destroyed by the expulsion of the Moguls from that country (A. D.
1369).«
<^ 125.
PERSECUTION AND CONVERSION OF THE JEWS.
The Jews in the 14th century underwent various persecutions, the
offspring partly of avarice, and partly of religious fanaticism. ^ One
ed. by Joh. Voigt u. Schubert Königsberg, 1823, S. 60) ; and again by Russian
priests (see Lucas Davids ["f 1.583] Preuss. Chronik, ed. by Henning, Bd. 7.
S. 174, Anm. S. 189, 225), before he received baptism in Cracow. — The Samogi-
tse, a Lithuanian tribe, invited the German Oi-der to come in and baptize them, in
1401 (Lindenblatt, S. 1.30) : in 1413, king Wladislaus found this land still heathen,
and once more converted it (Dlugossus, lib. XL p. 342 seq.) : but in 1418, the
Samogitae drove away their priests, burned their churches, and returned again to
paganism (Lindenblatt, S. 334).
^ .Mnens Sylvius de Statu Europas sub Frider. III. c. 20. (in Freheri Rer.
Germ. Scriptt. ed. Struve, T. II. p. 114) relates on the authority of a monk,
Hieronymus Pragensis, that only a short time before the council of JBasil, idolatry
was still extensively prevalent in Lithuania. When the monk, supported by king
Wladislaus and duke Witoudt, began to destroy their idols, and their temples, there
were symptoms of reformation : motus ea re Witoldus, veritusque populorum tu-
multum, Christo potius quam sibi deesse plebem voluit, revocatisque liferis, quas
Praesidibus provinciarum dederat, jubens parere Hieronymo, hominem ex provincia
decedere jussit. As late as the 16th century idolatry was secretly practised in this
country, see Lucas David, Bd. 7. S. 205.
* Jo. Schefferi Lapponia Francof. 1673. 4to. p. 63 seq. D a 1 i n Gesch. des
Reichs Schweden, Th. 2. S. 169.
* Compare above, § 90, note 4. Mosheim hist. Tartarorum ecclesiast. p. 90 seq.
^ Mosheim, 1. c. p. 119 seq.
1 Comp. Josts Gesch. der Israeliten seit der Zeit der Maccabtler, Th. 6. S.
341 tf., and Th. 7. The common pretences for persecuting them were the poison-
ing of wells, the desecration of the hostia, and the murder of Christian children.
How much imposition was practised in this, see in Benedicti XII.Epist. ad Alber-
tum Ducem Austrife, in Raynnld. ann. 1338, no. 18 seq. A persecution of the
Jews in the territoiy of Passou having risen out of the finding of a bloody hostia
before the house of a Jew, the duke took part with the Jews, and wrote the Pope,
quod olim in ducatu Austria in oppido Neirmiburch — qusedam hostia non conse-
crata cruore madefacta per quendam clericum in ecclesia dicti oppidi posita fuit,
qui postniodum — confessus fuit, se dicto cruore praefatam hostiam madidasse ad
praesumptionem inducendam, quod a Judaeis contumeliose dehonestata taliter exti-
tisset in opprobrium Salvatoris, quae etiam cum a Christifidelibus per aliquod
temporis spatium tanquam verum corpus Christi adoraretur, demuin vermibus
tineisque scaturiens demolita extitit penitus et consumpta. Quam quidam clericus
ejusdem ecclesiae sic consumptam aspiciens suggestione diaboHca persuasus, erro-
152 Third Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305—1409.
of the most bloody was that which began in Seville, A. D. 1390, and
spread over a great part of Spain, proving fruitful in pretended con-
versions.-
APPENDIX I.
HISTORY OF THE GREEK CHURCH.
<^ 126.
ATTEMPTED UNION WITH THE LATIN CHURCH.
Leo AUatius de Eccl. Occident, et Oiient. perp. Consensione, lib. H. c. 16-18.
In order to secure the aid of the Western nations against the Turks,
the Greek emperors of the 14th century exerted themselves almost
incessantly to bring about a reconciliation of the two estranged
churches. But, excepting themselves and a small court-party, there
was no one on either side disposed to make the least concession, and
all their efforts were of course in vain. The first who began these
negotiations was the emperor Andronicus III., Palseologus (reigned
A. D. 1328-1341), in the year 1333, ^ and in consequence of them
a Greek embassy appeared at Avignon (A. D. 1339), but without
effect.'^ The most conspicuous man in the embassy, the abbot Bar-
rem errori accumulans, aliam hostiam non consecratani, cruore per ipsum intinc-
tam, loco pra?dict;E hostioe sic consumptfe reponcre ininime formidavit, sicut post-
modum per confessionem ejusdera clerici talia perpetrantis exlitit i-evelatum :
eademque hostia in alterius locum siipposita — usque ad hodiernum diem tanquam
verum corpus Doininicum a Cliristiiidelibus hujusmodi fraudem io;norantibus
veneratur, — casus similis ob invidiam et odium Judajorum in oppido Werchartstof
coeperat exoriri, etc. A similar case is related also by Jo. Vitoduranus, in the
Thesaurus hist. Helvet. p. 44 seq., addins; that the priest who had practised the
deception suo Diocesano erat pra;sentatus, qui eum captum et vinctum detinuit per
plures dies, sed quod arctai custodise carceris ti-aditus fuerit, vel alias secundum
exigentiam malitia; sua; punitus sit, non audivi : quod ex intimis meis doleo prae-
cordiis. — Quod autem Episcopus suus remissus et negligens fuit, — in eo, ut
quidam ajunt, ratio hasc est, quia per pecuniam — plebani — corruptus fuit.
2 Jost, 1. c. Th. 7, S. 5.3 ff.
' See the letters of Pope John XXH. to the Greek emperors, the patriarch of
Constantinople, etc. in Raynald, ann. 13-3.3, no. 17 seq. — Of the negotiations in
Constantinople with two bishops sent thither by the Pope (1334), see jYiceph.
GregorcB Byzantina hist. lib. X. c. 8 (ed. Bonn. 1829. vol. I. p. 501), who him-
self had an agency therein.
' See the Protocol (in Raynald, ann. 1339, no. 19 seq., and from a Ms. in Alla-
tius, 1. c. p. 7SS seq.) and Benedicti XH. ep. ad Philippum regem Franciae, Ray-
nald, ann. 1339, no. 33. The Greek ambassadors made application, quod in gene-
rali concilio — articulus de processione Spiritus Sancti per disputationes et concer-
tationes ibidem concordaretur inter Latinos et Grajcos : quodque ante omnia super
recuperatione trium vel quatuor civitatum magnarum, quse per Turcos — detineri
dicuntur, — praestaretur auxilivim. Barlaam, who spoke in the name of the embas-
App. I. Greek Church. § 126. Attempted Union. 153
sy, promised : quaecumque a generali concilio determinata fuerint, omnes orienta-
les libenter hoec recipient. — Si autein aliquis dicet, quia jam factum est de istis
generale concilium in Lugduno, in quo fuerunt et Graici (see above, § 92, note
12) : sciat, quod nemo poterit humiliare populum Grscum, ut recipiant illud con-
cilium sine alio concilio. Quare ? quia illi Grffici, qui interfucrunt isti concilio,
non fuerunt nussi neque a quatuor patriarchis, qui gubernant Orientalen! ecclesiam,
neque a populo, sed a solo Iniperatore, qui conatus fuit facere unionem vobiscum
ex vi, et non voluntarie. He petitioned, however, that the help might precede
the council, in the first place, quod naturaliter omnes homines magis voliint
subjugari benefiicientibus eis, (juam contra facientibus, in the second place be-
cause till the war with the Turks should be ended, the emperor could not assem-
ble a council, neque enim dum gucrra fit, poteiit quatuor patriarchas et alios pon-
tifices in unum conjugare, nee concilio poterit Interesse. The Pope refused to
hold a general council, on the ground that non esset decens, — sic darum,
determinatum et definitum aiticulum fidei — nunc per novas disputationes — in
dubium revocare. Barlaam then made the remarkable proposition, quod saltern,
si ad prolitendum dictum articulum Grajci forsan induci non possent, reunione
facta perrnittei-entur ipsi Grsci quod super eodem articulo tenent credere, Lati-
nique crederunt catholice Spiritum Sanctum a Patre et filio procedere : but
I'esponsum extitit, hoc esse nullatenus folerandum, quia in ecclesia catholica, in
qua una fides esse noscitur, quoad hoc duplicem fidem minus veraciter esset dare.
The Pope, on the other hand, proposed that the Greek church should choose
plenipotentiaries to send to the West, qui cum aliis viris sapientibus, — per sedena
Apostolicam super hoc deputandis, non per modum disputationis vel concertati-
onis, sed instructionis, quoad Grajcos ipsos, salutifere haberent matures et dili-
gentes tractatus. Barlaam kept to his proposition ; that the Pope should send
ambassadors to the four Greek patriarchs and the emperor, with the following
declaration : Viri fratres, quoaiam vos et nos confitemur in divinis unam sub-
stantiam et tres pei-sonas, etiam unum principium, et neque vos neque nos addu-
cimus in divinis aut identitatem personarum, aut divisionein substantise ; sufficiant
ista nobis, ut habeamus unionem. De processione autem Spiritus Sancti non
dividamur ab invicem ; sed sapientes quidem vestri cum nostris disputent de ista
quffistione si volunt : communiter vero non haberemus propter hoc divisionem,
sed tenete vos quod vultis de isto, et nos simiUter ; et non damnemus propter
hoc alterutrum, sed factum sit tantum. Vos quidem date ecclesioe Roman«
ilium honorem, quem dabant et antiqui patriarchs in tempore unionis, quern
determinaverunt etiam leges Imperatorum et canones sanctorum patrum, et plus
non petimus a vobis : Nos autem parati sunius dare et firmare ecclcsias orien-
tali, et specialiter ecclesiae ConstantinopoUtans ct iinperio Constantinopolitano
omnia jura, quse sunt vel ab antiqua consuetudine, vel determinata aut a legibus
Imperatorum aut a canonibus sanctorum patrum. To such a proposition he
thought that most of the Greeks would accede. The final answer of the Pope was,
quod ex eo justa petitio non videtur, quia si [Grseci] fortificati, ditaü, exaltati
et confirmati per sedem Apostolicam, Keges, Principes et populos catholicos
ante reunionem prsedictam postea terga et non faciem verterent Romana; ecclesice
memoratae, sicut alias, dum credebantur reuniti, — fecisse noscuntur ; proculdu-
bio idem dominus summus Pontifex, ecclesia, et fideles remanerent delusi, et
dici posset opprobrium non modicum, quod suos et fide juverant et fortificave-
rant inimicos et hostes, et participassent scandalose cum eis. Sed si per ilium,
qui omnem hominem venientem in hunc mundum illuminat, eorundem Groeco-
rum cordibus infusione gratiae spiritualis illustratis per viam tactam per eundem
dominum nostrum vel aliam accommodam et honestam ad obedientiam — Ronianae
ecclesiae redire curaverint cum effectu ; ipsos tunc effusis gaudiis, ac gratiis et
favoribus largiflue dispensatis — ipse dominus noster et Apostolica sedes recipient,
— non solum super his quae petunt, sed super aliis corum opportunitatibus exhi-
bituri tunc — auxilia, consilia et favores. Barlaam, on his part, showed that the
expedient reconnnended by the Pope de mittendis pro parte Gra;corum sapienti-
bus, was next to impossible : quia Imperator non audet manifestare se, quod
velit uniri vobiscum, quoniam si manifestasset se, multi ex principibus suis, etiam
ex populo, timentes ne forte ipse vellet facere, sicut fecit ipsis Michael Palae-
ologus, qusrerent opporlunitatem interficiendi ilium. Praeterea ecclesia Constan-
voL. III. 20
154 Third Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
laam,^ influenced probably by the result of his controversy with
Gregory Palainas (A. D. 1341), went over to the Latin church, and
called on his former friends to do the same.'* But so far were they from
listening to him, that not even the example of the emperor John V.,
PalEBologus (reigned from 1341-1391), who in his need repeatedly
swore allegiance to the Pope (A. D. 1355 seq.),^ could induce the
tinopolitana non mitteret ad hoc negotium legates suos sine consilio et consensu
patriarcharum Alexandrini, Antiocheni et Jerosolymitani : quare oportet eos in
simul congregare, quod est difficile piopter guerras : et prEeter hoc incertum est,
si vocati ad hoc voluissent venire : et dato, quod jam venissent, et omnes unanimi-
ter concordassent ad mittendum legatos super prsdictis, ipsi non darent unquam
plenum posse super hoc talibus legatis, nee promitterent illud quod factum fuisset
per ipsos legatos ratum habere, nisi sub certis articulorum pactis, quse pacta vos
nullatenus admitteretis. He went away, however, promising nevertheless to
do all he could to bring about such an arrangement ; but nothing was done.
^ Before his conversion to the Latin church, he had written several works
against it. See AUatius, 1. c. p. 825 seq. Cave hist, literaria, vol. II. App. p. 37,
especially xiym ^sfi t?s toü IlaTra, ä^^tis, best ed. in CI. Sabnasii libr. de pri-
matu Papse App. p. 101.
■• In five letters, see AUatius, 1. c. p. S39 seq. Four of these are in Canisii
lectt. ant. ed. Basnage, T. IV. p. 369 seq.
'" He took an oath to a Nuntius of the Pope, 1355 ( Raynald, ad h. a. no. 34) :
In primis quod ero iidelis, obediens, reverens, et devotus beatissimo patri et domi-
no, domino Innocentio sacrosanctas Romana; ac univeisalis ecclesias — summo Pon-
tifici, et ejus successoribus. — Item quod faciam toto posse meo, — quod omnes
populi sub nostro imperio constituti — erunt fideles, obedientes, reverentes et
devoti eisdem domino nostro et summo Pontifici, et ejus successoribus. Et quia
diuturnitas temporis induravit et aggravavit animos populorum, et vix possent a
consuetis retrahi, et per viam novam incedere, nisi cum modo sapientife et mode-
ratione prudential ; istum modum, qui sequitur, — ordinavi : He promised to send
the Pope his son Manuel Paläologus, the Pope on his pait was to furnish him with
fifteen transports (usceria), five gallies (galeas), five hundred horsemen, and one
thousand infantry for six months, to carry on the w'ar against the Turks, in quo
tempore legatus domini nostri Paps dabit beneficia et dignitates ecclesiasticas per-
sonis sufficicntibus Grscis, qui ad unionem et obedienfiam ecclesiae sponte redi-
bunt, secundum quod sibi et nobis melius videbitur. Ubi vero infi-a sex menses
— Grsci sponte ad obedientiam ecclesias noluerint redire, quod non crediinus,
pi-omittimus ex nunc pro tunc, quod faciemus cum consilio et deliberalione legati
domini nostri Papas, quod omnino erunt obedientes. He promises the papal legate
palatium magnum and pulchram et venerabilem ecclesiam. Item dabo filio meo
primogenito unum magistrum Latinum, qui docebit eum literas et linguam latinam
de consilio et voluntate dicti legati. Item dabo hospitia tiia magna, in quibus
tenebuntur schola; literarum Latinarum, et ego dabo operam efficacem et favorem
cum corde sincere, quod filii magnatum et potentum GrKcorum ibunt addiscere
literas Latinas. In casu ubi prcedicta omnia et singula non observarem, — ex
nunc pro tunc judico auctoritate impei-iali me indignum imperio, et privo memet
ipsum jure imperii, et transfero, do, cedojus et potestatem imperii et imperandi in
praedictum filium meum ; — transfero jus patriK potestatis in — summum Pontifi-
cem super dictum filium meum : — do, concedo et trado potestatem — summo Pon-
tifici, quod possit acquirere — imperium nostrum pro dicto filio nostro tanquam pro
vero et legitime Imperatore, et dare eidem filio meo uxorem, bajulos (governor),
tutores et curatores usque ad prsefinitum tempus a jure ; et possit de praedicto
imperio ordinäre et disponere tanquam de imperio sibi de jure debito, vice et
nomine praedicti filii nostri, etc. In case, however, that all the terms of the
compact were fulfilled, the Pope was to furnish him with various auxiliaries, and
in part pay them ; the emperor to be always principalis capitaneus et signifer et
vexillarius s. matris Ecclesia; cum rnero et mixto imperio et plenaria potestate over
the whole army. If the emperor should not fulfil all conditions pro eo quod
potentia et non voluntas deficeret, and should appear in person before the Pope,
App. I. Greek Church. ^ 127. Barlaam. 155
Greek nation to such a step. The son and successor of this prince,
Manuel II. (A.D. 1391-1425), was himself the author of works
against the Latins.*^ The peculiar doctrines of the church of Rome
were attacked b)^ several other Greek writers in this century.''' Still
there were not wanting instances of those who, like Barlaam, went
over to the Latins, and wrote against their own church.^
'^ 127.
CONTROVERSY WITH BARLAAM.
Dionys. Petavii de theologg, doginatibus. T. I. lib. I. c. 12, 1.3.
The censure passed by Barlaam on the gross manner in which the
monks on Mount Athos {ol riOi'xuC,iJVTiq), supposed themselves to attain
to" the visual perception of the divine light,' involved him in a con-
this last was to furnish him with the means of reconquering his empire. When it
came to the trial, however, the summons of the Pope to the knights of St. John
to go to the help of the emperor ( Raynald, 1. c. no. 38 seq.), proved as ineffectual
as those to the emperor to come over with his people to the Latin church (Rayn-
ald, ann. 136.5, no. 22 ; ann. 1366, no. 1). The emperor swore fealty to the Pope
before Lewis of Hungary, to whom he came for help (Raynald, ann. 1366, no. 4),
and finally, A. D. 1369, entered the Latin church by assenting to a Roman con-
fession of faith presented to him in Rome (Raynald, 1369, no. 2, Greek in Alla-
fins, p. 843 seq.) : still he received neither the promised aid, noi- did the desired
union of the churches take place.
* Though he had long resided in the West, see note 5. of. Leo Allatius de
perp. consens. p. 854.
' For instance, Barlaam (see note 3) ; the monk Maximus Planudes, about 1340
(De processione spirit, sancti contra Latinos, ed. in Petri ..Ircudii opusculis aureis
theologicis, Romae. 1630 and 1671. 4to. p. 614) ; the archbishop of Thessalonica,
Nilus Cabasilas, about 1340 (De causis divisionum in Ecclesia and De primatu
Papas in Salmasii de primatu Papa» App. p. 10. De processione Spir. S. adv.
Latinos, Ms. in \ianna, Basel, and Venice, cf. Allatius dialr. de Nilis et eorum
scriplis, p. 49 seq. Cave hist. lit. vol. II. App. p. 39) ; the monk Gregorius Pahi-
mas, about 1350 (iibb. II. aTolnxrixoi quod non ex filio, sed ex solo patre procedat
Spiritus Sanctus, ed. with seveial other similar works. Lond. 1624. 4to.) ; the monk
Nilus Dampla, about 1400 (several works de processione Spir. s. also De Damaso
Papa et fide antiquse Roma;, and De Synodis duabus Photianis, of which only
fragments have been published in Leo Allatius lib. de Synodo Photiana, p. 179,
and De Eccl. Occid. et Orient, perp. cons. p. 622, 857, 859, 916, 1375, 1376). —
cf. J. G. Walchii hist, controv. Graecorum Latinorumque de piocess. Spir. s,
p. 97 seq.
* For instance, Demetrius Cydonius, about 1357, who in Milan became a con-
vert to the church of Rome (cf. Cave hist. lit. vol. II. App. p. 57, 59) ; the Domi-
nican, Manuel Caleca, about 1360 (cf. Jac. Quetif et Jac. Echard Scriptt. Ord.
Praedicatorum, T. I. p. 719), the Dominican, Simon Constantinopolitanus (1. c. p.
558). — cf. Walch. 1. c. p. 109 seq.
* It is related by the emperor Joh. Cantacuzenus, who took an activej^art against
Barlaam in this controversy (Hist. lib. II. c. 39, ed. Bonn. vol. I. p. 543), that this
last, who had always been secretly atfachel to the Latins, rrooipa.<rU nva. Xmuv, j| ^j t«
flfitnoa iiaxafiiidriffii nai v^i; TroXifmv ^^u^riffii (pavsji/s, u; 'hh fia^'/iTiuv tivi TooffriX^l
Tuv n^u^x^ovTuiv, Xoyov TS ä'^riffrionf^uui ravTiXäs nai hxlyov "hia^ipovri uXayuv kcci
ciihi (f^ovriviu; yoZv fiiri^xixori -r^crouirns 'i^iurri ■»ki iiTix^ivira ßeuXfiräixi ft»ä-/iTtü(rai
löG Third Period. Div.IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
troversy with Gregory Pal;unas, whicli at leiitrth turned upon the point
whether this divine light (that, namely, which appeared at the trans-
figuration) was created or uncreated."- A synod assembled in Con-
stantinople, A. D. 1:341, having decided agaiii.st Barlaam, he went to
Italy, and tliere passed over to the Roman church.-' The questions
concerning the light on Mount Tabor, and the nature of God were
still, liovvever, zealously discussed. Several synods were called at
Constantinople (A. D. 1341, 1347, 1350), and all decided against the
apostate Barlaam.''
Wa« avrZ, xa) Ttii ioov rns ^i^v^ia; ixiioärKiiT^tti xa.) tou; vi/^iui -rni V'TeTttyris, — a %\
Tov Ti doXov f/.ii ffuviouv, iva n rn; ciyav xouipoT»Tt>; l-rajS-s;;, aXXa ts. ihl%atrKt tov
vrovn^oTCCTov o ävotirös, xui u; TooKöT-roins xuru f^ix^ov oi hc'J^ec'^ovri; xai «■«o<r£t/;^^o^;v«/
a^oovßui, äya.Wia.triv ri Tna, x.ai äfp'/jTov rioovtiv x,al ^%'iav I'^rioi^ovTcei iv tyi '4'U^r,, Koi
<pa; o^uffi To7s (Tu/xaTiKoTs i(p^aX/j,o7s ä.o'Tpd'^rov Tioi aliTous- 'Efr; /xiv ei/v roTg aXXoi;
flraXX>jv xanyiv'^irxsv i lict^Xaaft avoiav toZ cctdoci xcci afiaa^'iav ' (fa; Oi axouaas oodifiitov
*(pSaXf/,ois a'ai//,ccTixt>7;, olxAri ovoi ri^ifiiTv riiic^lTO, aXXa xoitht ittohIto tuv fiffv^a^övreav
xxTad^e/u-nv, ä'^recTiiovas xaXuiv xa.) •^ivoofuvov; xoti MafftraXiavous xa) 'OfitpaXo^u^ovS)
K. r. X. Bailiiaiii had tbuiid tliere a sort ot contemplation piactised siiuilar to that
for which the tbllowiiig directions had been given by the abbot Simeon (see
AUatius de Eccl. Occid. et Orient, perp. cons. p. 829) : xx^ia-a; iv fiiä yuvia xarec
(/.ova; vr^o7i^cit 'Trciy.^as o Xiyca am ' xXiifföv tjjv Si/f«v, xa) 'ivapov tov vovv trov öfro xetvTof
[ii.ttra.tou hyovv T^oa-xawou ' lira lonaai tm ffrrt^li aov vüyuva, xivSv rov aiiräriTov efäa.X~
(tov CUV oX'jf vol iv f/.ltTU TVd xoiXias hyoiiv xara. tov ofji,(pa.Xiv, ay^ov xa] Triv Tr,; pivo; toZ
'rvivjjLa.TOt ipf^iriv, tov fih aoica; •kvuv ' i^suvyiirov ivdov Iv to7; lyxd-oi; liiniiv tov t'o-ttov t?,;
xa^Oia;, 'ivä^a if/.(piXo^a)^i7v mipuxatTiv "TTaixai a'l ypu^ixa] ^uvd/tii;. Ka) -xpurov /jitv
(TKOio; luoYttrns xa) Ta^o; ivivoorov ' iTtifJ-ivovTOS o\ ffov, xa) toutov tou 'ioyov vuxTOi xa)
yi/xi^a; rrotovf/ivov, tii^'/iiriis, u tov 3-avfiaTo;, aXy,xTov iv(ppotvvr,v ' au,a yap I'vP'/i o vovi
TOV Toxov TYii xaodia;, ßx'iyrii Tapiv^v; a ovdioroTi r^'x'igTaTo ' piXxmi yap tov titra^u Tn;
xa^'iai ai^a, xa) iavrov (pcoTiivov oXov xa) %iax^tffiui i/j.'^Xiov, (A siniilai' practice was
found amongst tiie Ascetics in Siaui, see Kämpters Gesch. v. Japan, Th. 1, S.
30, and in India, see Franc. Bernier voyages, T. II. p. 127).
^ Jo. Cantacuzenns, 1. c. Amongst the ^a-vxäZ'^ns in Thessalonica, Palamas
and his brothers were the most distinguished ; they lepresented to Bailaam,
toiavTO vavlffS-ai Totj ToiavTa xa) (piiovi7v xa) Xtyiiv xaToc Tuv htrv^a^ovTav, xa) //.vi S/aj
Tviv a/riio'iav ivog tu I't/a •xävTuv xaraspt^ipi^irS-ai, xa), Toyi u; avrov nxov, tou axpoTarov
ß'iov xa) TVii T-XnaraTiis voXirsias tov; av^pu-TTovi (or, as they atttTVViir.is Ici-ai it,
Tn; iioa; r,ffvx'as) ocroffTi^uv. 'I'liat the holy are sometimes surrounded by light
QwaTov t'lvai to7; iruftaTixci; o(pBaXfio7s ^i7i>v xa) uxtictov (pü>; Biäffa<rBai), they sought
to prove especially by the example ot Jesihs on Mount Tabor : tl ovv xaxiivoi (the
disciple^) avS^pu-roi Tt ovtsj, xa) (ti aTiXivTioov iiaxi7filvoi, to Ti^iaffT^ä^av avrovs
Bt~ov xa) axTio-Tov (päi z^vvy,ä>i<rav i'^i7v, ti Bavf/.a<TTov, il xa) vvv tov; ayiovs (fainfiiv ^coi
i^av avu^iv IXXafA'Tofiivov; ix äiov. This, however, furnished Bailaam \\ iih new
cause of rebuke. He excbiiins : rjj; uTocriasl xawov ya^ ^ivyovm l/i'Z'i'rTÃœxaf/.ty
I'l; Tv^ ■äxovi ovpavi xa) lvcuTit,ou h yjj to iv Qaßaip (füf axTKTTOv xa) ti aXXo yi Bios xaB'
vfia; ovTiv ya^ axTiiXTOv oti f/.h Bio; t'l ovv firiTt xTifffna to (pu; ixiivo, /jt-nri Biov ova'ia.
{Biiv yao ovhi); luioaxi tui-jtoti), t'i Xoitov ri Suiri XaT^iviiv Bso7;, iv) /jliv tu "xavTuv
dnftiovoycü, ov xa) koparov •pru; ti; av cfteXoyt^cm, oiVTipcfi oi tu xaB' v/jca; o^ufiiviu axTiffTtu
TOVTU IfOtlTI.
^ Cantacuzenns, lib. II. c. 40. JVicephoras Gregoras, lib. XI. c. 10 (ed.
Bonn. vol. I. p. 557).
* See the detailed accounts of Cantacuzenns and Nicephorus Gregoras, who
both took an active part in the contest, tlie former in favor of, the other against,
Palamas. —The decision of the synod, A. D. 1.350, in Mansi XXVI. p. 127 seq.
answers the question pro|)oscd to it by the emperor only by passages from the
church fathers, p. 150 : crji^Tsv il ib-tiv iir) Btov Bior^irr,; hax^iirif ohiria; xa) ivs^yiia;
(namely, p. 174. r*;; Biia; Ifwixrif ivsoytix;, J", l'"^', vtTis (pitrii xa) vvi^tfuü; T^önrnt
Appendix II. Oriental Churches. § 128. 157
APPENDIX II.
HISTORY OF THE OTHER ORIENTAL CHURCHES.
•^ 128.
The kings of Armenia, always in need of the aid of the Western
nations, were always anxious to maintain the connexion of the
Armenian church with that of Rome.i Still, like the efforts of the
Greek emperors, this was a mere political measure, and the disposi-
tion to such union was confined to the court. All the efforts of the