24 Prima vita Gregorii XI. (Baluz. I. p. 441) : Ipse multum dilexit suos, — ac
eorum consilio et instigatione ac favore nuilta fecit, prsesertim in promotionibus
nonnullorum, quibus sufficientiores in moribus et scientia foisitan reperiri potuis-
sent.
^ From an early time, taxes for consecration liad been sometimes customary,
and sometimes condemned as Simony. See de Marca de Cone. Sac. et Imp. lib.
VI. c. 10; in Alexander IV's time, about 1260, they had been partially introduc-
ed, being paid to the Pope and cardinals under the name of Annata (because
they were proportioned to the yearly income), and this had become a subject of
complaint (Ostiensis comm. in Deer. Greg. I. Tit. 32, c. 15) ; under Clement V.,
however, they were exacted for every appointment, whctlier consecrated at the
papal court or not. See Guil. Durandus de modo generalis concilii celebrandi,
P. II. Tit. 20 : Cum ilia decreta, in quibus agitur de sinmnia, in novo et veteri
testamento, in Conciliis, a ss. Patribus ct Romanis Pontiticibus damnata, non ser-
ventur, et maxime in cuiia Romana, in qua etiam coetus Dominorum Cardinalium
vult habere una cum Domino Papa certam poitionem a Pr;elatis, qui promoventur
ibidem : videretur super hoc maxime providendum. cf. Joannes Andrem (above,
§ 60, note 11) comm. in Deer. Greg. I. Tit. 32, c. 15 : Pluiies clamavi in tantum,
quod de hoc fuit sermo in Concilio Viennensi, quod optarem, quod curia reciperet
Chap. I. Papacy till 1378. //. Relations to the Chui'ch. § 100. 55
clergy the popes not unfreqtiently reserved to themselves the fruits of
the first year (fructus primi aiini).-'' Most oppressive of all, however,
were the exactions which the popes were incessantly making, either
for themselves or for the temporal princes, under pretext of a cru-
sade.^"
vicesimam redituum clericorum totius orbis ad sustentationem Papae et Cardinali-
um, et nihil exij;i posset pro scrvitiis prslatorum, quos pi-omovet, exceptis laxatis
salai'iis laboranÜQin, puta scriptorum et similium : et tunc provideret le^atis et
nuntiis, quos mittit, de pi-cdicta quota ; abstineret autem ab exactione fructuum
primi anni, exactionibus decimarum et similibus, quas nunc pullulant.
^ At an earlier period, the bishops of various countries had succeeded in estab-
lishing, with respect to the benefices, to which they had the right of appointino-, a
jus deportuum, altogether answering to the jus regalife (see above, § 63, note 6) ;
in oi'der, however, to make sure of their share, they had changed these vacantia;
into fructus primi anni, so that even in case of another change, the patron niio-ht
still have the proceeds of the first year. This jus depoi-tuum Clement V. now
usurped to himself, first of all in England : Matthcei Westmonasteriensis (about
1377) flores histor. ad ann. 1306 (ed. Francof. 1601. fol. p. 454) : Ipse vero Papa
videns insatiabilem quorundam Episcoporum Anglite avaritiam, importune postu-
lantitim primas vacantes ecclesias per annum in suis dioecesibus sibi concedi
advertensque, quia quod postulat inferior, potest et superior, appropriavit sibi ipsi
per biennium omnes proventus de pi-imo vacantibus ecclesiis in Auglia, videlicet
de primo anno primos fructus, tam de episcopatibus, abbatiis, prioratibus, pra-ben-
dis, rectoriis et vicariis, quam de ca;teris niinutis beneficiis. This income from
England was drawn still by John XXII. A. D. 1317 ( Raynald, ann. 1317, no.
49) : but soon after he extended this right to the whole church, reserving to him-
self (see the bull Cum nonnulla; A. D. 1319, Extravagg. comm. III. 11. 11, an
explanation of earlier bulls, no longer extant), pro ecclesiee Rom. necessilatibus
fructus, reditus et proventus primi anni beneficiorum ecclesiasticorum, etiam [le^.
et jam] vacantium, et quae in diversis orbis partibus usque ad triennium vacare
contingeret, with exception only of the Archiepiscopales et episcopales ecclesise,
ac reguläres Abbatise. In the Declaratio Nalionis Gallicfe in Cone. Const. (1417)
de Annatis non solveudis, cap. 2 (in v. d. Hardt Concil. Const. T. I. P. XIII. p.
. 764), it is remarked that this is the first reservation of the kind. Deinde postnio-
dum nonnulli Romani Pontifices, ipsius (Joannis XXII.) successores, etiam certis
temporibus similes fecerunt Reservationes, certis causis expressis. Quas Clerus
Principes et populus aliquo tempore tolerarunt. Sed postmodum nimium gravati
ex iis, in aliquibus regnis et provinciis, recusaverunt solvere. Prout fuit factum
in Anglia et quibusdam aliis locis. That these reservations differed from the An-
natas is shown in Boehmeri observatt. sei. ad de Marca, lib. VI. c. 10, p. 153 seq.
The origin of these last, see below, § 102, note 3.
-' Continuatio Chron. Guil. de Nangis ad ann. 1326 (in d'Achery Spicil. T. III.
p. 86) : Papa depauperatum se videns, niisit nuntios speciales pei- universas pro-
vincias Regni Francis ad petendum Ecclesiarum — subsidium pi-o guerra sua in
Italia prosequenda. Quod Rex Francise, asserens hoc in Regno Francis inconsue-
tuni, prohibuit : sed domino Papa sibi super his resci-ibente, postmodum Rex con-
siderans -Do 2/i rfes, faciliter concessit; unde et pro duobus succedentibus annis
Papa Regi biennalem decimam super Ecclesiam concessit ; et ita dum miseram
Ecclesiam unus tondet, alter excoriat. How often and how long contiibutions
were levied by the French kings on this pretext, see above, § 96, note 33 ; § 97,
note 1. Thomassini vetus et nova Eccl. discipl. P. III. Lib. I. c. 43, § 10 ; thev
were almost constantly granted to the Spanish kings to carry on their wars with
the Moors. See Thomassini, 1. c. c. 44, § 3; not unfrequently also to the kino-s
of England, thus A. D. 1306 for two years (Matth West monaster, p. 454), 13??
for one year (Raynald, ad h. a. no. 49), 1333 for four years (Thomas Walsing-
ham, p. 131), etc. Of which the Minorite Johannes de Riipescissa, 1349, says in
his Prophetia (in Edw. Brown Appendix ad Fascic. Rerum expetendarum et
fugiendarum. Lond. 1690. fol. p. 495) : propter impositionem decimarum et visita-
tionum, orationes quae deberent fieri per clerum — convertuntur in maledictiones
et lamentationes, et maxime contra illos, qui talia imposuerunt, quia tanta est pau-
56 Third Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
Thus every kind of oppression, wliich in earlier times had been
resisted to tlie utmost when atteinptp.d by tlie secular powers, was now
practised in the church by the popes themselves. But most revolting
of ail was the base flattery of those who attempted, by a miserable
pertas in clero, quod oneia non possunt supportare. Et quia pratextu guerrarum
prasdictarum sunt iuiposita, utinain reducerentur ad mentein verba, qua? ego audivi
a domino Henedicto (XII.) sancta; memoria^ super factis guerrarum, quod nun-
quain t'uit intentionis faciendi guerras, etiam pro patrimonio Ecclesiae, nisi cum
armis spiritualibus : et dicebat etiam quod guerra;, quce t'uerunt fact» per Ecclesi-
am, vel lierent in futurum, sortientur tristem etiectum ; et quod plus conlidebat
oralionibus et lachrymis, quam imposilionibus decimarum et visitationuni, et ideo
nunquam voluit talia concedere, sed cunctos ab omni gravamine conservabat ;
tarnen dicta et facta sua et plurium alioruni Deum timentium rep'utantur phan-
tastica, et convei-sa sunt in cantica et musicum carmen. Under Gregory XI.
A. D. 1372, the chapters and convents of Mentz united to resist a contribution of
this kind which lie had ordered. See the Unio in Gudeni codex diplomaticus, T.
III. p. 507 : having proved, qualiter sanclissimus in Chi-isto Pater et Dominus
noster, Dom. Gregorius, digna Dei Providentia Papa modernus, decimam omnium
ecclesiasticorum fructuum, redituum et pi-oventuum praesentis anni, per Provinciam
Maguntinam et nonnullas alias Provincias Aleinanis duxerit iiiiponendum ; they
first enumerate the misfoi-tunes which make such a measure impossible, amongst
which usualis monetre debilitas, qua; ut plui-imum ex transportatione tlorenorum
harum partium ad Romanam Curiam et aliunde facta communiter accidisse refer-
tur. This had ali'eady gone so far, quod non est reperire personam ecclesiasticam
civitatis et diocesi? Maguntinae, qua» de redilibus ecclesiasticis, deductis omnibus
debitis, juxta sui benelicii et status exigcnliam valeat sustentaii. — Ex ante gestis
tarnen verisimiliter pi-ssumimus, — quod idem S. Ü. N. Papa, quorundam, a quo-
rum dextris stat diabolus, proeferentium cupiditatem propriam juri, — sinistris
informationibus fallacique ingenio circumventus excusationes nostras — non admit-
tet, quin immo ad solutionem — dictas deciniK nos artare et compellere curabit. —
Ex quibus et propter exactiones Papales perplurimas in hi^ terris Clerici ad mag-
nam paupertatem redacti, servis immo Judseis couiparati, detestabiliter despiciun-
tur, et a Laicis — quasi licite capiuntur, — ipsorumque bona diripiuntur et ignibus
devastantur, ip5aque sancta sedes et nonicn Apostolicum — adeo vilipensa diffaman-
tur, quod proinde tides catholica magna vacilhit in parte, Laicis videntibus Clericos
— per sedem Apostolicam et ejus diversarum impositionum modos, videlicet ser-
vitiorum communium, decimarum papalium et itnperialium, procurationum,
Primarum, Annatum, subventionum nuntiorum Apostolicorum, ecclesiastica-
rum reservatio7ium, ac sj)ecialiter decedentium Prcslatorum continuis extorsio-
nfÖMS atHigi. Et exinde diversa et gravissima animarum pericula et Schismata —
jam insurgunt, — laicis ipsis clamantibus, et despeclive contra Romanam Ecclesiain
invehentibus, quod sedes ipsa — ad partes exteras nunquam his temporibus mittit
pra?dicatores vel vitiorum correctorcs, sed quotidie mittit bene pompizantes, —
pecuniaram pertissimos exactores. Et propter haec et alia, — paucissimi jam in
terris istis inveniuntur, nisi solo nomine Christiani. They therefore unite, ne
quoque nobis, miserabiliter sicut pi-a?mittitur afflictis, intolerabilis afflictio superad-
datur, no=;que per artationem et compulsionem solutionis hujusmodi Decimarum et
aliarum Collectarum, quocunque nomine censeantur, imposterum ut verisimiliter
praesumitur imponendarum, paulatim et successive ad extremae exinanitionis dis-
pendium dcducamur, they agree to share all cost and danger, sic etiam, quod
talis, quicunque hujusmodi rei occasions qualilercunque gravatus sen damni-
ficatus, a nobis et a Clero non vitetur, ncc in suis Ecclesia aut Monasterio — ab
aliquibus actibus excludatur, sed quod suis prajbendis ac beneiiciis — pacitice gau-
deat et fruatur, ac si gravatus nullo modo fuisset. Item nullus dictam Decimam
in parte vel in toto solvat, seu se soluturum promittat, aut super ea componat —
absque Nostrum scitu — et assensu. Et si aliqui forsan tenui conscientia tenti,
trepidantes ubi trepidandum non est, etiam hujusmodi Decimam solverint, vel
super ea sc composuerint ; — praeter perjurii ])cenam quam ipso facto incurrunt, a
perceptione omnium fructuum — beneficiorum suorum — suspensi maneant, et sint
infames, nee ad aliquam dignitatem, heneticium seu officium aliquod — per electi-
onem se alterius dispositionis modum ullatenus admittantur.
Chap. T. Papacy till 1378. //. Ecclesiastical History. ^ 100. 57
casuistry, to defend these manifest abuses of thie popes,-^ not except-
ing even their Simony. ^'-^
^^ e. o;. Augustinus Triumphus, Qu. 68, Art. 1 : Utriim Papa possit dispensare
in pluralitiite bencficioruiii ? — In collatione beneficioruni aliquid est de jure divino
et naturali, ct aliquid est dc jure posilivo. Ue jure nanique naturali et divino est,
ut beneficium detur propter adniinistrationeiii otficii. — ue jure vero positivo est
paucitas vel pluralitas beneficioruni; non enim possunt talia cadere sub una regula,
quia considerata quandoque ecclesiag necessitate vel persona; dignitate plura bene-
ficia conferenda sunt uni quam alteri. Cum igitur Papa non solum possit ilia,
qucB sunt juris positivi, verum etiam supra ipsum jus potest dispensare (Deer.
Greg. III. 8, 4. See above, § 61, note 8) : ideo dicendum est, quod sicut de jure
positivo communi, cujus Papa est conditor, facta est talis restrictio, ut nulli liceat
plura beneficia habere, sed quicumque recipit aliquid beneficium curam habens
animarum annexam, si prius tale beneficium habebat, est eo ipso jure privatus ;
sic Papa, qui est supra jus, potest talem restriclionem relaxare, etc. Qu. 72,
art. 2 : Utrum Papa peccet providendo compatriot« et domestico niagis, quam
extraneo ? Videtur, — quia bona couimunia sunt communiter dispensanda. Porro
in provisione spiritualis beneficii causa spiritualis debet considerari, sed patria vel
familiaritas est causa carnalis, non spiritualis. Porro scandalum multorum Papa
debet maxiuie vitare ; sed multi scandalizantur, cum compatriotis et familiaribus
Papas vel Prffilati providetur magis quam aliis. — In contrariuni est Apostolus
1 Tim. 5 : Qui suorum et maxime domesticorum curam non habet, fidem negavit,
et est infideli deterior. — R. dicendum, quod in provisione ecclesiastici beneficii
vel potest attendi beneficium quod conf'ertur, vel intentio conferentis, vel locus, in
quo conferlur. Si vero consideretur beneficium, quod confertur, cum sit spiritu-
ale, non debet dari nisi pro officio. Quanto ergo quis est sulficientior et dignior
in officii administratione, tanto citius meretur beneficii provisionem. Si vero
consideretur intentio providentis, aut providet compatriotae et domestico ex aliqua
causa debita niagis quam extraneo, utputa propter ejus majorem paupertatem, vel
propter receptum honestum obsequium, puto quod non peccat. Si vero faciat hoc
ex causa illicita et indebita, ut precise propter patriae afTectiouem, vel consan-
guinitatem, vel propter cumulandas ejus divitias, peccato non caret provisio.
^^ Alvarus Pelagius de planctu eccl. lib. II. c. 14 : Quaerendum est, an Papa
possit committere simoniam. Et tenet Thomas, quod sic. — Quamvis enim res
ecclesi» sint ejus, ut principalis dispensatoris, non tarnen sunt ejus ut domini et
possessoris. Against this : Papa legibus loquentibus de simonia et canonibus
solutus est. Credo, quod si Papa in iis, qua; sunt prohibita quia simoniaca, ut
vendere sacramenla, quorum venditio in veteii testamento etiam prohibetur, —
pactum vel conditionem vel conventionem apponeret, committeret simoniam. —
Secus in iis, qua; sunt simoniaca, quia ab ecclesia prohibita, ut vendere beneficia,
sepulturas et similia, — quod tunc, etsi peccet malum exemplum dando, — si tamen
ex certa scientia hoc faciat, nolens subjici juri positivo, quo solutus est, non com-
mitteret simoniam, licet ut dixi ilia pactio et conventio etiam in iis de se grave
peccatum sit. Sic sentio. Augustinus Triumphus, Qu. 5, art. 3 : Certum est,
summum Pontificem canonicam simoniam a jure positivo prohibitam non posse
committere, quia ipse est supra jus, et eum jura positiva non ligant. — Potest
tamen forte simoniam committere prohibitam a lege natura;, ut quod pro re tempo-
rali intenderet spiritualem tribuere. — Certum est similiter, quod summus Pontifex
pro bono publico ab Episcopis et aliis Prslatis ecclesiarum accipere potest summara
pecunias, prout secundum Deum et rationem videtur sibi expedire, quod alii infe-
riores Prfclati facere sine peccato non possunt.
58 Third Period. Div. VI. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
in. HISTORY OF THE PAPAL SCHISM.
Original documents in (VAchery Spicileg. T. I. p. 763 seq. Martene et Durand
thesaur. novus Anecdotoruni, T. II. p. 1073 seq. Eorundem Veterum Scrip-
torum ampliss. collect. T. VII. p. 425 seq.
Theodorici de JViem (writer to the Roman Popes from 1378 - 1410, then appointed
hishop of Verdun, and finally of Cambray, 'f 1417), libb. III. de Schismate,
and a continuation with the title Nemus Unionis, published together. Basil.
1566. fol. Argentor. 1608 and 1629. 8vo.
Works : Pierre du Puy histoire du Schisme (in his Traitez concernant I'hist. de
France, k Paris. 1700. 12mo. ;\ Bruxelles. 1713. 8vo.). Louis Maimbourg
hist, du grand Schisme d'Occident. k Paris. 1678. 4to. Jaq. Lenfant hist, du
Concile de Pise (T. II. Amsterd. 1724. 4to.), liv. I. et II. The Prcefatio to
Martene et Durand ampliss. coll. T. VII.
Roman Popes: Urban VI. (April 8, 1378 - October 15, 1389), Boniface IX,
(November 2, 1389 -October 1, 1404), Innocent VII. (October 17, 1404 - No-
vember 7, 1406), Gi^egory XII. (December 2, 1406).
French Popes: Clement VII. (September 20, 1378 - September 16, 1394),
Benedict XIII. (September 28, 1394).
<§. 101.
ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF THE SCHISM.
Urban VI., the successor of Gregory XI. (t April 8, 1378),i of-
fended the cardinals to such a degree by his severity ,2 that the great-
est part of them withdrew to Anagni, declared his election unlawful,
as having been compelled by the disturbances of the Romans,^ and
' According to the French accounts (see Prima vita Gregorii XI. in Baluzii
PP. Aven. I p. 442, and Secunda vita ejusd. ibid. p. 456) the choice of an Italian
was brought about liy the popular commotions, which is likely enough (see Balu-
zii notEE. ibid. p. 999 seq.) : but according to the Italian accounts (Theod. a JViem
I. c. 2. Raynald, ann. 1378, no. 2 seq. ; 1379, no. 3 seq.) the choice was free,
and there was only a transient tumult, occasioned by a misunderstanding, which
took place after the election : comp. Lenfant hist du Concile de Pise I. p. 7 seq.
2 Also, it is true, by upbraiding them with the prevailing abuses. Thus Theod.
a JS'iem I. 4: incepit increpare Episcopos, — dicendo quod omnes essent perjuri,
quia Ecclesias suas desererent in eadem Cuiia residendo. He then preached a
sermon, cap. 5 : in quo etiam mores — Cardinalium et Prx>latorum incepit redar-
guere, quod ipsi Eegre tulerunt. — Veniens etiam illo tempore quidam Collector
iructuuin Camerae Apos'.olica; de quadam provincia ad praisentiam dicti Urbani, ei
quandam pecuni;E summulam ratione sui Collectanea^ olTicii oflerebat : cui respon-
dens ait : pecunia tuu tecum .sit in perditionem, ac illam recipere non curavit.
Similia multa insolita et abusiva de die in diem faciens, per qua» pene omnium
Cardinalium et Praelatorum contra se magis iracundiam concitavit. — Cap. 7 : eum
delirum communiter ip^i Cardinales judicabant. — Sed paulo post suscitata nimis
periculosa discordia inter ipsum ct dictos Cardinales, pra^dictum schisma, magis
proptcrea ex rancore mutuo partium, quam allegata impressione in electione dicti
Urbani — habuit ortum.
3 Their proclamation ad universos Christifideles ed. Anagniae 9 Aug. 1378, in
Secunda Vita Gregorii XI. in Baluz. I. p. 465 seq. of. Bulcei hist. Univ. Paris.
T. IV. p. 468 seq.
Chap, I. Papacy. III. Schisvi. § 101. Origin and progress nf. 59
on the 20th of September, 1378, chose Clement VII. in his stead at
Fondi. Joanna, queen of Naples, dechired at once in favor of the
new choice,** though the prevailing sentiment in Italy was in favor of
Urban.5 Clement betook himself, therefore, to Avignon, where he
remained under the protection, and entirely under the influence of
France. 6 By the interference of the French^ he was immediately
acknowledged in Scotland, Savoy, and Lorrain, and afterwards in
Castile (A. D. 1381),« Arragon (1387),9 and Navarre (1390). '« —
Germany, England, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, and Prussia, on the
other hand, declared for Urban. ^^
■• She was at first much pleased with the choice of Urban, as being a Neapoli-
tan (Theod. a jYiem I. 6), but was afterwards alienated by his arrogance and
refusal to comply with her wishes ( Theod. a JViem 1.8. Raynald, ann. 1378,
no. 46).
* The two St. Catharines were in his favor. St. C. of Siena, who is said to have
foretold the schism thi-ee years before ( Raymund Capuan. in vita s. Cathar. P.
II. c. 10, i. d. Act. SS. Apr. T. lU.), expressed the greatest abhorrence of the
revolted cardinals (Ep. 31 : induti huniana carne daemones antipapam da^monis
gerentem vices elegerunt), and to her death ("f 1380) was a zealous partizan of
Urban's. St. C. of Sweden, a daughter of St. Birgitta, was called as an eye-
witness of Urban's election (protocol in Raynald, 1379, no. 20), and declared it to
have been regular and not controlled by the populace : interrogata qua; fuit ergo
causa istius schismatis, respondit et dixit, quod credit, quod rigor justitije domini
nostri, qui Cardinalibiis non erat blandus in eorum petitionibus, et corrigere eos
optabat. — The most celebrated jurists of the time declared also for the regularity
of the election, namel\% Joannes de Lignano, papal vicar in Bologna (see Raynald,
1378, no. 31 seq., and'in App. ad T. XVII. p. 510. £ula;i hist. Univ. Paris. IV.
p. 482), Baldus, then Prof, in Perugia (Rayn. 137S, no. 36 seq., and in App. ad
T. XVII. p. 497), Jacobus de Sena, Doctor Bonon. (in Bulai hist. Univ. Paris.
T. IV. p. 485 seq.). The strongest argument against the revolted cardinals was,
that for several months they had acknowledged Urban as Pope.
* Charles V. declared at once for Clement, on political grounds. The university
of Paris did not decide till after long consultation, on the 22d of May, 1379 (Bidtsi
hist. Univ. Paris. T. IV. p. 566) : the Natio Anglicana privilegiata mansit Parisius
de gratia D. Regis sub obedientia alia, namely under Urban ( BuIcpus V. p. 65).
The chief work in defence of Clement was that of Cardinal Petrus de Barrtria,
in answer to Jo. de JJgnano. See Bulceus IV. p. 529. Of the Pope's depen-
dence on the French court, see below, § 102, note 1.
' Prima vita Clementis VII. in Baluz. I. p. 495 : Rex Francorum, ut per agni-
tionem veritatis et justitiae dicti Clementis — schisma sedari posset et extingui,
quamplures ambaxiatores fere ad omnes Principes et regiones univei-sas sapius
destinavit. — Sed heu tanta fuit fere ubique obstinatio, quod — quorumcunque
raissorum per dictum dementem aditio impedita fuit. See the instructions given
to a French ambassador, in Bulceus IV. p. 520 seq. cf. Richardi Ullerstoni
(professor of theology in Oxford) Petitiones quoad reformat. Eccl. (A. D. 1408, in
V. d. Hardt Cone. Const. T. I. P. XXVI. p. 1170) : Occasio schismatis et fornen-
tum erat discordia inter regna. Quod profecto exinde patuit, quod regna inter se
prius divisa partibus a se invicem divisis et inter se de Papatu contendentibus se
pariformiter conjunxerunt.
* Raynald, 1381, no. 29. Bahizii vHx. PP. Aven. I. p. 1281 seq. Lenfant
hist, du cone, de Pise I. p. 34.
* Peter IV. offered his allegiance to Urban, but on such terms that it was refus-
ed (Raynald, 1383, no. 5). Hence no pope was declared in Arragon till John I.,
immediately after his accession, declared for Clement (Rayn. 1387, no. 10).
>" Raynald, 1390, no. 20.
" The decision of after times on the question is as follows : The two historians
of the fifteenth century, Antoninus, archbishop of Florence (in Pagi breviar.
60 TIdrd Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
The contest between t!ie two popes was carried on with temporal
as well as spiritual weapons. Urban deprived Joanna of the crown
of Naples, and bestowed it upon Charles, duke of Durazzo. On the
other hand, Joanna, with the aid of Clement, adopted the Regent of
France, Lewis, duke of Anjou, and made him her successor (A. D.
1380). Cliarles, however, had already overrun the whole kingdom,
taken Joanna prisoner (1381), and put her to death, before Lewis,
whom the Pope had invested with various high-sounding titles,'^
appeared with his army (1382). The former still maintained his
advantage, and the death of Lewis (1384) would have decided the
contest as far as the possession of Naples was concerned, but for the
dis])utes which now arose between Charles and Urban. ^^ These were
carried to such a pass during a visit of the obstinate pontiff to Na-
ples, that he excommunicated Charles, and was shut up by him in the
castle of Nocera (1385). He escaped thence to Genoa (September,
1385), but was not yet brought to his senses. By the cruel execution
of five cardinals, he embittered the hatred with which he was regard-
ed ; whilst, by refusing to invest Charles' son, Ladislaus, with the
kingdom of Naples, he had nearly brought that kingdom once more
into subjection to France. The capital was already taken by the
generals of the young Lewis of Anjou (1387), and the whole king-
dom would have fallen into his hands, but for the death of Urban,
and the vigorous aid rendered to Ladislaus by his successor, Boniface
IX. (1390).!'* In order to secure the papal territory against the
attacks of Lewis, Boniface bestowed many of the cities and castles
on powerful nobles as fiefs. ^^ This aroused once more the desire of
independence at Rome, the effect of which was to exclude the Pope