injustissimam et nequissimam in principio sui Poniiticatus refutasset, postremo
tamen ad iinportunam instantiam aliquorum lucri causa earn circa aliquos pnelatos
renovavit in principio secundi anni sui Pontificatus, propter quod Deus subito
punivit eum, ut creditur, etc. — Under Boniface multi religiosi, et praesertim
mendicantium ordinum fratres, quod possent ecclesiastica beneficia regere, et
extra eorum ordines et loca religiosa morari, ac alia similia multa impetrarunt, nee
potuit adeo quid injustam aut absurdum postulari, quod non concederetur interce-
VOL. III. 9
66 Third Period. Die. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
-^ 103.
ATTEMPTS TO RECONCILE THE SCHISM.
These agsravated evils coiiibijied with religious scruples to urge on
the efforts lor a reconciliation. The university of Paris, in particular,
labored with unwearied industry to this end.^ After waiting long in
dente simoniaco pacto et soluta pecunia. Compare the work Matthcei de Cracovia
(from 1405 bis;hop of Worms, "f 1409) written in the time of Boniface IX. de
squaloribus Kom. Curia; (best ed. in Walchii Monim. medii aevi fasc. 1) e. g. c.
11. p. 48: Nee solum hoc modo destruuritur ecclesiae et monasteria: sed etiam
per hoc, quod dantur Cardinulibus vol mulieribus in comniendas, vel assignantur
et committuntur prioratus. Gobelini Personas Cosmodromii JEi. VI. c. 84, in
H. Meibumii Iter. Germ. T. I. p. 316.
8 See above, § 100, note 28. Theod. a JViem. II. c. 9: Curiales pro majori
parte affirmabant talia Ucite heri, cum I'apa in talibus, ut dicebant, peccare non
posset. Cap. 32 : Vivente eodem (Bonifacio) quidam integri magistri in sacra
theologia et ahi in scientiis ilhuninati, dolentes ita communiter et aperte simoniam
committi in Curia, et quod sic fieri posset, multis Juristis et aUis pertinaciter asse-
rentibus; in contrarium arguendo, et conclusiones in quaternas et codices redi-
gendo determiuarunt, licet sub magno timore, quod Papa vendendo ecclesiastica
beneficia ex pacto intercedentc simoniacus esset, quia non Ibret constitutus, ut ilia
venderet, sed ut dignis gratuito dispensaret. Of these works, in which the prin-
ciple is attacked, that the Pope could not be guilty of .'•■imony, the most conspicuous
are Matth. de Cracovia de squaloribus Rom. Curia; liber (see note 7) cap. 11 seq.
and the Speculum aureum (written 1404. According to the ill-founded supposi-
tion of Goldast, in his Monarchia, T. II. p. 1527 seq. the author is commonly
called Paulus Anglicus, but according to Theodorus Engelhusius ("f 1434) in
Leibnitii Scriplt. Brunsv. vol. II. p. 1139, it was Albertus Engelstat (s. Engel-
schalc) Doctor s. theol. Pragensis : on the other hand, in a Codex of the Speculi
in the library at Bonn, he is called Petrus Averunus : the best edition in Walchii
Monim. medii avi, vol. II. fasc. 1. p. 67 seq.), see Pars II. et III. p. 136. cf. P.
II. cap. 1 : Video tot et tantos scribenles in jure canonico, ct summistas simonia;
Vitium in romana curia excusare. Their grounds : Bernardiis (de Botono) in
glossa ord. (to Decj-. Greg. I. 29, 12) ponit banc communissimam distinctionem
simoniae dicens : quod qua^dam sunt simoniaca, quia proliibita, seil, constitutione
ecclesia; : qua;dam prohibita, quia simoniaca de sui natura, quae seil, sunt novo et
veteri testaraento prohibita, ut emere vel vendere sacramenta. — Hanc distinctio-
nem recipiunt communiter doctores, scribentcs in jure canonico et summisti — .
Sinmniaca, quia prohibita, dicuntur, quie solum sunt spiritualia ex constitutione
ecclesiae, qure antea non fucrunt, sicut lituli beneticiorum ecclesiasticorum : et
dicunt, talia jure positive introducta, quia tempore Apostolorum non fuerunt deca-
natus, archipi-esbyteratus, canonicatus, etc. Sic similiter dicunt, ea vendere vel
emei'e est simonia idto, ([uia constitutione ecclesiie emptio vel venditio talium est
prohibita. — Et idco dicunt, — quod excusat auctoritas Papa;, qui habet in talibus
dispensare. — Quis enim dubitat, titulos ecclesiasticos jure positive inductos.' Nam
solus Papa facit dignitates, instituit prslatos. — Unde sola voluntas, tacita vel
expressa, tollit jus. — Et idco dixit Goffr. et alii, quod simonia non habet locum in
curia Romana. These principles are vehemently opposed in the dialogue by Paul,
(ill Peter, P. III. c. 1. p. 189, is made to admit : Jam clare video, quod excusato-
ribus simonias est sublata excu^aiio, et fundamentum, quo videbantur innixi, radi-
cilus extirpatum. Imo, ut mihi videlur, haresis est, asserei'c, quod Papa licite
possit pro spirituali titulo rccipere pecuniam : et multo magis, hoc facere in effectu.
Propter quod videtur mihi, Paule, quod tota Romana Curia est in via damnationis,
per ca, qua; supcrius demonstrasti. Omnis enim curtisanus ipso facto sui olficii
videtur particeps simoniae.
' The university had, to be sure, suffered particularly during the schism, see § 102,
note 2. The first steps were, therefore, taken in resistance to oppression, Bulcei
Chap. I. Papacy. HI. Schism. § 103. 67
vain for some compromise between the two Popes,^ the university at
length received permission from the court to give an opinion on the
subject (A. D. 1394).^ Benedict XIII. showed even less disposition
than his predecessors had done (notwithstanding the promise given at
his election) to take any effectual step towards a reconciliation,^ and
hist. Univ. T. IV. p. 582 seq. — In the same year, however, appeared Henrici de
Langenstein, or de Hassia (Vice-cliancellor of the university of Paris, from A. D.
1384, professor of theology in Vienna) Consilium pacis de unione ac reformatione
ecclesiffi in concilio universali quarenda (in v. d. Hardt Cone. Const. T. II. p. 10
seq.; and in Jo. Gersonii 0pp. ed. du Pin, T. II. p. 809 seq.); and the professor
of theology, Peti-us de Alliaco, also recommended a general council to the duke of
Anjou, as the best means of reconciling the schism, and assured him that such was
the opinion of the university (Jo. Launoji hist. Regii Navarrce Gymnasii, Paris.
P. III. lib. 1. c. 4).
^ According to Bulcei hist. Univ. Paris. T. IV. p. 618, Clement, in a letter
written as early as A. D. 1387, to all princes and prelates, declared himself ready,
se Concilii generalis auctoi-itati et definitioni libenter submissurum imo cessurum,
si sic Ecclesiae videretur expedire. The Roman Pope, Urban, however, in answer
to the Gerinan princes, who attempted to prevail on him (TTieod. a JSfiem I. 66),
ut unioneni faceret cum demente, persisted in maintaining, quod ipse esset verus
Papa, nee expediret illud in dubium vertere. His successor, Boniface IX, offered
duke Stephen of Bavaria, to appoint his rival, if he would yield his pretentions to
the papal crown, to be cardinal in partibus ultramontanis, quas Gallias et Hispanias
appellant, etc. — and Apostolica; sedis legatus et pro Ecclesia Romana in tempora-
libus generalis Vicarius for life.
^ This opinion, dated 6 Jun. 1394, is in BuIcbus IV. p. 687 seq. ; in d'Jlchery
Spicil. I. p. 776. The university proposes tres vias ad pacein in Ecclesia obtinen-
dam, namely, cessionis, which it recommends, compromissionis and Concilii gene-
ralis, aut secundum formam juris ex Prelatis tantunmiodo celebrandi, aut quia
plures eorum satis, proh pudor ! hodie illiterati sunt, pluresque ad alterutram
partem inordinate affecti, mixtis una cum Prelatis ad aecjualem eorum numerum
Magistris et Doctoribus theologia; ac Juris de studiis solemnibus utriusque partium
antiquitus approbatis. — Si alter dissidentium aut uterque vias tres expositas inire
obslinatius refugerit, — eum velut schismaticum pertinacem, et — hsereticum —
judicandum, etc. At the same time they wrote to Clement VII (BuIcbVs IV. p.
699), admonishing him to aid in putting an end to the schism, and complaining of
his legate, Petrus de Luna (afterwards Benedict XIII) : nobis ea qure audivistis
erga praefatum Principcm pro Ecclesia» salute agentibus — supervenit inimicus
homo, qui — hunc totum laborem nostrum — extinguere et cassare, licet frustra,
molitus est. Et primo quidem tentavit audientiam nostram in Regia praesentia
impedire. — Deinde — super hac materia perpetuum silentium impei-ari nisus est,
sed certe dignam — repulsam retulit, qui a Rege Chrislianissimo — tam execrabile
scelus poposcisset. — Nequam qui hoc cogitavit, nequior qui tam iniquo cogitatui
consensit, nequissimus qui hoc ipsum abominandum facinus explore voluit. —
Beatitudinein vestram talium vindiccm esse decernatis, quam et nos in ultionem
hujuscemodi malorum appellamus, imploraraus atque exspectamus. Nam de
modis et remediis, per quos suum damnabile piopositum obtinere conatus est, quid
attinet seribere ? noti pene omnibus : — satis certe scimus eos, — scient proh pudor
extersB Nationes, scient, inquaiti, utinam non ad Vestrm sinceritatis dedecvs,
utinam non ad vestrcB causa; detrimentum. — Ea proptci', Pater beatissime, per
fidem integerrimam, — per amorem amplissimum et sancti-^simum, quem ad spon-
sam Ecclesiam habere debetis, — vos hortanuir, — ut ad banc sanctissimam con-
cordiam, quas in manu vestra sita est, non ultra jam prorogando intendatis. Satis
jam satis hue usque cessatum est, satis tepuimus, satis quievimus, satis exspecta-
vimus, etc. In a Ms. there is a note to this letter (1. c. p. 701), that the Pope,
when he read it, remarked: literce istce malcB sunt et venenosa : from that time
he continued to be dissatisfied, and soon after died.
* The wish of the king and the minority to defer the election ( Bulaus IV. p.
710; d'Achery I. p. 770) was disappointed. Still the cardinals had previously
68 Third Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305 — 140Ü.
returned an evasive answer to the urgent proposition of the French
national synod (1390).-^ Tiie university, however, was not to be
discouraged,*' and persevered till it at length brought about an agree-
ment between the king of France and the emperor Wenceslaus, to
force both Popes to resign (A. D. 1398).^ The latter was too weak
to perforin his part of the contract, but France renounced its alle-
giance to Benedict at another national synod A. D. 1398,^ and the
bound themselves by oath ( Bulceus IV. p. 730), that whoever shoiikl be chosen
Pope, omnes vias utiles et accoiniiiodas ad unitatem Ecclesias — sine niachinatione
seu excusatione vel dilatione quacumque servabit et procurabit — usque ad cessio-
nem etiaui inclusive per ipsuiii de Papatu f'aciendain, ,->i Doininis Cardinalibus —
hoc pro bono Ecclesiai et unitatis praedicta; videatur expedii'e.
^ See the account of this council by a Monachus s. Dionysii, in iVAchery I. p.
773; the Acta in Marlene ampl. coll. T. VII. p. 437 and 458, both in Mansi
XXVI. p. 773. The via cessionis was considered the best, and the king; sent the
Duke de Beri-y, Burgundy and Orleans to Benedict, to recommend it to him, (see
the instructions given them in Mansi, 1. c. p. 787). Benedict proposed, instead
(see Responsio in (TAchery I. p. 789), a personal meeting with his rival, and a
compromise, the futility of which was to be foreseen. Compare the Narratio of
the university ( BuIcbus IV. p. SOO, agreeing with the more detailed account of
d'Achery I. 791, and the statement in the royal edict of 1398, ibid. p. 858) : DD.
Duces cum omni humilitate — D. Benedictnm monuerunt, ut dictam viam vellet
recipere, sibi reducentes ad memoiiam juramentum per eum prasstitum : — ad quae
respondit glossando juramentum. — DD. Cardinales collegialiter omnes dempto uno
asseruerunt ad dictum D. Benedictum, — qualiter prsdictse via; adhaeserant, tan-
quam meliori et breviori pro sedatione Schismatis, — quare finaliter humillime sibi
supplicarunt, quatenus ad ipsam A^am condcscendere vellet. Et ipse — negavit
verbis comminatoriis, ipsos Caidinales — requircndo, ut cum ipso in sua via starent.
— DD. Principes videntes et percipientcs has responsiones, DD. Cardinalibus
supplicavcrunt, ut super delibcratione et conclusione per eos ad dictam viam ces-
sionis facta et habita scedulam suis — sigillis muuitam vellent dare. — Hanc sup-
plicationem — audiens D. Benedictus, inbibiiit sub poenis excomniunicationis,
inobedientiae et iniidelitatis, ne hujusmodi scedulam conticerent. The Pope's letter,
containing this prohibition, see in Bulcnis IV. p. 731 (where it is erroneously
referred to the schedula conclavis note 4) and (VAchery I. p. 794.
« As Benedict de praedictis indignatus sine causa contra ipsam Universitäten! et
nonnulla ejus Supposita, processus aliquos et sententias, seu beneticiorum priva-
tiones facere disposuit et focere prscepit et ad hoc faciendum aliquos commisit :
the univei-sity appealed 1396 (see Bulccus IV. p. 799 seq.) a praedicto Benedicto
praetensisque Commissis et Comrnittendis, — nee non ab onmibus et singulis grava-
minibus — illatis et alias inferendis ad proximum futurum unicum, verum, ortho-
doxum et universalem Papam, etc. To this appeal, dd. 30 INIay, 1396, Mhich he
asserted (1. c. p. 820) to have been made sub occasione nonnullorum per nos eis, ut
falso dicebat (Procurator Univ.), comminatorum et in posterum forsan inferendo-
rum gravaminum, quin potius ut sub pallio hujusmodi conceptarum nialitiarum
suum intentum valerent prosequi, Benedict answered, non licuisse seu licere a
Rom. Pontijice appellure, seu etiam jn-ovocare : et nihilominus piovocationem
seu appellationem a jure proliil'ilani ct damnatam esse, ac nullam, nulliusque
efficacia^ existere, etc. The university answered this letter with much etlect in a
second appeal (1. c. p. 821).
'' Theod. a JKlem II. c. 33. Anonymus in Marlene ampliss. coll. VII. p. 431.
Eberhard Windeck (about 1434) Gesch. Kayser Siegmunds in Mencken
Scriptt. Kcr. Germ. T. I. p. 1077.
s The Acta in Bulccus IV. p. 829. Mansi XXVI. p. 839 seq. The royal edict
of 27 Jul. in Bulcous IV. p. 853; and in tlic Preuves des libertez de I'egl. Gall,
chap. XX. no. 1: — ah obedientia tolali ipsius Benedicti et ejus adversarii, cujus
mentionem non facimus, cum nusquam sibi obediverimus — nos, Ecclcsia, Clerus,
Chap. I. Papacy. III. Schism. ^ 103. 69
example was soon followed by Caslile,^ the Pope being kept as a
prisoner at Avignon. i'^ Nor w;is it till several years after that France
was won back to the cause of Benedict, through the influence of the
duke of Orleans, and then only under an express promise that he
would comply with the wishes of the court (A. D. 1403). ^^ But this
promise it was soon evident that he had little intention of fulfilling. ^'^
Still, as the Italian cardinals had extorted a similar promise from
their Pope, Innocent VII. (1404), at his election,!^ it became neces-
sary, for appearance' sake, to open negotiations. The failure of
these excited general dissatisfaction, and France had already threat-
et populus Regni ac Delphinatus — recedimus, nuntiamusque auctoritate praesen-
tiuin recessisse. Volentes inter cfetera, quod abinde inantea ipsi Benedicto — de
emolumentis Ecclesiasticis — solvere aut respondere nemo praesumat. Quod etiam
occunentibus vacationum casibus assumantur ad Praelaluras, dignitates, et alia
beneficia electiva per electionem ; ca?teiis etiam beneficiis provideatur per colla-
tionem eorum, ad quos hujusmodi electio et collatio spectant : — districtius inhi-
bentes universis et singulis subditis nostris, — ne praefato Benedicto, ejusque sequa-
cibus — obedire quomodolibet — praesuinant, etc. The 18 cardinals of Benedict
thereupon wished a totali obedientia ipsius recedere and betook themselves to
Villa-nova (tTAchery I. p. 799).
9 The edict of Henry III. of 12 Dec. 1398, in Raynald. ad h. a. no. 25.
10 See Acta vett. in Baluzii Vitse, PP. Aven. II. p. 1122.
1* The negotiations began as early as 1402. The dukes of Berry and Burgundy,
as also the university of Paris, were against the restoration of Benedict, and the
duke of Orleans, with the university of Toulouse, in favor of it. A long letter on
the subject was addressed to the king by the latter (Bulaus, V. p. 4), and
answered by the university of Paris (ibid. p. 25 and 30), as also in a large work of
M. Guil. lioimcensis Pi-aepositus (ib. p. 53). (An unprinted answer by Simon
Cramand, patriarch of Alexandria, who had presided at both the previous national
councils, is in the library of the univei-sity of Bonnei-). Finally, the Orleans party
succeeded in bringing about the restoration at a new council, Bulaus, V. 63.
Preuves des lib. de I'egl. Gall. ch. XX. no. 7. The promises refeii-ed to in the
text were given to the assembly by the duke of Orleans (11. cc.) : Monseigneur le
Due d'Orleans se fait fort d'avoir Bulles de nostre S. Pere, de I'acceptation de la
voye de cession en tiois cas, sc^avoir Adversario cedente, decedente, vel ejecto. —
Item qtie nulle discussion ne sera jamais faite de la soubstraction en Concile
general, ne autre part, et toutcs injures, qui ont este faites ou dictes a. cause
d'icelle, et empeschemens donnez d'une part et d'autre soient annullez et par-
donnez, et mondit seigneur d'Orleans se fait fort d'avoir Bulles, comme dessus. —
Item le Roy ne I'eglise de France n'entendent point que aucune chose soit innovee
es collations et promotions faites par les Oi-dinaires pendant la substraction. — Item
le Pape celebrera un Concile general de son obeyssance dedans un an, selon forme
de droit, le plustot que faire se pourra, ou quel sera traitte et appointe de la pour-
suite de I'union dessusdite et des Reformations et libertez de I'Eglise, et des
subsides et charges quelsconques, qui sont par la Cour de Rome sur I'eglise de
France. Et le Pape mettra a execution ce qui sera appointe et ordonne audit
Concile.
'* He began immediately to oppose the appointments that had been made during
the interval, and demanded the usual papal fees for the past 40 years. See the
royal edict of 19 Dec. 1403, in Bulceus, V. p. 67.
'^ Theod. a JViem, II. c. 34: ante electionem ipse Innocentius — ac ipsum
eligentes praedicti Cardinales sponte jurarunt et voverunt, quod quicunque ipsorum
eligeretur in Papam ad hoc, quod dicta unio fieret, ejus Papatui pure et sponte
cedere deberet, dum tarnen dictus Petrus de Luna (Benedictus XllI) etiam sue
Papatui sponte cedere vellet. This Compromissum of the cardinals, see in Mar-
tene thes. II. p. 1274 seq.
70 Third Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
ened once more to renounce its obedience (at tlie national council,
January, 1407) ; ^^ when at length the two Popes arranged a personal
meeting at Savona, in September, 1307. ^^ Benedict was true to his
appointment, but Gregory XII. went only as far as Lucca, and there
opened new negotiations as to the place of meeting. ^"^ This breach
of promise offended the Roman cardinals to such a degree, that they
forsook him,'''' and renounced their allegiance to his cause, ^"^ whilst
the French did the same with regard to Benedict. i^ Benedict escaped
'* Acta in BuIcbus, V. p. 137. Marlene thes. II. p. 1307. Mansi XXVI. p.
1017.
'* Capitula accordata in Massilia die XXI Apr. inter D. Benedictum ex una
parte, et duos Episcopos, etc. legatos D. Gregorii, etc : in Marlene thes. II. 1314.
16 Theod. a jYiem, III. c. 14, 17-19. Ejusd. nemoris uniouis Tract. III.
Leonardi Aretini (then at Gregory's court) rerum suo tempore in Italia gestarum
comni. (in Muratori seriptt. Ker. Ital. XIX. p. 926): Voluntas ilia Pontificis
(Gregorii) recta nequaquam satis habere firmitatis reperta est ad Pontificatum
deponendum : cujus rei culpam multi in propinquos ejus referebant ; ab his enim
Ibrniidines inanes, et adumbrata pericula quotidie tingi, ac instillavi ejus auribus
praedicabant, quibus ille deterritus nee Saonam accedere voluit, altero Pontifice
illic constitiito tempore se exhibente et absenliam ejus incusante ; et in ceteris,
quEB facienda erant, difficilem se prsbuit et morosum. Roma tainen profectus est
Senas, ibique longiore mora protiacta, quum ab universis accusaretur, Lucam se
tandem contulit, data rursus inani spe quasi cum adversario Pontitice coiturus.
Erat in altero Pontifice non mclior sane mens, sed occultabat callidius malam
vohintatem, et quia noster fugiebat, ipse obviara ire videbatur. Itaque Saona pro-
fectus est in Veneris Portum, atque inde, quo proprior esset, Spediam venerat.
Sed quum de congressu eoruni per internuntios ageretur, noster tamquam terrestre
animal ad litus accedere, ille tauiquam aquaticum a mai-i discedere recusabat. The
Acta of the negotiations between the two Popes in Theod. de JViem Nemoris
Unionis Tract. VI. c. 2 seq. Marlene thes. II. p. 1366. Ejusd. ampl. coll. VII.
p. 759.
" The immediate occasion was the order of Gregory : PrEecipinuis omnibus —
cardinalibus — sub poena privationis cardinalatus et omnium beneficiorum, — ne a
die quarta videlicet iMaji in antea, aliquis eorum exeat de Luca sine speciali et
expressa liccntia nostra; — ne ulterius congregentur in aliquo loco sine expresso
mandate nostro ; — ne aliquis eorum participet cum oratoribus Petri de Luna,
neque cum oratoribus Gallicis sive per se sive per interpositam personam. The
cardinals in Pisa first appealed against this oixler on the 30th of May (Marlene
thes. II. p. 1,394).
1** Encouraged to the step by a letter of the king of France, of 22 May (Bulbus,
V. p. 162), and the university of Paris, of 29 May (1. c. p. 163). Their proclama-
tion ad universos Chrisli fideles from Leghorn, July 11, in d'Achery spicil. I.
p. 807 : eundem Gi-egorium velut h;ereticum et nutiitorem schisuiatis antiquati
dereliquimus sibi, cum juxta canonicas sanctiones peccatum sit ei obedientiam
prtestare, die XI mensis Maji proxime pra;teiiti omnem quantum in nobis fuit
obedientiam juxta juris exigentiaui abstraximus, ac recessimus ah eodem, dispositi
ut oportuit et oportet ex adverse consurgere, et murum nos opponere pro domo
Israel. Then an exhortation to all the churches to refuse obedience to Gregory.
>9 A royal edict of 12 Jan. 1408 (more Gallicano 1407. BiiIcbus, V. p. 147 and
172) declares: judicamus, — nullum ad praesens patere validius in tarn desperato
nialo reuiedium, (luam quod ncuti-i contendentium, ac sibi forte successuris, pra»-
stetur deinceps obedientia a populo Christiane: deficiente siquidem fomite ignis iste
infernalis donante Deo collabelur. Qtiapropter — nos et Ecclesia regni nostri et
Delphinatus Viennensis — decrevimus talem amplecti neulralitatem in festo Ascen-
sionis proxime venture, nisi intereä nobis publica pax advenerit, et pn-edicta fiat
unio. Benedict now issued the bull of excommunication, which had been pre-
pared as long ago as the 19th of May, 1407, for the national council which was
then assembled (1. c. p. 143) in omnes et singulos, qui Ecclesise unionem — impe-
Ckap. I. Papacy. III. Schism. § 104. Effects. 71
imprisonment by flying to Perpignan, but the cardinals on both sides
assembled at Leghorn, and appointed a general council at Pisa, in
March, 1409, for the tinal adjustment of the schism.^o
<§. 104.
EFFECTS OF THE SCHISM ON THE STATE OF PUBLIC SENTIMENT IN
ECCLESIASTICAL MATTERS.
The schism, with its attendant evils, drew the general attention to
the state of the church, whilst the impotence of the popes gave full
scope to remark ; and the consequence was the universal prevalence
of such sentiments on the subject as had hitherto been uttered only
in the heat of controversy, and of course not without some appear-
ance of passion and partiality. These sentiments now took such deep
hold even of the truest adherents of the church, that they never after
could be entirely eradicated. The papal authority, hitherto considered
the highest in the church, being now in dispute between two claim-
ants, and all hope of a compromise apparently cut off, it became
necessary to seek for some still higher authority in the almost forgot-
ten ecclesiastical laws. This was of course the part of the learned ;
and thus Science assumed the office of arbitrator, and her represen-
tatives, the universities, especially the university of Paris, attained an
influence feared even by the popes.i i he comparison of the present
with the past led also to many other convictions hardly less unfavora-
ble to the papal power. There were indeed but few, who went so far
as actually to wish that power abolished as the source of all evil in
dierint, aut turbaverint, et a nobis — appellare prffisumpserint, seu a nostra —
obedientia recesserint, etc. This, together with another letter of a conciliatory
character (1. c. p. 152) was, with due formalities, destroyed {Monachtis S. Dio-
nysii b. BuIcbus, V. p. 170. Preuves des lib. de I'egl. Gall. chap. XX. no. 15),
and the king declared himself neutral. (Edict of 25 May, 1408, 1. c. p. 165).