popes could not move the common people to give up their peculiar
opinions^.'- The aid received from the West being very inconsiderable,
iKafTri Tcüv ^ix^X'"'^" vTairraftav) ; in the affirmative : iVs/ra ^mcxplireas avaöa.vi'iffri;,
^rori^ov h Ivi^yna aim xt/itt» Irriv, ri ux.ri<TTo; ; Answer, axriaTOi, 1 lit li : i'iy%
ax,ri(rro; aToOn^jiin n ätoTpiTriS xvrvt ivieyiidf •jru; av ti; iK^vyoi to fi.i) Tcipa tout»
ffuvBtroy rot ^io\> iivai vofz-i^nv ; in reply only passaojes trom the fathers : riTa^Tiv li
liyi h (puvri T>i; 9-sorjjro; ov» i-r) T-^s olffiag fJioyov, u,XXa. nai rtj; S-iix; ivi^yiixi intpa. tZv
^loXiyuv tl/4vyirai ; affirmative. TifiTTOv di, UTi^ oi ^ioXiyoi Kara, ri t»jv avriav rijy
in^yiia; vTS^xtTtr^ai i^atriv ; affirmative. Finally, t/v«; furi^ouffi ra, -rävrir,, rtj; Biiai
eliiria; >) r^s rou ^uZ Ss/aj ivl^yiia; ; affirm. Taf dti/^iov^y/ifia rr,; Ui^yt'iag rou In/jt.iöUP-
yrtcatro^, äXX' «ü;^/ tJjj oüirla; (/.iraXay^avit. — xai ei äyioi, t-/j ■rpo; S^sov ivua-ti 3ia-
•Totoüfiivsi, «Ü rvts alia; obcria;, uXXu. rhs avrou ^I'la; ivi^yi'ia; /j-iri^oufi. And so it
lolloweti, on ri aKriaroi \tirt ro (fcai rn; rou kv^'iov [j,iTu.[Aop(pio(rzu;, xai on oIik tffrt
roZro h oltia, roii 9-£aü. The views of Barlaam and liis lolluwers are given by his
contemporary J\'ül Metrop. Rhodii Synopsis (Mansi XXV. p. 1148J, as follows:
iooyf/.a.n(ra)/, nvv fiiv aulifiiav oiax^iffiv iivai iVt rni Biias ipvria; eu/ria;, xa) hi^ytlaf,
aXXa ravrov uvai xa) ahti^o^ov ' vuv as diax^iiriy //.iv i'lvai 'iXiyav ' -rXviv tjji/ fiiv oua'iav
axrirrov, ra; %i alrris oLiriicioiis hioytias xai ^uirixa; trvy^ai^oZvri; iri^as iTvai, TXr.v
evx äxriirrou;, äXXa xriirra;, xa) in ro £v ru Qaßiij^lea iKXccfi^pav S-uov ixiTvo <päi,
(päirf/.a ÜtXcÜs xa) xno'/aa, yivoftitov xai avoynofiivov, aXXa oun ä-iia; (fuaiui (puatxnv
a"yXtiv, Ka) Biortjra, xa) <pä; ÜT^offirov xxi ov xa) Xiyofiivoi/.
' The embassies of the Armenian kings to the Pope and the princes of Europe,
sent in the hope of inducing a crusade in their support (see Raynald. ann. 1317,
no. 35; 1331, no. 30), promised willingly that all deviations from the creed of the
church of Rome should be forbidden ( Rayn. 1318, no. 8 seq.) : and Armenia
inferior also joined in submission to the Pope (Rayn. 1323, no. 7). But the sum-
mons to a crusade (Rayn. 1322, no. 30) wei-e rendered ineffectual by internal wars,
and only afforded the French kings a pretext to tax the revenues of the church
(see § 96, note 33). The Armenians received only some pecuniary aid from the
Popes, Rayn. 1323, no. 4; 1336, no. 41.
2 In 1341, Benedict XII. complains to the king, and the catholicos of Armenia
(Raynald. ad h. a. no. 4.5), that he had learned from unquestioned authority, quod
tam in majori quam in minori Armenia nonnulli execrandi errores tenentur a mul-
tis et dogmatizantur, and demands that such errors should be condemned at an
Armenian synod. The enOmeration in 117 articles, 1. c. no. 49 seq. E. g. I. and
II : the old Armenian teachers had taught truly quod Spir. S. procedit a filio sicut
et a Patre {hoc fuerat determinatum in conciliis Consfantinopolitano et JEphe-
sino), hut 612 j'ears before a general Armenian council had decreed (according to
Art. 85 concilium Manesquerdense, quod congregatum fuit ibi de mandate cujus-
dam Sarraceni, nepotis Machometi) that the procession from the Father alone
should be maintained, which for the most part had been obeyed: III. Item quod
15S Third Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
in dicto concilio reprobav-erunt concilium Chalcedonense, — et determinaverunt,
quod sicut in Domino Jesu Christo erat unica persona, ita erat una natura seil,
divina, et una voluntas et una operatio. — In dicto etiam concilio Dioscorum con-
demnatuni per dictum concilium Chalcedonense canonizaverunt, — et adhuc ter in
anno faciunt lestum de eo sicut de sancto, — et maledicunt b. Leonem et concilium
Chalcedonense. IV. Item quod Armcni dicunt et tenent, quod peccatum priuio-
rum parentum personale ipsorum tarn s^ravc fuit, quod omnes eorum filii ex semine
eorum propap:ati usque ad Christi passionem merito dicti peccati personalis ipsorum
damnati fucrunt, — non propter hoc quod ipsi ex Adam aliquod peccatum originale
contraxerint, cum dicant, pueros nullum omnino habeie originale peccatum nee
ante Christi passionem nee post: — scd post Domini passionem, in qua peccatum
primorum parentum deletum fuit, pueri qui nascuntur ex filiis Adam non sunt
damnationi addicti. VIII. The Armenians taught that the blessed non videbunt
Dei esseniiam, quia nulla creatura earn videre potest; sed videbunt claritatem
Dei, quEB ab ejus essentia manat. XVII. Item quod Armeui communiter tenent,
quod in alio sceculo non est purgatorium animariim, quia, ut dicunt, si Christianus
confiteatur peccata sua, omnia peccata ejus et pccnse peccatorum ei dimittuntur.
Nee etiam ipsi orant pro defunctis, ut eis in alio saeculo peccata dimittantur; sed
generaliter orant pro omnibus mortuis sicut pro b. ISIaria, Apo^tolis, Martyi'ibus, et
aliis Sanctis, ut in die judicii intrant in regnum coeleste (see Vol. I. § 97, note 16).
XXXII. The Armenians said: sunt jam trecenti anni, quod omnes daemones sunt
dislisati, et seduxerunt homines a fide Chi'isti per totum mundum exceptis Arme-
nis: sed a triginta annis citra illos homines de minori Armenia, et a viginti quinque
anuis citra Armenos de majori Armenia seduxerunt a tide Christi, quia, ut dicunt,
ex tunc Armeni posuerunt in sacriticio aquam in vino, et fecerunt festum nativi-
tatis Domini vigesima quinta die Decembris, et sic a damonibus seducti tidem
Christi dimiserunt. XXXIV. Dicunt etiam quod Rex et iiobiles minoris Arme-
nice, quia tenent supra/lictos articulos cum Ecclesia Romana et Grceca, non
sunt de ecclesia catholica et apostulica. XXXVIII. Item quod Armeni credunt
et tenent, quod in aliis ecclesiis — non datur peccatorum remissio, quia alicB eccle-
siae negaverunt veram fidem, recipiendo concilium Chalcedonense, nee etiam
habent verum baptismum. XLVI. Item quod dicti Armeni observant discretio-
nera ciborum mundorum et immundorum animalium secundum quod lex Moysi
dicit : et licet aliqui ex Armenis comedant porcum, tarnen secundum eos, si sacer-
dos comederet de porco, poslea non posset expellere daemones de obsessis corpori-
bus, quia, ut dicunt. Dominus expellens dajniones de duobus hominibus misit eos
in porcos. LVI. Those who had been baptized in the Armenian church, where
thev had been converted to Mahommedanism or Judaism, and afterwards i-eturned
to their faith, were not again baptized : si tamen aliquis fuisset baptizatus in
ecclesia alicujus calholicon Ai-menorum, et postea converteretur ad fidem Romanae
Ecclesise vel GrcEca;, si postea vellet venire ad ecclesiam primam, — ilia ecclesia sic
baptizaret eum, ac si nunquam fuisset baptizatus. In like manner ecclesia Armena
baplizat baptizatos in ecclesia latina vel graeca, quando veniunt ad eam. LVIII.
Item quod Armeni dicunt et tenent, quod ad hoc, quod sit baptismus verus, ista
tria requiruntur, seil, aqua, chrisma et Eucharistia. LIX. That amongst the
Armenians some baptized with wine, others with milk, the most with water; but
all with arbitrary forms. LXV. Item Armeni dicunt et tenent, quod ilia inunctio
cum cbrisinate facta in novem locis (at the baptism) valet Christianis, dum vivunt,
pro omnibus inunctionibus, quae fiunt per ecclesiam latinam : unde apud eos non
est sacramentum conlirmationis, nee extremae unctionis : nee quando consecrantur
presbyteri vel episcopi, inunguntur eorum manus vel capita. LXXIV. Item
quod apud Armenos majoris Armenias non sit imago Crucitixi, nee alia; imagines
tenentur Sanctorum. LXXVII. That the Catliolicos of Armenia-minor had mal-
treated some who had been baptized in forma Ecclesia; Latinae, and LXXVIII.
forbidden his bishops, quod non celebrarent missam latinam, sed Armenorura
missam antiquam, quod non servarentjejnnia ecclesiae Romanae,sed antiqua jejunia
Armenorum, etc. Et ad testimonium et contirmationem horum dictorum est hoc,
quod — supradictus catholicon consecravit sex episcopos Armenos, et accepit ab
eis literam publicam, quod ipsi non darent pueros de partibus suis ad addiscendum
literam Latinam, nee admitterent aliquem pra;dicatorem Latinum, qui pradicaret
veritatem s. Romanae Ecclesiae, etc. LXXXII. Item quod quando aliqui comma-
Appendix IL Oriental Churches. § 128. 159
nicare debent, per sacerdotem fit confessio generalis, — et postea populus reiterat
dictam confessionem : in secreto tarnen raro vel nunquam aliquis Armenus con-
fitetur sacerdoti sua peccata : — dicunt et tenent, quod dicta generalis confessio
sufBcit ad leniissioneni peccatorum. LXXXIV. Item Armeni dicunt et tenent,
quod catholicon, episcopi et presbyteri Armenorum eandem et aequalem potestatem
habent ligandi et solvendi, quantam et qualem habuit Petrus Apostolus, cui a
Domino dictum est: Quodcunque ligaveiis, etc. nee quoad hoc minorem potesta-
tem habent presbyteri Armenorum quam eorum catholicon et episcopi. LXXXV.
Item Armeni dicunt et tenent, quod usque ad concilium Nicaenum Romanus Pon-
tifex non habuit potestatem majorem, quam alii patriarchaj : sed nunc de voluntate
dicti concilii fuit ordinatum, quod dictus Romanus Pontifex haberet potestatem
super alios patriarchas. Quam potestatem habuerunt Romani Pontitices usque ad
concilium Chalcedonense : sed quia in diclo concilio, ad instantiam b. Leonis Papae
congregato, iuit determinatum, quod in Christo erant duae naturae et una persona,
Romani Pontitices perdiderunt dictam potestatem, et omnes illi, qui dicto concilio
consenserunt. XC. Item Armeni dicunt et tenent, quod potestas illa, quam
Christus dedit b. Petro, dicendo ei : Quodciimque ligaveris, etc. sit solum data
persons Petri et pro ipso solo, ila quod ha;c potestas non transivit ad aliquem ejus
successorem. CX. Item quod apud Armenos sunt multi errores a praedictis, qui
errores continentur in infrascriptis libris Armenorum, quorum primus intitulatur
Tenophacer, i. e. contra festivitates, quas celebrant Ecclesiae Romana et Grseca.
Secundus liber vocatur Anadoarmat, i. e. radix fidei. — Decimus über vocatur,
liber canomtm .ipostolorum, in quo continentur omnes errores Armenorum, etc.
The Armenians did indeed go so far as to hold a sj'nod to satisfy the Pope {Roy-
nald. 1341, no. 118): still Clement VI. found it necessary to send two legates,
Antonius Episc. Gajetanus and Joannes electus Coronensis, to the Armenian
bishops {Raynald. 1346, no. 67 seq.), ut per eos de ipsa tide ejusque salutari
doctrina informemini plenius et imbuamini viva voce, quam possetis scriptura in-
strui vel literis informari, and they brought back information (Raynald, 1350, no.
37), quod dicti Rex, catholicos et populus adhuc in multis a veritate catholicae
fidei aberrabant, so that when they again applied to the Pope for aid, he contented
himself with directing the archbishop of Nicosia (1. c), quatenus eidem Regi
populoque, cum ipse ac dicti catholicos et populus aliquas recognitiones super
aliquibus, quibus ad ejusdem tidei discrepant veritate, fecerint juxta formani, quam
tibi — transmittemus, — sex millia florenorum auri de pccuniis cameraj nostrae tradi
et assignari facere non omittas. The Pope had also sent the Armenian Catholicos
by those ambassadors qusedam capitula pro pleniori eruditione, and received respon-
siones: but complains in another letter (Raynald. 1351, no. 2 seq.) : non poluimus
nee possumus ex responsionibus hujusmodi quoad plura elicere, quid tu et eadem
ecclesia minoris Armeniae sincere et pure credatis : — ex quarum (responsionum)
aliquibus conditionata, ex quibusdam vero diminuta vel imperfecta, et ex nonnnllis,
forsitan scriptoris vel interpretis vitio, minus vera confessio manifeste coUigitur.
He therefore gives there these Responsiones, accompanying each by new questions,
calculated to call forth explanation. Then : Post praedicta omnia mirari cogimur
vehementer, quod — subtraliis de LIII primis capitulis capitula XVI. Prirnum,
quod Spiritus sanctus procedit a Patre et Filio. Tertium, quod parvuli ex primis
parentibus contrahunt originale peccatum. Sextum, quod animae ex toto purga-
ta; separatae a suis corporibus manifeste Deum vident. Nonum, quod anims
decedentium in mortali peccato in infernum descendant. Duodecimum, quod
baptismus deleat originale et actuale peccatum. XIII. quod Christus non de-
struxit, descendendo ad inferos, inferiorem infernum. XV. quod angeli a Deo
fuerunt creati boni. XXX. quod effusio sanguinis animalium nullam operatur
remissionem peccatorum. XXXII. quod non judicent comestores piscium et olei
in diebus jejuniorum. XXXIX. quod in ecclesia catholica baptizati, si efficiantur
infideles, et postmodum convertantur, non sunt iterum baptizandi. XL. quod
parvuli ante octavum diem possunt baptizari, et quod baptismus non potest esse in
liquore alio, quam in vera aqua. XLII. quod corpus Christi post verba consecra-
tionis sit idem numero, quod corpus natum de virgine et immolatum in cruce.
XLV. quod nullus, etiam sanctus, corpus Chrisü potest conficere, nisi sit sacerdos.
XLVI. quod est de necessitate salutis, confiteri proprio sacerdoti, vel de licentia
ejus [alii] omnia peccata mortalia perfecte et distincte. — Ideo volumus clare et
160 Tliird Period. Div. IV. A. D. 1305 — 1409.
Armenia was at length overrun by the Mamelukes, A. D. 1367, and
the Christians cruelly persecuted.^
The Christians in Egypt also suffered severe persecution under the
dominion of the Mamelukes, and many of them went over to Islam-
ism.'
The attempts of John XXII. to induce the Ethiopians,^ and the
Jacobites'' to submit to the papal authority, were entirely ineffectual.
sine velamine a te scire, si praedicta XVI capitula diminuisü de LI 1 1 pio eo, quod
non credis esse vera neqiie catholica, vel ex qua causa ipsa capitula diininuisti.
Item in scriptis ro2;asti archicpiscopuin et episcopum antefalos (the papal legates),
ut esset inter eos et te verhoruiii tinis : — scias, quod non possemus nos — finem
imponere, — ni'^^i prius pure, clare, perfecte et integre tu et Ai'nieni — tidem illam
receperitis, quam ipsa Komana tenet et docet Ecclesia. — Caterum quia üdedigno-
rum plurium, et quorumdam etiam Armonorum relatio frequenter nostris auiibus
instillavit, quod tu et antecessores tui — ea, quae circa ipsius tidei nostrae cultum —
Romanis Pontiticibus — descripsistis et promisislis, — in nullo penitus observatis, —
ac iidem ipsius ecclesix' Komana;, extra quam nulli est gratia, nulli sal us, habuistis
damnaliiliter in derisurn : ideo fraternitatcm tuam monemus, — quatenus i-espon-
siones per te ad interrogationes nostras f'aciendas, et omnia, qua; tu et iidem
obedientes tibi Armeni circa ipsius fidei nostra; negotium promittetis et dicetis, vos
credcrc ac tenere, — tactis sacrosanctis evangeliis, juramentis solemnibus roboretis:
et nihilominus sub juramentis similibus promittatis, quod nobis et successoribus
nostris Komanis Pontiticibus — parebilis cum eflectu, ut ora de te et Armenis
eisdem sie graviter — obloqucntium obstruas : — sciturus pro certo, quod praeter
salutis aetenia; praeniia, et fama^ titulo«, qua; provide conseijueris, dabit tibi Deus,
ille omnium opulentissimus retributor, unde in pi-ssenti quoque sajculo gratiis et
beneticiis affluas.
3 cf. dementis VII. Epist. ad Archiep. Taraconensem b. Raynahl. ann. 1.382,
no. 49.
^ Taki-eddini Makrizii (in Cairo 'f 1441) historia Coptorum Cliristianorum in
iEgvpto, arab. edita et in ling. lat. translata ab IJ. J. Wetzer. Solisbaci, 1828. 8vo.
p. 135 seq. cf. Renaudot bist. Patriarcharum Alexandrinorum Jacobitaruui. Paris.
171.S. 4to. p. 602 seq.
* Raynald. ann. 1.329, no. 98.
« Raynald. ann. 13-30, no. 57.
FIFTH DIVISION.
FROM THE COUNCIL OF PISA TO THE REFORMATION:
A. D. 1409—1517.
The most important authorities are : Antoninus, a Dominican, Archbishop of
Florence from A. D. 144f), -f 1459, canonized 1523 (Summa historialis in III
Partt. to 1459. ed. Venet. 1481. Norimb. 1484, etc. last in 0pp. omn. Florent.
1741. T. I. fol.). Toannes Trithemius, or of Trittenheim, from 1483 Abbot
of Spanheim, from 1506 Abbot of St. James in the suburbs of Würzburg, >f
1516 (Chronicon Monast. S. Martini Spanheimiense in 0pp. Trithemii historicis
ed Marq. Freherus. T. II. Francof. 1601. Chron. Monast. S. Jacobi Majoris
in J. P. Ludewig Scriptt. rerum Herbipolitanarum, Halae. 1713, By far the
most important are the Annales Hirsaugienses, ed. in Monast. St. GaUi, 1690.
Tomi II. fob). — Alb recht Kranz, teacher of Theology and the canon
law in Rostock, then Canonicus, finally Decanus of the Cathedral in Hamburg,
"f 1517. (Metropolis, a church history of the North of Germany to 1504, cum
pra;f. Dav. Chytra?i, Vitebergse 1576. Francof. ad M. 1576, 1590. — His Saxo-
nia, Vandalia, and Chronicon Regnorum Aquilonarium belong rather to general
history).
CHAPTER FIRST.
HISTORY OF PAPACY.
Bartholomasi PlatincB (or Barth de' Sacchi of Piadina in the territory of Cremona,
under Pius II. papal Abbreviatur, under Paul II. persecuted, under Sixtus IV.
at the head of the Vatican Library, 'f 1481), vita; Pontificum Romanorum, ed.
Venet. 1479. fol. afterwards often ed. but sometimes with changes. The
editions which appeared in Holland A. D. 1640, 1645, and 1664, without men-
tion of any place of publication, are accurately printed after the Edit, princeps.,
and therefore much valued. Comp. Dan. Cruil. Moller disp. de B. Platina.
Altorf. 1694. 4to.
<§, 129.
COUNCIL OF PISA (25 March to 7 August, 1409), Alexander v. (26
June, 1409, to 3 May, 1410), john xxiii. (17 May, 1410— De-
posed 29 May, 1415).
Theodoricus a jViem {see authorities prefixed to § 101) de Schismate lib. III.
c. 38 seq. Ejusdem Vita Johannis XXIII. in Meibomii Rerum Germ.
T. I. p. 5 seq. and in v. d. Hardt Cone. Constant. T. II. p. 336 seq.
VOL. III. 21
162 Third Period. Die. V. A. D. 1409 — 1517.
Leonardi Aretini (Private Secretary to Innocent VII., Gregory XII., Alexander
v., and John XXIII., then Chancellor in Florence, -f 1444) rerum suo tem-
pore in Italia gestarum commentarius ab anno 1378 usque ad ann. 1440 (in
Muratorii Rerum Italicarum Scriptores T. XIX. p. 909 seq.).
Acta of the Council in Mansi XXVII. p. 1 seq. in d'Achery Spicileg. I. p.
828, and in v. d. Hardt Cone. Constantiense, Tom. II. P. II. p. 62 seq.
Histoire du Concile de Pise, et de ce qui s'est passe de plus memorable depuis
ce Concile jusqu'au Concile de Constance, par Jacques Lenfant. T. II. ^ Am-
sterdam. 1724. 4to.
The Synod of Pisa, at which the two most distinguished leaders
of the Reform party were Petrus de Alliaco, bishop of Cambray,i
and John Gerson, Chancellor of the University of Paris,- was opened
on the 2öth of March, 1409. Notwithstanding the efforts of the emperor
Ruprecht in favor of the Roman Pope Gregory XII. ,^ the council
proceeded immediately (on the öth of June) to depose both popes,"* and
after having secured the reformation, as it was thought, by exacting
a solemn oath from all the assembled cardinals,^ caused Alexander V.
* See § 103, note 1 ; § 116, note 8. He was the teacher of Gerson and Nico-
laus de Clamengis, 1389 chancellor of the Univ. of Paris, 1396 bishop of Cam-
bray, 1411 Cardinal (Cardinalis Cameracensis) -f 1425. Of his life, see v. d.
Hardt Cone. Const. T. I. P. VIII. p. 450 seq.
2 See § 104, notes 3 and 7. Chancellor of the Univ. of Paris from 1395, •}• 1429.
0pp. ed. L. E. Du Pin. Antverp. 1706. Tonii IV. fol. Tomus II. contains such
writings of Gerson as relate to the existing state of the church, as well as some
works of his contempoiaries on the same subject. Of his life and writings see
V. d. Hardt, 1. c. T. I. P. IV. p. 26 seq., and Gersoniana prefixed to Dupins
Ausgabe.
^ Theod. a J\le}n III., c. 39. The speech of the imperial ambassador, Ulricus
Ep. Verdensis, is in Raynaldus ad ann. 1409, no. 13 seq. The answer of Petrus
de Ancharano in name of the Council, in Mansi XXVII. p. 367 seq.
* Sess. X. on the 2d of May, the Articuli contra Petrum de Luna, Benedictura
XIII., et Angelum Corario, Gregoriuui XII. nuncupates, de papatu perperam
contendentes (see Raynald. ann. 1409, no 47 seq. d'Achery Spicileg. T. I. p.
833 seq.), being a detailed account of all that had thus far passed between the two
Popes and the Cardinals, were laid before the council. Sess. XV. on the 5th of
June followed the Sententia definitiva et privativa contra praedictos contendentes
(Theodor, a J\'iem III., c. 44. Raynald. a. 1. no. 71. d'Achery I. p. 847 seq.) :
Christi nomine invocato sancta et universalis Synodus universalem Ecclesiam re-
praesentans, et ad quam cognitio et decisio liujus causae noscitur pertinere, — pro-
nunciat, decernit, definit et declarat, — Angelum Corario et Petrum de Luna de
papatu contendentes, et eorum utrumque fuisse et esse notoribs schismaticos, et
antiqui schismatis nutritores, defensorcs, fautores, approbatores, et manutentores
pertinaces, necnon notorios hcereticos, et a fide devios, notoriisque criininibus
enoru\ibus perjurii et violationis voti irretitos, universalem £cclesiam sanctam Dei
notorie scandalizantes cum incorrigibilitate, contuniacia, et pertinacia noforiis,
evidentibus et manifestis; et ex his et aliis se reddidisse omni honore et dignitate,
etiam papali, indignos ; ipsosque et eorum utrumque propter pra^missas iniquitates,
crimina et excessus ne regnent, vel imperent, aut prsesint, a Deo et sacris canoni-
bus fore ipso facto abjectos et privatos, ac etiam ab Ecclesia pracisos ; et nihilomi-
nus ipsos Petrum et Angelum, et eorum utrumque, per banc sententiam dofinitivam
in his scriptis privat, abjicit et pra;ci(lit, inhibendo eisdem, ne eorum aUquis pro
summo Pontifice gerere se praesumat, etc.
s Sess. XVI. on the 10th of June, the cardinals were made to take oath (Ray-
nald. 1. 1. d'Achery, I. p. 848.), quod, si quis nostrum in summum Romanum
Ckap. I. Papacy. § 129. Council of Pisa. 163
to be elected in their place, on the 26th of June. But they were
grievously disappointed in their hopes, and soon learned that it was
in vain to look for any assistance from popes in bringing about a
reformation in the church.'^ And, indeed, it was to be expected only
of a pope of more than ordinary sagacity, as well as moral feeling
and power, that he should turn a deaf ear to the advice of those who
seemed most attached to his interests, and himself assist in demolishing
the splendid fabric his predecessors had been centuries building up
for him, without even being sure that his work would be durable, or
his name handed down with honor to posterity. But Alexander's
first act was after the old papal fashion.^ He strove only to appease,
Pontificem eligetur, praesens concilium continuabit nee dissolvet, neque dissolvi
permittet, quantum in eo erit, usquequo per ipsum cum consilio ejusdem concilii
sit facta debita, rationalis, et sufficiens reformatio universalis Ecclesias, et status
ejus tarn in capita quam in membris. If the choice should fall on any one not
present, the person so chosen was to take the same oath before the election should
be made public.
* The necessity of which, and the points in which it was needed had been
eloquently urged on the new Pope belbre his coronation, by Gerson, in the Sermo
factus coram Alex. P. (0pp. ed. du Pin, II. p. 131).
^ Gerson de modo reformandi Ecclesiam in Cone. Univ. written 1410, cap. 10
(in V. d. Hardt Cone. Const. T. I. P. V. p. 90) : Et ut sic fieret (namely, ut
limitaretur potestas usurpata papalis) fuit ornnino inclinatus dictus Dominus Alex-
ander V. ante ejus Papatum, dum ageretur, ut dictum concilium celebraretur in
Pisis. Qui etiam hoc dicebat, et etiam super limitatione subsequenda multis argu-
mentis theologicis, philosophicis, juridicis insudabat. Qui creatus in Papam in
lucem educere non curabat. Petrus de Mliaco de difficultate reformationis in Cone,
universali ad Jo. Gersonem, written 1410, cap. 3 (in v. d. Hardt Cone. Const. T,
I. P. VI. p. 262) : Alexander prorsus inexpertus erat eorum, quae officii pastoralis
honor et sublimitas exigebat, quamvis esset magnus Theologus. Et quicquid dicti
Cardinales ab eo petierunt, ipsis absque contradictione concessit, nee audebat ipsis
aliquid denegare. Unde ipsi continuo eum importune crebris petitionibus vexarunt,
ita ut aliquando propterea in se ipso nimium turbaretur. Nee poterant satiari.
Theodoricus a jYieyn III. c. 51 : Fuit autem dictus dominus Petrus (Alexander
prius nominatus Petrus de Candia), cum eligebatur in Papam, septuagenarius, vel