pra;dicatione reprobi eiliciuntur ? etc. — Satis eorum porfidiam, quantum ad nos-
tram pertinet brevitatem, detegere videmur. De qua, si quem juvat ampliora
agnoscere, Cyrillum videat, et illic mira de eis inveniet, ad fidelium instructionem
longe antequam orirentur Spiritu Sancto revelante prsdicta. Quamquam nee
aliqui alii scriptores etiam defuerunt, qui de his subdolis illusoribus multa valde
ulilia et prasclara post eorum introiUiin ad Ecclesioe praMiionitionem et pra;munitio-
nem prodiderunt.
2 Of the twenty-nine Doctors of theology, assembled at Vincennes by Philip of
Valois, A. D. 1332 (see above, § 96, note 37), thirteen were mendicant monks.
Frequent disputes occurred between them and the universities, both of Paris and
Oxford (Antony Wood hist, et antiquitt. Univers. Oxon. p. 150-196). The
universities complained particularlj' that they enticed young men to join them, and
hence that many parents were deteried from sending their sons to the university.
See Richardi Archiep. Armachani defensorium curatorum in Brown app. ad fasc.
rerum fugiend. et expetend. p. 473.
3 Clement V. A. D. 1311, in the Decretal Dudum (Clementin. III. T. 7, c. 2)
confirmed the decretal of Boniface VIII. Super cathedram (Extravagg. Comm.
III. Tit. 6, c. 2), by which the privileges of the mendicant orders were secured to
them against the attacks of the regular clergy. In A. D. 1321, John XXII. in the
Bull Vas electionis (Extravag. Comm. Lib. V. Tit. III. c. 2), condemned the
three propositions of the Doctor of the Sorbonne, Joannes de Poliaco : quod con-
fessi fratribus, habcntibus licentiam generalem audiendi confessiones, tenentur
eadem peccata, qua; confessi fuerant, iterum confiteii pioprio sacerdoti : secundo,
quod stante Omnis utriusque sexus edicto in Concilio generali (see above, § 81,
note 5) Ilomanus Ponlifex non potest facere, quod Parochiani non teneantur omnia
peccata sua semel in anno proprio Sacerdoti confiteri, — immo nee Deus posset hoc
facere, quia — implicat contradictionem : tertio, quod Papa non potest dare potesta-
tem generalem audiendi confessionem, immo nee Deus, quin confessus habenti
licentiam teneatur eadem confiteri proprio Sacerdoti. These propositions had been
maintained in the Quodlibetis of John de Poliaco (Ms. in Paris, see d'Argentri
coll. judiciorum I. p. 302), from which some extracts are made by Jo. de Turre-
cremata (about 1450) in his Summa de Ecclesia, lib. II. c. 59. The principles
from whici) they spring were those which the French theologians had maintained
since the lime of Philip the Fair, in oppo-ition to the papal system (comp, above,
§ 62, note 22) : Status et potestas et jurisdictio LXXII. discipulorum continuatur
in sacerdolibus Curatis, sicut status et potestas et jurisdictio Apostolorum in Epi-
scopis. — Sed status Discipulorum a Christo institutus est, et ipsi ab eo instltuti et
missi, potestatem immediate ab ipso accipicntes, non ab aliquo Apostolorum. —
Ergo et status Curatorum et ipsi sunt immediate a Christo in^tituti, et ab ipso im-
mediate potestatem habent. — Quare enim potestas collata Petro est continuata in
Romano Pontifice ; et potestas collata aliis Apostolis non est continuata in aliis
Episcopis, et potestas collata Discipulis non est continuata in Curatis, non potest
dari ratio. Et ideo Curati sunt veri ordinarii, habentes jurisdictionem ordinariam.
Chap. III. Monachism. § 109. Iiißiience of BlencUcant Orders. 89
non jure humano sibi datam, sed a Christo immediate in prima institutione Eccle-
siaj ; — et etiam non sunt vicarii Episcoporum, sed Jesu Christi, — inferiores tarnen
et minores Epi:5copis : nee ab ipsis possunt destitui, nisi ex rationabiii causa, sicut
nee Episcopi a Papa. — Item Episcopi habent inferiorem potestatem a Deo imme-
diate, sub Papa, sed non a Papa. — Ex quo patet, quod nee Papa Praelatis potest
potestatem datam a Christo eis auferre, et aliis non Pra;latis dare, nee statum
Ecclesia; a Christo institutum destruere et mutare. — A remarkable effort against
the mendicants is mentioned by Continuator Chronici Guil. de Nangis in (TJichery
Spicileg. T. III. p. 112: Anno Dom. 1351 insuriexerunt Domni Cardinales et
Prielati alii multi cum magna multitudine Curatoruni contra Religiosos Mendican-
tes in Curia Romana, volentes et petentes a Domino Papa demente VI. eoi-um
annullationem, et quod deficerent in se : Episcopi allegantes fortiter in Consistorio,
quod ipsi Mendicantes non erant ab Ecclesia vocati et electi, et quod eis non
incumbebat tidelibus praedicare, neque confessiones audire, sed neque sepulturas
recipere alienas : unde requirebant dicti Pra;!ati cum Curatis, quod ipsi Mendi-
cantes cassarentur, vel quod saltern cessarent a preemissis, aut ad minus quod non
solum quarta portio de sepulturis alienis daretur, sed totum emolumentum ipsis
Curatis ex integro redderetur, quia nimis erant ditati ipsi Mendicantes de talibus
sepulturis. But the Pope inteifered at once in their behalf: objecit etiam Domnus
Papa ipsis Pra;latis et Curatis, de quo si ipsi Mendicantes tacerent, de quo ipsi
populo prsedicarent ? quia si de humilitate prsdicaveritis, vos, inquit Donmus
Papa, cstis super omnes status mundi magni, superbi et elati et pomposi : —
si de paupertate, vos estis magis tenaces et cupidi, unde non vobis sutficiunt
omnes praibenda; ac beneficia mundi: si — de castitate, de hoc, inquit nos tace-
nius, quia Deus seit, qualiter quilibet agit, et qualiter quamplurimi in deliciis
nutriunt corpus suum, etc. — Richard, archbishop of Armagh (of him, see Baluzii
not. ad Vit. PP. Aven. p. 950), having been complained of to the Pope on account
of certain injurious allegations against the mendicants, defended himself before
Innocent VI. A. D. 1357, in a set speech, which is still extant. Defensorium cu-
ratorum (in Guldasti Monarchia, T. II. p. 1392, and Brown append, ad fascic.
rerum expet. et fug. p. 466): IV. Quod Dominus noster Jesus Christus docuit,
non debere hominem spontanee mendicare ; V. quod nullus potest prudenter et
sancte spontaneara mendicitatem super se assumere perpetuo observandara ; VIII.
quod pro confessione parochianorum — eligibilior est parochialis Ecclesia, quam
fratrum Oratorium sive ipsorum Ecclesia; JX. quod ad confessioneni parochiano-
rum — eligibilior est persona ordinarii quam fratris persona. Richard remained a
long time in Avignon and (Prima vita Innocent VI. in Baluzii vit. PP. Aven. p.
338) duravit quaestio hujusmodi per aliquod tempus. Sed tamen indecisa remansit
propter obitum suum (Richard's), qui supervenit ; de quo dicti fratres potius de
Gaudeamus quam de Requiem cantaverunt. Comp. d'Argentre coUectio judicio-
rum de novis erroribus, T. I. p. 37S. He was answered by the Franciscan and
professor of theology in Oxford, Rogerus Chonoe, or Connovius de confessionibus
per Reguläres audiendis in Goldast. 1. c. p. 1410. — On the 2d of January, 1409
(more Gallicano 1408), the Franciscan, Joannes de Gorello, was compelled by the
Sorbonne to revoke the following propositions which he had maintained (Bulai
hist. Univ. Paris, T. V. p. 189 ; d'Argentri collectio judiciorum, T. I. P. II. p.
178) : I. quod sacramentum posnitentiae nihil agit in habente gratiam virtute sacra-
menti ; II. quod debite confessus non possit obligari, ut iterum confiteatur eadem
peccata ; III. Curatis non competit, ut tales sunt, prsdicare, confessare, extremam
unctionem dare, sepulturas dare, decimam recipere. Fundatur in hoc, quod
Curati non sint de institutione Christi et Ecclesiai primarice, sed per Dionysium
Papam fuerunt ordinati. Item quia stat Curatos esse, qui non sunt sacerdotes ;
IV. fratribus competit principalius, vel essentialius, praedicare et confessiones
audire, quam Curatis. Fundatur, quia fratribus competit ex regula, etc. Instead
of these he had to adopt the following : I. DD. Curati sunt in Ecclesia minores
Prajlati et Hierarchaj ex prima institutione Christi, quibus competit ex statu jus
praedicandi, jus confessiones audiendi, jus sacramenta ecclesiastica secundum exi-
gentiam sui status Parochianorum ministrandi, jus sepulturas dandi, jus insuper
decimas et alia jura parochialia recipiendi ; II. Item, quod jus prsedicandi et con-
fessandi competit Praelatis et Curatis principaliter et essentialiter ; et Mendicanti-
bus per accidens ex privilegio ; quoniam sunt introducti, vel admissi ex concessi-
one et beneplacito DD. Praelatorum ; III. Item quod eadem peccata possunt licite
VOL. III. 12
90 Third Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409. .
even beyond these assumed privileges with impunity.^ The old jealousy
between the Franciscans and Dominicans was still kepi alive by doc-
trinal differences,^ but any absolute collision between these two great
et meritorie pluries confiteri in multis casibus, et quod virtute s. Sacramenti pote-
nt eis prodesse quselibet talis reiterata confessio, etc. In revenge for this, the
Minorites prevailed on Alexander V. to issue a bull, October 12, 1409 (in Bulceus,
1. c. p. 196), confirming anew the privileges of the mendicants, and condemning
the following propositions, which, no doubt, were maintained by the university of
Paris : I. Confessus fratri admisso in forma Dudum (Clement 111. 7, 2) tenetur
eadem peccata — iterum Curato confiteri. II. Conclusiones Joannis de Poliaco
damnata; per Joanneni XXII. sunt satis verae. III. Statutum Joannis XXII.
editum, Vas electionis, est irritum et inane, quia cum illud fecit, erat haereticus.
IV. Stante statuto, Omnis utriusque sexiis,nec Yiew?:, nee Papa — potest facere,
quin confessus fratri mendicanli admisso iterum teneatur confiteri suo Curato. V.
Confessio frati-ibus admissis facta est dubitabilis. Quapropter omnes tenentur
dimittere incertum, et sic solum confiteri suis sacerdotibus curam animarum ha-
bentibus sub poena peccati mortalis. VI. Quainvis fratres admissi habeant aucto-
ritatem absolvendi et audiendi confessiones, tarnen populus subjectus non habet
potestatem accedendi ad Mendicantes admissos sine licentia proprii sacerdotis ; et
Fratres petentes privilegia pro confessionibus audiendis et sepulturis habendis sunt
in peccato mortali et excommunicati ; et Romani Pontifices talia privilegia conce-
dentes Mendicantibus, aut eisdem confirmantes, sunt in peccato mortali et excom-
municati. VII. Fratres non sunt aut fuerunt Pastores, sed fures, latrones et lupi.
VIII. Sacerdos Curatus dans licentiam Mendicantibus audiendi confessiones magis
dispensat cum statuto Omnis titr'msque sextis, quam Papa Fratribus dans licen-
tiam juxta formain Decretalis Dudum. The university was highly incensed at
this bull : Gerson delivered a discourse against it (0pp. ed. Z)« Pin, T. II. p. 431
seq.) : the Sorbonne pronounced it intolerabilis et totius status Ecclesiastici turba-
tiva (BuIcBUS, 1. c. p. 201), etc., and John XXIII. had to repeal it in 1410 ( Bu-
IcBUS, p. 204).
* Thus at the council of Vienne, the following complaints were brought by one
of the bishops, de excessibus exemptorum, i-eferring, no doubt, especially to the
mendicants (Raynald, ann. 1312, no. 24) : ipsi — publice excommunicatos a suis
ordinariis ad sacramenta et sacramentalia adraittunt in suis ecclesiis et capellis. —
In eisdem etiam dispensationes clandestinas et benedictiones, quamquam inter per-
sonas excommunicatas aut consanguinitate vel affinitate conjunctas, seu alias
matrimoniali vinculo conlbederatas celcbrare non verentes. — Et dum a talibus
excessibus — ab ordinariis arguuntur, de sua exemptione confisi reddunt pro verbis
humilibus verba tuniida ct superba, etc. Reformatorii Cone. Constantiensis decre-
tales, lib. \U. Tit. X. c. 12 (v. d. Hardt Cone. Const. I. XII. p. 71.5) : Multorum
querela Curatorum ad hoc sacrum Concilium deducta, qualiter fratres ordinum
mendicantium liinites Apostolici privilegii — multipliciter excedant: sic quod
superiores dictorum fratrum non eo modo, sicut deberent, sed in scriptis, imo inter-
dum nomine non expresso, Ordinariis locorum suos terminarios, ut plurimum idio-
tas, et interdum ndnus quam presbyteri curati scientes, prEBsentant ; prtpsentati
soli absque socio per parochias velut vagi transcurrunt, absolutiones suas, ultra
curatorum efficaciores, tanquain Apostolica auctoritate concessas, prtedicant saspius ;
quod in casibus eis non coiiimissis absolvunt, pecuniaria etiam pactione prsecedente
aut interveniente ; decedentibus et testari volentibus secretius ingerunt, sibl et
non Curatis legari et apud suos conventus sepeliri : quibus omnibus secretius inge-
stis et practicatls canonicam ipsis curatis non exhibent portionem, etc.
* See above, § 7-5. Especially concerning the immaculate conception of the
Virgin, and concerning evangelical poverty. So too they vied with each other in
extolling their respective founders. After the example of the Franciscans (see
above, § 70, note 3; comp. § 110, note 16) the Dominicans also began now to
compare their Dominic to the Saviour himself, cf Vita s. Catharince Senensis (of
the third order of St. Dominie, "f 1380), written by the general of the order, Rai-
mundus Capuanus, P. II. c. 7 (Acta SS. Aprilis, T. HI. p. 904) : he relates that
Catharine saw in a vision, suinmum et Eeternum Pati-em, de ore suo (ut videbatur)
coiEternura sibi Filium producentem. — Quod dum attenderet, ex alia parte vidit
Chap. III. MonacMsm. § HO. Inter. Hist, of the Franciscans. 91
orders was avoided by their choosing separate spheres of activity.
The Dominicans having ahnost the entire control of the Inquisition,
and the spiritual care of the higher classes, gradually lost the charac-
ter of a mendicant order.*^ The Franciscans, on the other hand,
aimed rather at an influence over the great mass of the people,
and left no means untried (not excepting holy frauds) "^ to inspire
them with a deep reverence for the order, and extort from them their
wealth.
*§> 110.
INTERNAL HISTORY OF THE FRANCISCANS.
The abolition of the order of Coelestine-Eremites by Boniface
VIII. (see Vol. II. § 70, note 15), had only the effect of renewing
and widening the breach between the Spirituales and the fratres de
communitate. The former were not to be prevailed upon, by all the
beatissiinum Patriarcham Dominicum ex ejusdem Patris produci pectore, luce ac
splendoribus circiimdatum : audivitque ex eodem ore prolatam vocem. quse verba
infrascripta formabat : Esjo, dulcissima filia, istos duos filios genui, unuin naturali-
ter generando, alium aniabiliter et dulciter adoptando. — Sicut hie tilius a me natu-
raliter et sternaliter genitus, assuinpta natura humana, in omnibus fuit perfectis-
sime obediens mihi usque ad mortem ; sic filius adoptivus mens Dominicus, omnia
quse operatus est ab infantia sua usque ad terminum vitaj sua; fuerunt regulato
secundum obedientiam praeceptorum meorum, nee unquam semel fuit transgressus
quodcunque pra;ceptum meum. — Et sicut filius naturalis hie, tamquam verbuni
asternum oris rnei, locutus est palam mundo ; — sic filius mens adoptivus Domini-
cus veritatem vei-borum meorum prsdicavit palam mundo. — Sicut filius mens
naturalis misit discipulos suos, — sic iste adoptivus misit fratres suos, etc.
^ Comp, the Dominican Petri Pahidani, in Paris (about 1330), tract, quod
fratres Praedicatores possunt habere possessiones et reditus.
'' Especially by the carrying to a greater extent the absolution granted at Porti-
uncula (see § 69, note 8). The Cardinal Bonifacius de Vitalinjis (or rather de
Amanatis, see Bahizii PP. Aven. I. p. 1340) relates in his Comment in Clemen-
tinas A. D. 1388, that the Franciscans maintained, that on every 1st of August a9
many souls could be released fi-om purgatory as any one would go in and out of
the church. See /. B. Thiers traite des superstitions, qui regardent les sacre-
mens (Paris. 1701. 4 voll. 12mo.), vol. III. p. 259. — Hermanni Corneri (Domi-
nican in Lübeck) Chron. ad ann. 13.59 (in Eccardi Corp. hist, medii aevi, T. II. p.
1101) : the Franciscan Arnoldus de Villa Preodii Vercellensis Dioecesis maintain-
ed, quod nullus possit damnari, deferens habitum Ordinis s. Francisci, asseruitque
constanter, b. Franciscum omni anno semel descendere de coelo ad purgatorium,
et eripere inde animas omnium illorum, qui illo anno defuncti, in habitu Oi'dinis
sui extiterunt sepulli, et ad puigatorium fuerant missi. (This Franciscan was
Arnaldus Montanerius Villoe Podii Ceritani Dicec. Urgellensis. See Eymerici
Directorium Inquisitorum, P. II. Qu. 11 in fine. Also Wadding ann. Minorum,
ann. 1371, no. 28, sees nothing impossible in this yearly descent of St. Francis to
purgatory.) Hujus autem erroi'is assertores nedum sed et public! pronuntiatores
ac praedicatores plures in Ordine prsedicto imprasentiarum existunt, qui ausu
temerario talia figmenta et raendacia non verentur populo intimare. Imo tempo-
ribus meis, me präsente, in provinciali Synodo in urbe Hammeburgensi celebrata
anno Dom. 1406 — Dominus Joannes Episcopus Lubicensis — hunc errorem io
publico consistorio ipsis fratribus Minoribus ibidem prassentibus objecit, — tanquam
per dictos fratres publice pra;dicatum in urbe Lubicensi.
92 Third Period. Die. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
efforts of the popes, to reunite themselves with the order/ and pre-
ferred to be excluded from the church as heretics rather than yield ;
as was seen in the year 1317, when John XXII. summoned a party
of them before the In(|uisition in Narbonne and Beziers.- Those
who had been thus rejected (fratricelli) now joined themselves to the
motley company of the Beghards,-^ with whom they shared their wild
' See a disputation or conference held before Clement V. (in Wadding, ann.
1310, no. 1 seq.). After this, A. D. 1312, Clement gave a new decision concern-
ing the rules in the constitution, Exivi de Paradiso (Clementin. Lib. V. Tit. 11,
c. 1), in which he concedes something to both parties, in order to bring about a
union.
* How they got possession of the convents in Narbonne and Beziers, see in
Wadding, ann. 1314, no. 8 ; the proceedings of John XXII. against them, ibid,
ann. 1317, no. 11 seq.
^ Of the former connexion of the Beghards with the Franciscans, see § 71, notes
9 and 11. Also John XXll. bull Sancta Romana of December 30, 1317 (in
Extravagg. Jo. XXIl. Tit. YII.) : NonnuUi profanaj miiltitudinis viri, qui vulgari-
ter Fratricelli, seu fratres de pauperc vita, Bizochi sive Begnini, vel aliis
nominibus nuncupantur in partibus ltali;T?, necnon in insula Siciliensi, comitatu
provinciae, Narbonensi et Tolosana civitatibus — habitum nova; religionis adsume-
re, congregationes et convenliculas facere, et superiores sibi ipsis eligere, quos
ministros, seu custodes, vel gardianos, aut nominibus aliis appellant, pluriinos ad
eorum sectam recipere, — publice mendicare, quasi eorum secta foret una de reli-
gionibus per sedem apostolicain approbatis, temerilate damnabili prtesumserunt, et
praesumunt etiani incessanter. Et ut ipsorum error Veritas, et impietas religio
reputetur ; plurimi eorum regulam seu oi'dinem fratruni Minorum, quem s. Fran-
ciscus instituit, se profiteri ad litteram conservare confingunt, quanquam in obedi-
entia generalis, vel provincialium ministrorum ipsius ordinis non morentur, praeten-
dentes se a sancts memoriae Coelestino P. V. — hujus status — Privilegium habu-
isse. Quod tamen, etsi ostenderent, non valeret ; cum bonae memoriae Bonifacius
P. VIII. — omnia ab ipso Ccelestino — concessa — viribus penitus vacuaverit. —
Nonnulli etiam ex ipsis asserentes, se esse de tertio ordine b. Francisci, Poeniten-
tium vocato, praedictura statum et ritum eorum sub velamine talis nominis sata-
gunt palliare : cum tamen in regula ipsius tertii ordinis talis vivendi ritus nuUate-
nus sit concessus. — Ipsorum quam plurimi — a veritate catholicaj fidei deviantes,
ecclesiastica saciamenta despiciunt ac crrores alios student multipliciter seminare.
Then a strict prohibition of this way of life under penalty of excommunication. —
In the bull Gloriosam Ecclesiani of January 23, 1318 (in the Bidlario Rom.
and in Raynald, ann. 1318, no. 45), the bishops are called upon to take prisoners
the Pseudo-Minorites who had fled to Sicily, and there formed a peculiar party,
distinguishing themselves by quondam habitus cum parvis <:aputiis curtos, strictos,
inusitatos et squalidos, and deliver them up to the order for punishment. Also a
short account is given of the controversies that have taken place, and of the dif-
ferent heresies. Namely: I. Primus error — duas fingit Ecclesias, unam carna-
lem, divitiis pressam, effluentem deliciis, sceleribus maculatam, cui Romanum
PrEESulem, aliosque inferiores Praelatos dominari asserunt : aliam spiritualem,
frugalitate mundam, virtute decoram, paupertate succinctam, in qua ipsi soli
eorumque complices continentur, cui etiam ipsi spiritualis vitas merito, si qua fides
est mendaciis, principantur. II. Secundus erroi- — venerabiles Ecclesia' sacerdo-
tes — sic jurisdictionis clamitat auctoritate desertos, ut nee sententias ferre, nee
eacramenta conlicere, nee subjectum populum instruere valeant ; — quia apud
ipsos solos, ut ipsi somniant, sicut spiritualis vita; sanctifas, sic auctoritas perseve-
rat. ill. In nullum evcntum asserunt fore jurandum, dogmafizantes, mortalis
criminis contagione poUui et pcena teneri, quos contigerit juramenti religione
constringi. IV. Sacerdotes rite — ordinatos, quibuslibct tamen criminibus presses,
non po'se conficere vel confcrre ecclesiastica sacramenta. V. Evangelium Christi
in se solis hoc in tempore — esse complctum, quod hactenus, ut ipsi somniant,
obtectum fueiat, inimo prorsus extinctuni. — Mwlta sunt alia, quae isti pi'aesumptiosi
homines contra conjugii venerabile sacramentum garrire dicuntur, multaque de
Chap. III. Monacldsm. § 110. Inter. Hist, of the Franciscans. 93
fanaticism ; ^ and great numbers of both fell victims to the Inquisi-
tion.^
Amongst the great mass of the Franciscans (fratres de communi-
tate) the renunciation of all property, even as a community, had
become a mere name by the construction put upon the rule by the
popes. But on this name the order laid such stress, that in the year
1321 they fell into a violent controversy with the Dominicans on the
question, whether Christ and the Apostles possessed any thing what-
ever even in common.^ John XXII., wearied of the continual con-
troversies on this subject, decided in favor of the Dominicans, not-
withstanding the earnest representations of their opponents,^ and
cursu temporum et fine sasculi somniant, multaque de Antichristi adventu, quem
jamjam instare asserunt, flebili vanitate divulgunt, etc. Comp. Gulp« Beguinorum
in the Liber Sententianim Inquisitionis Tolosans ab anno 1307- 1323, p. 298 seq.,
appended to Ph. a Limborch hist. Inquisitionis. These Beguines held in high
respect the Postilla Fr. Petri Olivi (see § 70, note 12), which they had in the
language of the country. The church of Rome, therefore, was to them Babylon
meretrix magna, John XXII. mysticus antichristus, pra-parator via; majoris anti-
christi (p. 304), regula s. Francisci unum et idem cum evangelio Christi (p. 302),
namely, vita Christi, quam in hoc mundo servavit et servandum Apostolis suis
tradidit (p. 303). S. Franciscus seu ordo ejus debebat ecclesiam renovare, of
course only the Spirituales. A Beguine who was tried 1321 (p. 298), credidit
informatus per scripturam dicli fratris P. Joliannis (Olivi), quod infra XIV annos
computandos a prajsenti tempore Antichristus major complevisset cursum suum,
etc.
■• Alvarus Pelagius de Planctu Eccl. Lib. II. c. 51, de erroribus Begardorum
says of the tertius error Begardorum de spiritu libertatis (see above, § 87, note
28): Tempore meo in provincia b. Francisci mulli sa^culares et fratres minores
pro ista carnali spiritu libertatis per inquisitores ha;retic» pravitatis incarcerati fue-
runt. — tales valde s/jiniwa/es videbantur in lucis angelum transformati. This is
a sufficient answer to Wadding's (ann. Minorum, ann. 1317, no. 24 seq.) attempts
to deny the origin of the Fratricelli from the Fi-anciscans.
* Such victims were looked on by their pai-ty as martyrs. Thus Mosheim men-
tions (Institute hist. eccl. p. 583, note 25) a Martyrologium Spiritualiuiii et Fratri-
cellorum, in which one hundred and thirteen martyrs are enumerated from 1318 to
the time of Innocent VI.
® See the account given by the contemporary JVicolcms Minorita in Baluz. PP.
Aven. T. I. p. 598: Anno Dom. MCCCXXI — quidam Beguinus seu Bizotus
fuit captus in civitate Narbona pro facto haeresis per Archiepiscopum Narbonen-
sem et fratrem Johannem de Belna, Ordinis fratrum Praedicatorum Inquisitorem