partibus collegerunt. The principalis nuntius, Antonius de Roma, went then to
Bologna to account to Balthasar, who in the mean time had become cardinal and
legate in that city ; Balthasar put him in prison and took the money from him,
cum quo sperabat se einpturum aliquam pinguem cathedralem ecclesiam vel abba-
tiam a Bonifacio saspedicto. Vidcns autem se hujusmodi spe fraudatum, tanquam
desperans in carcei-ibus ipsis moi'tem sibi conscivit, se ipsum quadam chorda, qua
cingebatur, quadam nocte jugulando. Finally, when a sufficient sum had been
collected, Boniface, to redeem the honor of the papal see, took back all the
absolution which had thus been granted, as unlawful (just as he had before done
with the Expeclatives, Theod. a JViem II. c. 9, see above, § 102, note 7). See
the bull of December 22, 1402, in Statuta Synodalia a Wenceslao Episc. Wratis-
lav. ann. 1410, publicata ed. a J. Chr. Friedrich. Hannoverae. 1827. p. 11: Inten-
ta salutis opei'ibus sedis aposfolica? circumspecta benignitas — interdum aliqua per
importunam petentium instantiam, qua;dam autem per surreptionis malitiam vel
fraudem vel quemvis modum illicitum impetrata statuit vel indulget, demum vero
in ejus notitiam his dcdiictis ac iitilitate publica siiadente ea reformat in melius.
Such were the grounds of tlie following decree : Item revocamus et annullamus
omnes et singulas indulgentias, in quibus conlinetur a pcena et a culpa vel plena
indulgeiitia omnium peccatoruni suorum, et alias, quas concessa- sunt sub formis
indulgentiarum ecelesiarum urbis, anni jubila^i, vel s. Sepulchri dominici, s. Mi-
chaelis de monte Gargano, s. Jacobi in Coinpostella, et s. Marci de Venetiis, s.
Maria' de Angelis, alias in i'ortiunrula, s. Marim de Collomadio, et omnes alias,
quae factae sunt ad inslar indulgeutiai-um quibusvis aliis ecclesiis concessarum, ct
volumus, quod nullius sint roboiis vel iriomenti, etiamsi in litteris apostolicis, super
dictis indulgentiis confectis, contiueretur talis clausula, videlicet: et si contigerit
revocnri per nos indulgentias in genere vel in specie, quod indulgentice ipsm
per easdem litteras concessce non intelligantur revocatce.
Chap. Vi. C/nu-ck Discipline. §117. Year of Jubilee. 123
rapacity displayed in this traffic,^ constant impositions were practised,
Tiius the decree for a year of Jubilee, in 135Ü, seems to have been
foro^ed by the inhabitants of Rome in the name of Clement V.'o
8 Thus when Cardinal Albornoz preached a crusade in Italy A. D. 1356 (comp,
above, § 98, note 3), Matteo Villani VI. c. 14 : E incontanente I'avarizia de'
Cherici coinincio a fare ruficio sue, e allai-garono coUa predicazione la'ndulgenza
oltre alia comniessione del Papa. E coniinciarono a non rifiutare danajo da ogiii
maniera di gente, compensando i peccati e voti d'ogni ragione con danai-i assai, e
pochi, come gli poteano attrari-e. E per non mancare alia loro avarizia, sommove-
ano nelle Citta, e ne' Castelli, e nelle Ville ogni femminella, ogni povero, che
non havea danari, a dare pannilini, e lani, e masserizie, grani, e biade. Niuna
cosa rifutavano, ingannando la gente, con allargare colle parole quello, che non
portava la loro commessione. E cosl davano la Croce, e spogliavano le Ville, c le
Castella piu che non poteano fare le Citta. Comp. Balthasar Cossa's traffic, note
8, above.
'" This is the bull Ad memoriam, which we have from two contemporaries,
Peter of Herentals, prior of the convent of Fleury (Quinta vita Clementis VI. in
Baluz. Vita^ PP. Aven. I. p. 312), and Albericus de Kosate (Dictionarium juris
s. v. Jubila;us annus). The most striking passages are : Item concedimus, quod, si
vere confessus in via niorte prsveniatur, ab omnibus peccatis suis sit immunis et
penitus absolutus, et nihilominus mandamus Angelis paradisi, quod animam illius
a purgatorio penitus absolutam ad paradisi gloriam introducant. — Cum autem fideles
praedicti ita devote pra;dicta compleverint, ostendetur eis ex mandato nostro suda-
rium Domini nostri Jesu Christi, quo viso ab omnibus peccatis suis sint absoluti et
indulgentias habeant ab eisdeni. Nosque ex parte D. N. Jesu Christi, cujus
sumus in terra Vicarii, reducimus eos ad statum, quo erant die illo, quo baptismum
receperunt, de gratia speciali. In reference to this Jo. Wessel ('f 1489) says in
Epist. ad M. Jac. Hoeck (Farrago rerun) theologicarum. Vitemb. 1.522. 4to. fol.
XXXIX. b. and in Goldasti Monarchia, T. I. p. 581) : Neque parum horrori
mihi est verbum tuum illud, quo mones, quod magis quam pro ratione mihi esse
debet auctoiitas Papa?. Numquid Parisiensi Facultati theologicse non dico ratione
majus fuit, immo numquid fuit pro ratione Clementis Papag auctoritas, quando
temeritatem illius angelis pra^cipientem i-eprehenderunt et correxerunt ? quando
cruce signatis ad eorum vota ti-es vel quatuor animas ex purgatorio quas vellent
elargiebatur .' item quando indulgentias a pa?na et culpa publicabat .' Horum
tamen errorum hodie plumbata; bulla^ i-eperiuntur. Since the bull was printed by
Joh. Hoornbek Examen Bullae Papalis, qua Innocentius X. abrogare nititur pacem
Germanise. Ultraj. 1653. 4!o. p. 273 seq., much use has been made of it by the
opponents of papacy. Still it is undoubtedly spurious, see Baluzii Vit. PP. Aven.
I. p. 915 seq. Pagi Breviar, gest. Pontiff. Kom. ed. Luc. T. II. P. II. p. 86.
Chais lettres hist, et dogm. sur les Jubiles, T. I. p. 164 seq. For, 1. Albericus,
who himself went to Rome to secure the dispensation offered, introduces this bull
with the remark : Circa pra?dictam indulgentiam alias formas habui, qua? an fue-
rint apostolica; ignoro, tamen sunt pulchi-ae et ideo eas hie describo ; and adds
afterwards : Hkc forma, sicut puto, non fuit bullata, nee confirmata, nee servaba-
tur tempore dictas indulgentias, ad quam fui cum uxore et tribus filiis. 2. An-
toninus Florentinus Summse, P. III. Tit. 10, c. 3, § 6 : sciendum quod in copia
cujusdam bullae, quas dicitur esse Clementis, multa narrantur, quae non videntur
esse de stylo Curiae, cum sint levia et exorbitantia satis. Unde licet adscrihantur
Clementi, non videtur verisimile illius vel alterius summi Pontiticis fuisse, sed
fictilie inventa. 3. Nothing is known of any such resistance of the Sorbonne, as
is mentioned by John Wessel above. 4. Baluze observes correctly : Insulsa est
compositio, fatua, demens, aliena a stylo curias, such as is hardly to be expected
from a learned man like Clement VI. It is impossible that he should have allowed,
as in this bull is done, all priests to leave their churches for a year, all monks to force
their abbots to give them permission to travel and the means ; which betrays rather
the interest of the Romans, who were never satisfied with pilgrims. 5. Tlie bull
orders : Volumus insuper et ordinamus, quod onines Romipetffi patriae Romanae,
Campanias, Tusciae, Apulegiae, Calahriae, Principatus terrae Lombardise et Italiae
usque ad Pedemontera in prcefata civitate per unum mensem sequentem residenti-
124 Third Period. Dio. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
The widest field, however, for such impostures was opened by the
measure above-nieiitioncd, of Boniface IX., of exposing the Jubilee-
indulgence for sale every where. ^^
In making their indulgences dependent upon the fulfilment of cer-
tain arbitrary external conditions, whilst they granted to some and
refused to others what was alike the right of all,'- the popes conducted
themselves rather as the uncontrolled disposers than as the stewards
of the heavenly grace. They also laid themselves open to the same
reproach by granting privileges to certain communities, or to indi-
viduals of a community, to which all had an equal claim. '^ This
was especially seen in the case of the kings of France, on whom the
devoted Clement VI. heaped privileges of this sort, some of them
highly exceptionable in a moral point of view.'''
am faciant, etc. in opposition to the true bull of Jubilee (see note 5), according to
which only the inhabitants of Rome were thus called upon to have absolution.
In this we detect the marks of Roman avarice.
•' Bonifacii Ep. ad Episc. Ferrariensem (in Raynald, ann. 1390, no. 2) : Ad
audientiam nostram — fidedignorum quamplurium relatio perduxit, quod quidam
religiosi diversorum, etiam mendicantiuin, ordinum, et nomiulli clerici ssculares
etiam in dignitatibus constituti, asserentes, se a nobis — missos, — non veras et
prajtensas facultates hujusmodi mendaciter simulant, cum etiam pro qualibet parva
pecuniarum summula non pcenitentes — ab atrocibus delictis — absolvant, male
ablata certa et incerta, nulla satisfactione pra;via (quod omnibus sasculis absurdissi-
mum est) reinittant ; castitatis, abslinentia;, peregrinationis ultramarinse — et alia
quffivis vota levi compensatione commutent ; dc haresi vel schismate — condemna-
tos, absque eo quod in debita forma abjurent, — non tantum absolvant, sed in inte-
grum I'estituant ; — et indulgentiam, quam felicis recordalionis Urbanus P. VI. —
Christifidelibus certas basilicas et ecclesias dictae urbis instant! anno visitantibus
concessit, — quibusvis elargiri pro nihilo ducant ; — ut quasi hominibus perpetuam
felicitatem in hoc sseculo polliccri conentur, et aeternam gloriam in futuro ; et
quffistum, quem exinde percipiunt, nomine camera; apostolic^ se percipere asse-
rant, et nullam de illo nihilominus rationem velle rcddere videantur. They were
to be compelled ad reddendum computum de receptis, and imprisoned.
'^ The theologians of the time discussed the question very seriously, why the
Pope, since hehad the power, did not release all souls from purgatory : e. g.
Summce Jlstesancs (see § 115, note 1), Lib. V. Tit. 40 : Si Papa potest animas in
purgatorio sic absolvere, saltem per modum sutfragii, quare ergo non absolvit omnes
solo verbo, cum talibus sit maxime compatiendum ? Reap. Si Deus per se ipsum
sic miseretur, ut semper velit timeri justitiam, multo fortius similiter Dei Minister
facere debet : unde dispensatio bonoi'um Ecclesias discrete et cum moderamine est
facienda, et nisi ita fiat, Deus non acceptat.
'•^ Thus Boniface IX., 139.5, allowed as a privilege to the city of Wolfhagen,
that an interdict imposed on its inhabitants for the offences of certain individuals,
should cease as soon as the excommunicated persons had left the city. See
Kopps Nachr. v. d. geistlichen und Civilgcrichten in d. Hessen-Casselischen
Landen, Th. 1, Beylageu S. 61.
^* What these were (almost all passed April 20, 1351) see in (VAchery Spicileg.
T. in. p. 723 seq. Especially objectionable is the Privilegium, p. 724 : Vobis et
successoribus vestris Regibus ct Heginis Franciae — in perpetuum indulgemus, ut
confessor rcligiosus, vel sajcularis, quem vestrum et coi'um quilibet duxerit eli-
gendum, vota per vos forsitan jam emissa, ac pei- vos et successores vestros in
postcrum emittenda, ultramarine, ac bb. Petri et Pauli Apostolorum, ac castitatis
et continentise votis duntaxat exceptis ; necnon juramenta per vos prKstita, et per
vos et eos pi-a;standa in posterum, qua» vos et illi servare commode non possetis,
vobis et ei^ commutare valeat in alia opera pietatis. Further: Quod Rex et
Regina in locis intei-dictis possunt facere celebrare ; quod Confessor absolvere eos
Chap. VI. Church Discipline. § 117. Year of Jubilee. 125
Whilst the hierarchy were thus prodigal of their indulgences, they
were no less so of their punishments, ^^ so that these too lost much of
their power. ^"^ The most solemn excommunications were those which
the popes pronounced on the Thursday before Easter. ^^
potest in casibus sedi Apost. reservatis ; quod Confessor Regi cum exercitu potest
dare licentiam vescendi carnibus ; quod confessor Regeni et Reginam dispensare
potest de jejuniis ; quod Rex ingredi potest Monasterium inclusarum ; quod Rex
possit facere celebrare super Altare portatile in sua et gentium exercitus sui
praesentia ; quod Praelatus celebrans coram Rege sen Regina conferre potest
unum annum et XL dies indulgentia; ; quod Confessor Regis et Regina; eis semel
in mortis articülo, et quoliescunque pro Regni defensione imniinet pericuhim,
plenam remissionem peccatorum indulgere possit; quod orantibus pro Rege et
Regina centum dies de injunctis poenitentiis qualibet die relaxantur ; quod Rex
et Regina eligere possunt Confessorem, qui eos absolvant, si excommunicationis
sententiam incurrerint propter manuum injectioneni in Clericos ; quod nemo potest
in terram Regis et Regina; interdicti sententiam promulgare absque auctoritate
Apostolica ; quod non teneantur ad restitutionem bonorum, nisi his qui ad notitiam
eorum venei-int, sed eleemosynae cedant loco restitulionis ; quod Confessor Religi-
osus Regis et Regins, cui est esus carnium secundum statuta sui Ordinis interdic-
tus, licite potest in eoruni comitiva vesci carnibus ; quod Clerici Regis et Reginas
possunt a quocuinque Episcopo Ordines suscipere, etc.
^" See above, § 102, note 4 ; § 105, note 6. Thus Alvarus Pelagius de planctu
Eccl. II. c. 20, reckons amongst the usual accusations brought against the bishops,
Trigesimum quintum, quod pro minimis culpis paratos etiam coi-rigi excommuni-
cant; quum tamen nemo excommunicari debeat, nisi pro magnis peccatis, et
quando alitor corrigi non potest.
'^ Comp. § 105, note 9. Jllvarus Pelagius I. c. 69, discusses the question :
Quum ecclesia tantam nunc habeat potestatem temporalem, cur Pra'latorum sen-
tentise aut nullo modo aut male a subditis pro majori parte servanlur, parvipendun-
tur et despectui habentur ? Petri de .^llliaco Canones reformandi Eccles. in Cone.
Const, (written 1416) in V. d. Hardt Cone. Const. T. I. P. VIII. p. 417: De
secundo gravamine supra tacto, seil, de multiplicatione cxco.-nmunicationum, et ex
consequenti irregularitatum, quas Rom. Ecclesia in suis constitutionibus panalibus,
et maxime in quibusdam novis deci-etalibus imposuit, et sa;pe per sues collectores
in multorum scandalum fulminavit (see § 102, note 4), et ad cujus exemplum alii
prselati leviter et pro levibus causis — pauperes excommunicatione crudeliter per-
cutiunt, necesse est pi-ovidere. — Nam gladius ecclesia;, seil, excomniunicatio, qui
in primitiva ecclesia, veneranda raritate, erat formidabilis, jam propter abusum
contrarium conteraptibilis effectus est. Jo. Vitoduranus in the Thesaur. hist.
Helv. p. 70:
Mos interdicti poena2 nocuit maledictae
Plus caeteris longe censuiis Catholicorum,
Quam tulit in plebem Papa nimis temer
Extinguit cultum Domini, fidei quoque lumen ;
Devotos animos indurans reddit ineptos,
Suscitat ac haereses impi'obitate sua.
" Thus Paschal II. pronounced a solemn decree of excommunication on Henry
IV. in coena domini 1102 (see § 49, note 7), Gregory IX. 1227, on Frederick II.
{Ibid. § 55, note 7). The feria quinta was, namely, according to the consuetudo
Romanae Ecclesia;, the day of the readmission of penitents ( Guil. Durandi
Rationale divin. otfic. Lib. VI. c. 73) : excommunication on that day was therefore
the more fearful. Towards the end of the 13th centui-y, it had already become
customary for the Popes to repeat on this day every year certain important acts of
excommunication. Thus according to the testimony of the Cone. Herbipol. ann.
1287. c. 40. against the imponentes et exigentes nova passagia (see § 63, note 19).
There are two processus in coena Domini extant of Boniface VIII., one of A. D.
1299, against those, qui ad Saracenos arma, victualia aliaque deferrent ( Bullar.
Rom. f. III. P. II. p. 92); the other of A. D. 1.303, against those, qui laederent
ad sedem Apostolicam venientes (ibid. p. 96). These Processus were united, and
126 Third Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
<§. 118.
EPISCOPAL INQUISITORIAL SYNODS.
[See § 82, note 1.]
From the time that these Synods had adopted the punishment by
fines almost exclusively, they seemed to have become only a new
source of revenue to the prelates. ^ The most suspicious testimony
was admitted without scruple, and the innocent were often glad to
buy themselves free from false accusations.- The efforts of the laity
yearly repeated, i'or the most part in the same form, but sometimes also with slight
modihcations. A similar compound Processus by Giegory XI. of A. D. 1370, is
said to be in the Vatican (L e Bret Gesch. d. Bulle In Cosna Domini, Th. 2. S.
156): the oldest yet published, however, is that of Gregory XII. A. D. 1411
( Raynald. ad h. a. no. 1) : Excommunicamus et anathemalizamus ex parte Dei
Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti, auctori(ate quoque bb. Apostolorum Petri et
Pauli et nostra omnes ha;rcticos, Gazaros, Patarenos, Pauperes de Lugduno, Ai-
naldistas, Speronistas et Passaginos, et omnes alios ha?reticos, quocumque nomine
censeantur, et omnes fautores, recepfatores, et defensores eorum. Item excom-
municamus et anaihematizamus omnes piratas, cursarios, et latrunculos mai-inos,
et omnes fautores, recepfatores et defensores eorum. Item excommunicamus et
anathematizamus omnes illos, qui equos, arma, ferrum, lignauiina, vel alia prohi-
hita dcferunt Saracenis, quibus Chrislianos impugnant. Item exconmiunicamus
et anathematizamus omnes illos, qui ad sedem Aposlolicam venientes vel rece-
dentes ab ea, necnon illos, qui jurisdictionem ordinariam vel delcgatam aliquam
non habentes in eadem curia moi-antes temeritate propria capiunt, spoliant, percu-
tiunt, mutilant, et detinere pra;sumunt, et qui talia fieri faciunt seu mandant, etc.
This Processus annualis, after various changes made by the different Popes since
Pius V. (l.'Sfie) has received the name of the bull In coena Domini. Of its origin,
see especially Prosper) Card. Lanibertini (BenedictiXlV) de festis, P. I. c. 196:
Le Bre ts Pragmat. Geschichte der Bulle In coena Domini (Fiankf. and Leipz.
1769-70. 4. Bde. 4to. l-2terBd. N. A. 1772) gives no information whatever as
to its origin.
1 Petri de AUiaco Canones reformandi Eccles. in Cone. Const, (written 1416) in
V. d. Hardt Cone. Const. T. I. P. VIII. p. 421 : Item providendum erit, ut Praelati
in suis synodis, et eorum otficiales in suis curiis non ad repletionem bursarum
intendant, sed ad correclionem viliorum, emendationem morum, et adificationem
animarum. Et ut exactiones pro sigillis et Uteris moderentur, et peenfe pecu-
niariae vel tollantur vel temperentur, aut in totum vel partem ad pios usus notorie
applicentur.
2 JVic. de Clamengis de ruina EcclesicT, c. 21 (v. d. Hardt Cone. Const. T. I.
P. III. p. 23) : Dici non potest, quanta mala ubique faciant illi scelerati explora-
tores, quos Promotores appellant. Simplices et pauperculos agrestes, vitam satis
innocuam in suis tuguriis agentes, et fiaudis urbana; nescios in jus sa?pe pro nihilo
vocant. Causas et crimina contra cos sedulo confingunt, vexant, tei'ient, minan-
tur, sicque eos per talia secum componere et pacisci cogunt. Quod si facere re-
nueriut, crebris eos citationibus, quotidieque repetitis supra modum infestant.
Quod si semcl qualibet occasione pra-pediti comparere desiei'int, censura illico
anathcmalis ut rebcUes et contumaces feriuntur. Si vero ad diem venire, quoties
vocati erunt, perseveraverint, corum audicnlias apud judicum Iribunalia impedient,
morasquc et subterfugia dilationum et intcrlocutionum captabunt, quas periacile in
foris ecclesiasticis oblinentur, quo vel sic longo ta'dio longaque sui temporis jactura
fatigati super fiiluram vexationem atque impensam pecuniae pactione redimere
cQo-anlur. Ita fit pro levi vel nullo delicto, vel pro exiguo debito infinitarum
cumulus expensarum. The same complaints are found in the Gravaminibus of the
Chap. VII. Heretics. § 119. Older Parties. 127
became therefore more and more general to shake off the jurisdic-
tion of these courts. «^
CHAPTER SEVENTH.
HISTORY OF THE HERETICAL PARTIES.
*§> 119.
HISTORY OF THE OLDER PARTIES.
The labors of the Inquisition seem to have been very successful in
sweeping the Albigenses from the south of PVance,^ and scatterincr
them in the countries lying East ; especially in Bosnia, where we
now find them in great numbers.^ The Waldenses, on the other
French Barons, A. D. 1329 (see § 105, note 6), e. g. Grav. VIII : Item (officiales)
faciunt citari plures laicos ex officio siio super aliquibus, quse sibi imponunt, niale-
ficiis responsuros. — Et quando citati hujusrnodi — negabant maleticia, — dicti
officiales ipsos detinent capto?, — licet in casibus eis impo;itis pertineat recredentia
(ricriance), et licet caplio et detentio ad eosdem officiales minime pertineat, sed
ad judices saeculai-es. IX. Item in casibus supra dictis licet — iidem laici reperi-
antur puri et innocentes, nihilominus dicti officiales nolunt eos expec'ire, donee pro
scripturis processuum seu inquesta (enqufte) prsdictorum satisfactioneni fecerint
de magna pecunia? quantitate : licet de jure in tali casu eis expensas lestituere
tenerentur. XXXVll. Item cum quis excommunicatus est in aliquo loco, dicti
officiales dant citationes personales super participibus, et faciunt citari totam patriam
ad unam vel duas leucas (lieues) circuniquaque, vel tales, qui noverunt excom-
municatum bene XL, LX vel centum persona; purgaturs se super participatione
prasdictorum. Ex quo sequitur, quod probi homines antiqui et senes redimunt se
quilibet de XII denariis vel de duobus solidis pio vitandis expensis et laboribus.
XXXVIII. Item dicti officiales imponunt pluribus personis famas laudabilis et
honestae vitse, quod sunt usurarii, et oportet eos cum ipsis officialibus concordare
pro evitanda eorum infamia et labore. XXXIX. Item dicti officiales faciunt citari
aliquem bonum hominem conjugatum, et imponunt ei, quod adulteratus est cum
aliqua : et similiter mulierem aliquam conjugatam, imponendo sibi, quod adulterata
est, in perpetuam infamiam ipsorum conjugum, et cum hoc extorsionem pecunia-
rum recipiunt ab eisdem, etc.
' Compare § 84, note 4. In A. D. 1357, the city of Marburg also we find free
from cleiical jurisdiction. Kopps Nachricht von den Geistl. u. Civilgerichten in
Hessen, Th. 1. S. 183.
' In the Liber sententiarum Inquisitionis Tolosanas ab anno Chr. 1307 ad annum
1323, appended to Ph. a Limborch hist. Inquisitionis, there are still many Sententife
contra Albigenses. Compare Hist, generale de Languedoc, T. IV. p. 183 seq.
2 Petri Ranzani (-f 1492) Epit. Rerum Hungaricarum Index XIX (in
Schwandtneri Scriptores Rerum Hungar. T. I. p. 377) says of Lewis I. king of
Hungary : Expugnavit Bosnenses et Bulgaros, qui ab ipso desciverant (A. D.
1359). — Navavit et operam, ut Patareni, Bosncnsis natio, abjecta execrabili ilia
Manichaeorum hsresi, cui perdiu inhaeserant, ad fidei veritatem unitatemque
redirent. Verum perfidi homines hand multo post, ab eorum haeresiarchis per-
suasi, ad pristinos redierunt errores. cf. Joh. de Thwrocz Chron. Hungarorum,
written 1473, P. III. c. 47 (Schwandtner I. p. 195) and Raynald. ann. 1366,
no. 11.
128 Tkinl Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
hand, resisted successfully all the persecutioiis to wliich they were
subjected, and were not to be driven from the valleys of Piedmont,
whither they had retreated.'* All the other heretical parties were
designated by the common name of Beghards. Amongst these the
Fratricelli and the brethren and sisters of the free spirit form the
two great divisions, though the various combinations and modifications
of opinions give the parties different aspects in different countries.
In the south of France, Italy, and Sicily the Fratricelli were pre-
dominant.^ The German Beghards, on the other hand, called indis-
criminately Lollards,'^ were brethren of the free spirit,** and not only
^ See the letter of John XXII to the Inquisitor at Marseilles, A. D. 1332, in
JRaynald. ad h. a. no. 31 : in vallibus Lucernae et Perusiai, — Philippi de Sabau-
dia — teniporali doniinio subjcctis, ita creveruiit et mulliplicati sunt hsretici, prae-
cipue de secta AValdensiuiii, quod frequenter congregationes per iiioduni capiluli
facere inibi prssumpserunt, in quibus ali(iuando quingenti Waldcnses fueruiit in
simul congregati; quodque dudum — dicti Waldenses conti-a ipsum Albertum
Inquisitoreni manu insurrexenint arniata, et quod quadani die quondam Guilelmum
rectorem parochialis Ecclesiae de Engravia Taurinensis diuecesis, celebrata Missa
per eum in platea dictaj villa nequiter occiderunt, etc. In 1403 St. Mncentius
Ferrerius undertook the conversion of these values ( Raynahl. ad h. a. no. 24).
Of their being tbund in the south of France till A. D. 1323, see Liber sententiarum
Inquis. Tolos. appended to Limhorch. — In A. D. 1335, Benedict XII. attempted
to exterminate them from Dauphiny ( Raynald. ad h. a. no. 63) : though as late