giants by pig-
mies. " We have, in effect, lost more than we have gained; for
how can the increase of rabbits and sparrows and earthwor
and caterpillars, and the addition of millions of rats and cock-
roaches and crickets and bugs, ever take the place of the
fine creatures round the memories of which the glamour
Scotland's past still plays the reindeer and the elk, the wolf,
the brown bear, the lynx, and the beaver, the bustard, the crane,
the bumbling bittern, and many another, lost or disappearing?"
(p. 497). We have singled out this book as an outstanding
instance of a kind of zoological investigation which is inter
ZUIDER ZEE
H43
pretative as well as observational, synthetic and constructive
as well as analytic. In its vivid realization of the correlation of
organisms, this " study in faunal evolution " continues the
tradition of Darwin.
Mechanism atid Vitalism. Coming finally to the " Magnolia
Naturae," and the diverse attitudes of modern zoologists to
these, as in the long controversy of mechanists and vitalists,
we cannot yet say that substantial conclusions have been reached.
The conflicts between mechanistic and vitalistic interpretations,
between the purely physiological (i.e. apsychic) and the psycho-
biological descriptions of behaviour continue with undiminished
vigour. Yet there is progress in the fact that the questions at
issue are being denned with increasing precision, (a) Everyone
allows that there is a chemistry and a physics of the organism;
that a chemical and physical (i.e. theoretically mechanical)
description can be given of much that goes on in the living body;
that the chemical and physical analysis of the animal has yielded
very important results; and that this kind of description will
certainly extend its scope, (b) It is widely though not unani-
mously held that there is little help in the hypothesis that a special
form of energy (" vital " or " biotic ") comes into operation in
organisms, and is convertible into equivalent quantities of
other forms of energy. For no one has demonstrated this specific
vital energy, much less measured its intensity. As the tendency
of science is to greater simplification of the forms of energy, we
must agree with Bayliss (1915, p. 31) that "it seems somewhat
retrograde to assume a new form of energy, especially as there
is no urgent necessity for it. The resources of the known forms
of energy are not altogether exhausted." (c) Many physiologists
occupy the position of Claude Bernard: " There is in reality only
one general physics, only one chemistry, and only one mechanics,
in which all the phenomenal manifestations of nature are included,
both those of living bodies and those of inanimate ones. In a
word, all the phenomena which make their appearance in a
living being obey the same laws as those outside of it " (La
Science Experimental, 1878, p. 116). (d) There is, however, a
growing body who hold to what may be called methodological
vitalism. Without presuming to set limits to the extent to which
chemical and physical descriptions may be given of what occurs
in a living animal, and without assuming that the concepts of
physics and chemistry are stationary (which they certainly
are not), it is urged that up to the present the chemico-physical
interpretation remains inadequate. For there has not been
given any exhaustive physico-chemical description of any total
vital operation, such as the contraction of a muscle, still less of
any complex case of animal behaviour. And as to individual
development we cannot give a mechanical description of the
condensation of the inheritance into a germ-cell, nor of the
differentiation of the embryo, nor of the regulation phenomena
observed when an embryo rights itself after the building materials
of its living edifice have been seriously disarranged, nor of the
way in which many developing parts seem to conspire toward
one result. Similarly as regards organic evolution: we cannot
offer a rriechanical theory of variability; and the process of
selection is much more than mechanical sifting. In short,
mechanical formulae do not fully suffice for answering biological
questions. Biology requires Categories of its own. (e) But
when the critic of mechanism advances beyond this, to postu-
late some further vital agency associated with the organism,
operating actively in certain cases, directing the chemico-
physical processes so that their results are different from what
they would have been apart from its intervention, he has passed
to thoroughgoing vitalism. Bergson's " elan vital " has much
of this character; but the most consistently thought out expres-
sion of this doctrine is Driesch's " Entelechy " (The Science
and Philosophy of the Organism, 2 vols. 1908). Discussions of
the problem of vitalism may be conveniently found in John-
stone's Philosophy of Biology (1914), and Thomson's System of
Animate Nature (2 vols. 1920). See also J. S. Haldane (Organ-
ism and Environment, 1917) in which he discusses the physiology
of respiration as a test case, and with suggestiveness for both
sides of the controversy.
REFERENCES. W. E. Agar, "Transmission of Environmental Ef-
fects from Parent to Offspring in Simoncephalus vetulus," Phil.
Trans. R. Soc. London (1913, pp. 319-50); Journal of Genetics
(1920, x., pp. 303-330, 3 figs.); F. Baltzer, " Die Bestimmung des
Geschlechts nebst emer Analyse des Geschlechtsdimorphismus bei
Bonellia," M T Zool. Slat. Neapel (1914, xxii.); " Ueber neuere
Versuche zur Vererbung und Bestimmung des Geschlechts," M T
Nat. Ver. Bern. (1917, pp. 234-70) ; W. Bateson, Problems of Genetics
(1913, p. 258, 2 pis. 13 figs:); Presidential Address, British Associa-
tion, Australia (1914, pp. 1-38); F. A. Bather, Presidential Address,
Section (^British Association (1920, p. 61); W. M. Bayliss and E. H.
Starling, " The Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion," Journal of
Physiology (1902, xxviii., pp. 325-53); W. M. Bayliss, Principles
of General Physiology (1915, p. 850, 259 figs.); Georges Bohn, Le
Mouvement Biologique en Europe (1921, p. 144); W. E. Castle, Ge-
netics and Eugenics (1916, p. 353) ; A. Cesnola, Biometrika (iii.p. 58) ;
C. M. Child, Senescence and Rejuvenescence (1915, p. 481), Indi-
viduality in Organisms (1915, p. 213, 102 figs.); W. Eagle Clarke,
Studies in Bird Migration (2 vols. 1912); J. T. Cunningham, Sexual
Dimorphism in the Animal Kingdom (1900, p. 317), "The Heredity
of Secondary Sexual Characters in Relation of Hormones, a Theory of
Heredity of Somato Genie Characters, "Archiv. f. Entwicklungsme-
chanik (1908, xxvi., pp. 372-428); Charles Darwin, The Descent of
Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871); H. de Vries, "Varia-
tion " (in Darwin and Modern Science, edited by A. C. Seward
1909, pp. 66-84) I L. Doncaster, Introduction to the Study of Cytology
(1920, p. 280, 31 figs.); E. M. East and D. F. Jones, Inbreeding and
Outbreeding (1919, p. 285, 46 figs.); J. Henri Fabre, Souvenirs Ento-
mologiques (9 vols. 1879); Hans Gadow, Presidential Address,
Section D, British Association (1913, pp. 500-509); J. Stanley
Gardiner, Presidential Address, Section D, British Association- (Re-
port 1920, p. 87) ; R. Ruggles Gates, The Mutation Factor in Evolu-
tion (1920, p. 353, 114 figs.); P. Geddesand J. A. Thomson, Evolu-
tion (1911, p. 256); H. D. Goodale, Publication No. 243 (Carnegie
Inst., Washington, 1916, pp. 1-52, 7 pis.); K. Groos, The Play of
Animals (1900); E. Newton Harvey, The Nature of Animal Life
(1920); S. J. Holmes, Studies in Animal Behaviour (1916, p. 266);
Julian S. Hurley, " Courtship Habits of Great Crested Grebe,"
Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1914, pp. 491-562); H. S. Jennings, Be-
haviour of the Lower Organisms (1906, p. 366, 144 figs.); Jacques
473); C. Lloyd Morgan, Habit and Instinct (i8g6); T. H. Morgan,
Evolution and Adaptation (1903, p. 470) ; T. H. Morgan and others,
The Mechanism of Mendclian Heredity (1915, p. 262, 64 figs.);
T. H. Morgan, The Physical Basis of Heredity (1919, p. 305, 117
figs.) ; J. H. Paul, Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh (1915, xxxv., 78-94, 4
pis., ibid 232-62, 20 figs.), and other papers; G. N. and E. G. Peck-
ham, Observations on Sexual Selection in Spiders (1889); Frances
Pitt, Wild Creatures of Hedgerow and Garden (1920); W. P. Pycraft,
Courtship of Animals (1913, p. 318, 40 pis.); John Rennie, P. B.
White, E. J Harvey, " Isle of Wight Disease in Hive-Bees," Trans.
R. Soc. Edinburgh (1921, lii., pp. 737-79, 3 pis.); James Ritchie,
The Influence of Man on Animal Life in Scotland: A Study in
Faunal Evolution (1920, p. 550, 90 figs. 8 maps); E. S. Russell,
Form and Function, a Contribution to the History of A nimal Morphology
(1916, p. 383, 15 figs.); Geoffrey Smith, " Studies in the Experi-
mental Analysis of Sex," Quart. Journ. Microscopical Science (1909-
13); W. R. Sorley, " The Interpretation of Evolution," Proceedings
British Academy (1909, iv., pp. 132) ; J. Arthur Thomson, " Man
and the Web of Life," chap. 4 in A. Dendy's Animal Life and Hu-
man Progress (1919), The System of Animate Nature (2 vols. p. 687,
1920); A. Landsborough Thomson, " Results of a Study of Bird
Migration by the Marking Method," Ibis (1921, pp. 466^527);
W. L. Tower, publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
(1906, p. 320, and ibid, 1918, p. 340, 19 pis.) ; J. B. Watson and K. S.
Lashley, Homing of Terns (Papers from the Department of Marine
Zoology, Carnegie Institution, Washington, vii., 1915, pp. 1104,
7 pis. 9 figs.) ; E. I. Werber, Journal Experimental Zoology (1916, xxi.,
347-67, 2 pis., and ibid, 485-582, 3 pis.); W. M. Wheeler, Ants
(Columbia University Series); A. Willey, Convergence in Evolution
(1911); C. O. Whitman, The Behaviour of Pigeons (posthumous
works, vol. Hi., edited by Harvey A. Carr, Publications of Carnegie
Institution of Washington, 1919, p. 161) ; L. L. Woodruff and Rhoda
Erdmann, "A Normal Periodic Re-organization Process without
Cell Fusion in Paramecium." Journ. Exper. Zool. (1914, xvii., pp.
425-516, 4 pis. 22 figs.). G- A. T.)
ZUIDER (or ZUYDER) ZEE (see 28.1049). It was after the
draining of several landlocked seas and small sea-arms of the
province of North Holland had been successfully completed in
the early part of the i7th century that, about the middle of
the next century, the idea of the shutting off and draining the
entire Zuider Zee first began to be discussed. Serious objec-
tions to the initial scheme led to various proposals for the drain-
ing of parts of that sea, and eventually to a thorough investiga-
tion as to the best means of closing and draining it. This
H44
ZULOAGA, IGNACIO
investigation, instituted by the Zuider Zee Society in 1886,
gave rise to a scheme put forward in 1891, the execution of
which, in a modified form, was begun in 1920.
The requisite bill was introduced in 1913 and was passed
almost unanimously by both Chambers of the States-General
in 1918. There may perhaps be some cause for wonder that a
decision of such import should have been made during war-
time. The explanation is that it was just the circumstances
of those days, with the shortage of food occasioned by them,
which brought into prominence the importance of extending
the area of arable land. Moreover, people had still fresh in
their memories the severe storm of 1916, which, bursting the
Zuider Zee dykes, deluged vast districts of the country.
o 10 zo 30 Kil.
Ameland
FIG. i.
The main features of the scheme are indicated in fig. I. They
consist of (.4) the closure and (B) the drainage. The closure is like-
wise divisible into two parts, namely, from North Holland to the
Isle of Wieringen and from that island to Friesland. The combined
length of the enclosing dams or barrages is nearly 19 miles. With
the completion of the dams 850,000 ac. of the Zuider Zee will be
shut off from the North Sea, thus creating a large lake. The dams
will afford full protection to the coasts of the provinces bordering
on the Zuider Zee for a distance of 152 miles. In the dam sluices
will be required to carry off the surplus of water from the enclosed
Zuider Zee, and the quantity may at times be very great, since it
will include the afflux of the Yssel, an arm of the Rhine. It is there-
fore deemed necessary to have no fewer than 30 sluices, 33 ft. wide
and 13-2 ft. deep. As soon as the closure is complete various parts
of the Zuider Zee can be successively dammed and drained. Four
inner enclosures (B) are contemplated, corresponding to the char-
acter of the sea-bottom and other factors.
After deducting the dimensions of dykes, canals, and roads the
enclosures will provide 500,000 ac. of land, an area equivalent to
that of the cultivated districts of North Holland or of Groningen
with a surface analogous in composition to the best clay soil to be
found in the country. The remainder of the Zuider Zee bottom con-
sists chiefly of sand, and will, consequently, not be reclaimed. The
water covering this area is shown in the sketch under the name of
Ysselmeer. Its size is about 580 sq. m., which is thrice that of the
lakes of Geneva or of Constance. It will constitute a receptacle
for the waters of the Yssel and some smaller rivers, and will dis-
charge them through the sluices into the open-sea during ebb tide.
As a reservoir of fresh water this Ysselmeer will be able to supply
the canals of the surrounding provinces in periods of drought.
The Zuider Zee project has thus a double purpose: in the first
place the reclamation from the sea of new fertile provinces; secondly,
the security from the encroachments of the sea and the supply of
fresh water to the neighbouring provinces. In the initial stages of
the work heavy clay was dredged out of the open sea and deposited
along the track to be followed by the dam. The cost of the under-
taking was calculated in 1914 at about 19,000,000, but it seemed
likely in 1921 to be very much more. Ten years were allowed for
the construction of the main dam and another 20 years for the
completion of the four inner enclosures.
See Flevo, monthly periodical devoted to the Zuider Zee recla-
mation scheme; Maandberichten betrejfende de Zuyderzeewerkens
(monthly). (C. LY.)
ZULOAGA, IGNACIO (1870- ), Spanish painter (see 28.1049),
had become by 1921 the head of a definite school of Basque
and Castilian painters, whose work was marked by a realistic
and decorative treatment of contemporary Spanish life, con-
sciously based on Velazquez, El Greco and Goya. His art
showed increasing emphasis on silhouette, simplification of
form and use of broad masses of sombre colour relieved by
splashes of more vivid tints. In his figure compositions a low
horizon and a panoramic background were favourite devices
for obtaining a decorative monumental effect. Women and
the nude figure played an important part in Zuloaga's work.
In his portraits, of which typical examples are " Lucienne
Breval in Carmen," " Cousin Candida," " The Duke of Alba,"
and " Countess Mathieu de Noailles," emphasis is on the type
rather than the individual, and the combination of realism and
simplification tends towards caricature. This also appears in
his genre paintings of Spanish types, peasants, dancers, bull-
fighters, priests and beggars, such as " Old Castile," " The
Bottleseller " and " The Witches of San Millan." His land-
scapes, mainly painted round Burgos, Salamanca and Segovia,
have a similar bizarre, fantastic quality. His later work in-
cludes " My Uncle Daniel and his Family " (1912), " A Cardi-
nal" (1914), "Toreadors" (1914), " Un Versolari " (1916).
An important retrospective exhibition of his work was seen at
the 1919 International Exhibition at Bilbao, and he was repre-
sented by three portraits in the 1920-1 Exhibition of Spanish
Paintings at Burlington House.
See also: L. Benedite, Ignacio Zuloaga (1912); Juan de la Encina,
El Arle de Ignacio Zuloaga (1916).
INDEX
The Index to the New Volumes XXX., XXXI. and XXXII. of the Encyclopedia Britannica, has been pre-
J pared on the same system as that used in Volume XXIX. Every Index has its own principles and its own
[conventions. Those adopted for Volumes I. to XXVIII. need not here be recapitulated; they are sufficiently
1 explained in the preface to Volume XXTX. and in the Rules and Abbreviations which follow it. It is only
[necessary to add that in this supplementary Index the volume number is not repeated before successive
[references from the same volume, and that measures have been taken to avoid difficulties arising from variant
[spellings which have different initial letters, of Arabic and Slavonic names. All abbreviations used in this
I supplementary Index are explained in the Key beginning on page xv. of Volume XXX.
AA
Aa (riv.), Lat. 30-888 III (Cl).
['Aachen, Ger.: see Aix-la-Cha-
| pelle.
Aakjaer, Jeppe S0-833c.
SAalesund, Nor. Sl-1157a.
Aalsmeer, Holl. Sl-374b.
Aandalsnes, Nor. Sl-1152b.
'Aaronsohn, Alexander 30-148d.
.Vasen Mortar 32-773d.
ibaden, Pers. 32-63b.
Abainville, Fr. 31-768a.
Vbano, It. 31-600 (C6).
Vbbadan, isl., Pers. Gulf 32-59d.
Abbas II. (khedive) 30-942a; 32-
1077b.
U>bazia Agreement 30-332b.
IBBE, CLEVELAND 30- la.
Abbeville, Fr. 31-117 (Cl), 267a;
32-0701 (A4).
VBBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN 30-
Ib.
Abbey theatre, Dublin 30-856a;
, 31-3 lib.
llbbot, Charles Greeley 30-296d.
Abbott, Edith 31-401b.
-, LYMAN 30- Ib.
L.B.C. Entente 30-493d.
' libd-al-Hamid: see 'Abdul Hamid.
Lbdalla (Abdulla). Emir 31-55b;
1 30-166d; 32-17d, 763a.
- Pasha 30-377c; Sl-1224a.
iibdalla, Khor, inlet, Pers. Gulf.
S2-59b.
ibd cl Aziz (of Morocco) Sl-984d.
- Malek 31-985a.
ibd cs Salain 31-985a.
.bdominal surgery 31-909c.
iBDUL HAMID II. (Abd-al-
Hamid) 30-lc; 31-1222d, 688c;
S2-29d.
tbdulla, Emir: see 'Abdalla.
ibel, Niels Henrik 31-877o.
ibel, Othenio S2-9d, 12d.
ibeokuta. prov., Nig. 31-1 134b.
iber Benoit, bay, Fr. 31-114b.
iBERCORN, JAMES HAMIL-
ton, 2nd Duke of 30- Id.
ibercorn, Rhod. 30-885c.
-, Scot. 32-75c.
.BERCROMBIE, LASCELLES
30- Id.
.berdare, Wales 32-841a.
Aberdeen, Scot. 32-84 Ic; 31-
1218a; university 32-383c.
-, S.Dak. 32-548C.
-, Wash. 32-956b.
-BERDEEN & TEMAIE, J. C.
Gordon, 1st Marquess SO-ld.
.berdeenshire, Co., Scot. 32-
84 Ib.
.bcrystwyth, Wales 31-208a.
.bijean(Abidjan), Af. 30-68 (C4).
iBINQDON, W. L. 30-ld.
- Jrinsi, Nig. 31-1 135c.
i .blain, Fr. 31-267c.
iiblain-St. Nazaire, Fr. 30-268
i III (B3).
ibnake ru K 30-284d.
IBNEY, SIR WILLIAM DE W.
30- 2a.
This Index covers Vols. XXX., XXXI. and XXXII. only.
See Vol. XXIX. for Index to Vols. I. to XXVIII. inclusive.
AGADIR
Abnormal, places (mining) 30-
, 994b.
Abo, Fin. 30-101d; 31-74a.
Abomey, Dah. 30-794b.
Abonneau, Gen. 31-329a.
Abors 31-208d.
Abortion 30-652a; 32-87c.
"Aboukir" (cruiser) 31-1069d;
32-605C.
Abraham Lincoln (Drinkwater)
30-856b.
Abraxas grossulariata: see Goose-
berry moth.
ABBUZZI, DUKE OF THE
(Luigi Amedeo) 30-2a.
Abruzzi, prov., It. 31-821b.
Absinthe 31-137c.
Absorption 32- lOOd.
test 30-364a.
Abstinence: see Fasting.
Abu Dhabi, Arab. 32-65c.
Jifan, Arab. 30-165b.
Musa, isl., Pers. Gulf 32-59b.
Rumman, Mesop. 32-810 II
(D2).
Shahrain, Mesop.: see Eridu.
ABYSSINIA 30-2b, 68c, 68 (H4);
Survey 30-67a; Trade 30-5a,
32-5 lOa.
Abyssinian Corporation 30-3c.
Acacia decurrens: see Tan wattle.
Academie de la Langue Francaise
30-445b.
Francaise Sl-152d.
Acarrania, dist., Gr. 31-3000.
Acceleration 32-266b.
Accelerene 32-300d.
Acceptance (banking) S0-409d.
Accidents 31-461c; aircraft 30-
32b; insurance 31-503d; mines
S0-709a; railways S2-238c.
Accompaniment, guns of 30-250c;
31-H93b; 32-774a.
Accountants, Military 32-85 Ib.
Accra, Go.Cst. Sl-296d; S2-603C.
Accrington, Lanes. S2-841a.
Acetic acid 30-635a; Sl-65d.
Acetone 30-359a.
Acetylene 30-635a; 32-966d; cal-
cium carbide S0-634a, 962d.
Achaia, dist., Gr. 31-300c.
Acheh, Sum.: see Kotaraja.
ACHENBACH, ANDREAS 30-
3d.
Acheson, Annie Crawford 32-
Achirt-le-Grand, Fr. 30-268 IV
(A3)
AchietJe-Petit, Fr. 30-268 IV
(A4); 32-516 (Dl); Sl-275b.
Achilles (planet) S0-297a.
Achinsk, Kuss.As. S2-467d.
ACHURCH, JANET 30-3d.
Acid 30-633a, 480c.
Acid-lined converter 30-751b.
Acker, Paul 31-153d.
Ackers, B. St. John 30-81 la.
Aconcagua, prov., Chil. S0-654c.
Acoustics 32-528d.
Acquanegro, It. 31-600 (A6).
Acquisition of Land Act (1919)
Sl-345b, 397d.
Acre, Pal. 32-820 IV (C4); 32-
17b, 824c.
Acromegaly 30-862b.
Acrosome 30-783b.
Actaeon sweep Sl-950d.
Actinium 32-220b.
lead 32-220b.
Actinopterygii 32-13b.
Action Francaise, L' (French) 31-
1108d, 141a.
Action Francaise, L' (Can.) 30-
561b.
Activated sludge S0-360c.
Activist party (Belg.) 30-437c.
Acton, H. W. 31-835b.
Acworth, Sir William M. 31-454c.
Acy-en-Multien, Fr. 31-85 6b.
ADAM, JULIETTE 30-3d.
. PAUL 30-3d; Sl-152d.
Adamello, mt., It. 31-600 (A4).
Adami, J. G. 30-5 60d.
Adamowo, Pol. 31-1054c.
Adams, Charles Francis 30-4a.
Franklin P. 30-118a.
HENRY 30- 3d, 118c.
Herbert 32-389d.
Katherine 30-283b.
MAUDE 30-4a, 860a.
Stephen: see Maybrick, Mi-
, Walter Sydney 30-298d.
ADAMSON, WILLIAM 30-4a,
1024C.
Adamson Law (1916) Sl-392d;
30-175c; 32-1019a.
Adana massacres S0-196d; 31-
1222d.
Adaptation (biol.) 31-9 12d.
Adare, cape, Antarc. 30-140c.
Ad beatissimi (encyclical) 30-
682d.
ADDAMS, JANE 30-4H.
Addicks, Laurence 30-963b.
Addis Abbaba, Aby. 30-68 (G4);
30-3a; 32-510a.
ADDISON, CHRISTOPHER
30- Ib, 1028c.
Addison's disease S0-861c; 32-
649c; Sl-547d.
Ade, George S0-117d.
Adelaide, S.Aus. 30-306b; 32-
603c; strike (1910) 30-310c;
university 30-488d.
ADEN, Arab. S0-4d; S2-603c;
30-166a; S0-I64b (map).
gulf, Arab. 30-3c.
Aden-West, bay, Arab.: see Ban-
dar Tawiya.
Adiabatic heatdrop 81-359d; 32-
797b.
Adige, riv., It. 31-600 (C6).
Adigetto, riv., It. 31-600 (C6).
Adjustment of Property tax 32-
870b.
Adjutant-general S0-205d.
Adkins, Sir Ryland S0-997d.
Acoustic depth-sounding 32-628b.
For Key to Abbreviations see page xv
Adler, Friedrich S0-6b.
, Siegmund 30-327b.
, VIKTOR 30-5b, 349d.
Adli Pasha 30-944c.
ADMIRALTY ADMINISTRA-
TION 30-6c; censorship 30-
594a; compass dept. 30-733c;
munitions 31-705a: submarines
32-609c; trade div. 30-465b;
U.S. 30-9d.
, Board of 30- 7a foil.
, Controller 30-1018d.
Pier, Dover 30-853d.
Shipyard Labour Dept. 31-
712c.
Adolf Friedrich (D. of Meck-
lenburg) 32-735a.
Adolphus, Duke of Teck: see
Cambridge.
Adoption 30-648c.
AD OR, OUSTAVE 30-1 la; 32-
63 8a.
Adrenal gland 30-861b.
Adrenalin S2-648d, 103d, 88a; as
anaesthetic 32-88a, 30-137d;
heart 31-348a.
Adrenin 30-861c.
Adria, It. 31-600 (C6).
Adrianople, Greece 31-301a,
309a, 24c; siege (1912-3) 30-
380b, 31-1224a, 1224b.
, dept., Gr. 31-300d.
Adriatic sea: climate 30-368c;
mines 31- 953d; political im-
portance 31-628C, 32-1119d,
31-1' 11,. 32-45a; tides 32-725b.
" Adriatic " (liner) 32-447b.
Adultery 30-843c.
Adult schools 30-6880.
Advent, bay. Spits. S2-563a.
Adventists 30-692a.
ADVERTISEMENT 30-llb; 31-
849c; illuminated 31-426d; in
U.S. Sl-699d, lllOd; war loans
32-953c.
Advisory Boards, State (U.S.) 31-
722c; S2-871d.
Trade Committees 32-83 Id.
Ady, Andreas 31-4 18c.
A.E.: see Russell, G. W.
Aegean civilization 30-isia, 1774
Sea: Bulgarian claims 30-52 Ib:
climate 30-368c; Greek claims
32-47a, 31-304b.
Aeeina, isl. Gr. 30-lSla.
AEHRENTHAL, A. L. VON,
count 30-1-M. 327d; 31-614b;
32-399b.
Aerial (wireless) 32-1026d.
Derby S0-16c; Sl-797a.
Navigation Act (1913) Sl-82d;
MM to.
Navigation Act (France, 1913)
30- 6a.
obstacle: see Obstacle.
propaganda 32-30.
ropeways S0-503d.
torpedo 32-736d.
warfare (Air warfare) Sl-86d;
cavalry 31-1009b; coast de-
, Volume XXX.
fences 30-718(1; fortifications
detected 32-480d.
Aerobatics 30-33c.
Aero bearing plate 30-43b.
Aerodrome 30-47b; 32-760d.
Aerodynamics 30-26b.
Aero engines 30-37a; 31-520c;
30-31b; 31-1026a (table); alloy
steel 31-923d; cylinders 30-36a;
engine failure 30-33c; fuel 31-
172d; sound 32-526b; testing of
30-35b.
Aerofoil S0-30d.
AERONAUTICS 30-13c, 6Ia:
Atlantic flight 30-109d; liquid
compass S0-733b. See also
Aviation; Flying Corps.
Aeroplane S0-19a, 15c, 56 (Plate
I) ; 32- 6 6 9c ; air defence 30- 8 8a ;
carriers 30-57:1, 32-432d; con-
tact patrols Sl-508d; fortifica-
tions mapped 32-480d; fuel 30-