thasaris.

' See Oratio publica de Concilii auctoritate on the 23d of March in v. d. Hardt
II. p. 265 seq. Gersonis 0pp. ed. du Pin, T. II. P. II. p. 201 seq.

** Sess. generalis III. d. 26 Mart. Decieta pro Concilii integritate et auctoritate
post fugam Papa;, per Cardinalem Zabarellam pra?lecta (in v. d. Hardt IV. p. 72) :
Ad honorem, laudem et gloriam sanctissima Trinitatis, Patris et Filii et Spiritus
Sancti, pacemque in terris hominibus bonae voluntatis divinitus promissam in Dei
Ecclesia consequcndum, ha^c sancta Synodus, sacrum generale Concilium Con-
stantiense nuncupata, pro unione et reformatione dictae Ecclesias in capite et in
membris fienda, in Spiiitu Sancto hie del)ite congregata, decernit, declarat, diffinit,
et ordinat, ut sequitur : Et primo, quod ipsa .Synodus fuit et est recte et rite con-
vocata ad hunc locum civitatis Constantiensis, et similiter recte et rite initiata et
celebrata. Item quod per recessum Domini nostri Papse de hoc loco Constantiensi,
vel etiam per recessum aliorum Pra;latoi-um, seu alioi um quorumcunque, non est
dissolutum hoc sacrum Concilium, sed remanet in sua integritate et auctoritate,
etiamsi quK ordinationes facta; essent in contrarium, vel fierent in futurum. Item
quod istud sacrum concilium non debet dissolvi, nee dissolvatur usque ad perfec-
tam exstirpationem prsesentis schismatis, et quousque Ecclesia sit reformata in fide
et in moi'ibus, in capite et in membris. Item quod ipsum sacrum Concilium non
transferatur ad alium locum, nisi ex causa latioiiabili, et de consilio hujus sacri
Concilii deliberanda et concludcnda. Item quod Praidati et alii, qui debcnt inter-
esse huic Concilio, non recedant ab hoc loco ante finitum Concilium, nisi ex causa
rationabili, examinandi per dcputatos seu deputandos ab hoc sacro Concilio. Qua
causa examinata ct appiobata possint recedci-e cum licentia ejus vel illorum, qui
habebit vel habebunt auctoritatem. Et tunc recedens teneatur dimittere potesta-
tem suam aliis remanentibus sub poenis juris et aliis per hoc sacrum Concilium
indicendis et contra eos exequendis. Still more important resolutions were passed
immediately after. The cardinals demanded that vai-ious omissions should be
made, and though the council did not yield {v. d. Hardt IV. p. 81 seq.), the propo-
sed omissions were formally announced by the Cardinalis Florentinus (Zabarella) in
the Sess. gen. IV. on the 30lh of March, see 1. c. p. 89. This excited a general
feeling of displeasure (1. c. p. 92) against the cardinals ; see the furious invectives
of Benedictus Gentianus, the ambassador of the university of Paris, in v. d. Hardt
II. p. 279. By a unanimous resolution, the former decrees were confirmed without
any change, Sess. gen. V. on the 6th of April, see v. d. Hardt II. p. 98 (what
Zabarella wished to leave out is marked by Italics) : In nomine sancta» et indivi-
dua; Trinitatis, Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti, Amen. Hebc sancta Synodus
Constantiensis, generale Concilium faciens, pro exstirpatione pra;sentis schismatis,
et unione ac reformatione Ecclesise Dei in capite et in membris fienda, ad laudem
omnipotentis Dei in Spiritu Sancto legitime congi-egata, ad consequendum facilius,
securius, uberius, et liberius unionem ac reformationcm Ecclesia; Dci, ordinat,
diffinit, statuit, decernit ct declarat, ut sequitvu-. Et pi-imo declarat, quod ipsa in
Spiritu Sancto legitime congregata, generale Concilium faciens, et Ecclesiam Ca-
tholicam ndlitantem repraesentans, potestatem a Christo immediate habet, cui qui-
libet, cujuscunque status, vel dignitatis, etiamsi papalis, existat, obedire tenetur in
his, qua; pertinent ad fidem et exstirpationem dicti schismatis, ac ^eneralem refor-
mationein KcctesicB J)ci in cnpite et in memhri.s. Item declarat, quod quicun-
que, cujuscunque conditionis. status, vel dignitatis, etinmsi papalis, existat,
qui mandatis, statutis seu ordinationihus, aut preeceptis hujus sanctm Synodi
et cujuscunque alterius Concilii generalis legitime congregati, super pramis-
sis seu ad en pertinentihus, factis vel faciendis obedire contumaciter contem-



Chap. I. Papacy. § 130. Council of Constance. 175

introduced against John XXITI., which ended in a sentence of
deposition on the 29th of May, 1415.^ Gregory XII. resigned volunta-

serit, idsi resipuerit, condign^ pcenitenticB subjiciatur, et debite puniatur,
etiam ad alia juris siibsidia, si opus fuerit, recurrendo. Item diffinit et ordi-
nat sancta Synodus, quod Dominus Johannes XXIII. Romanam Curiam et Otiicia
publica, illius seu iliorum Officiarios de hac civitate Constantiensi ad alium locum
non mutet aut transferat, seu personas dictorum otiicia riorum ad sequendum eum
directe vel indirecte cogat, sine deliberatione et consensu ipsius s. Synodi. — Item
ordinat et diffinit, quod omnes et singula» translationes Pra;latorum, necnon priva-
tiones eorundem aut aliorum beneficiatorum, officialium, administratorum, quarum-
cunque commendarum ac donationum revocationes, monitiones, censurs ecclesias-
tics, processus, sententiae, et qufecunque acta gesta, gerenda, agenda aut tienda
per piafatum Dominum Johannem Papam, aut suos officiarios vel commissarios in
Ia^sionem dicti Concilii seu adha-rentium eidem, a tempore inchoationis ejusdem
Concilii — facta seu facienda, — auctoritate hujus sacri Concilii ipso facto sint
nulla, cassa, irrita et inania. — Ite7n declarat, quod idem Johannes Papa
XX III. et omnes Prcelati, ac alii ad hoc sacrum Concilium vocati, et alii in
eodem Concilia existentes, in plenaria lihertate fuerunt et existunt, ut visum
est dicto sacro Concilio, nee ad i^otitiam dictorum vocatorum seu dicti Concilii
contrarium dcductum est. Et hoc testificatur dictum sacrum Concilium coram
Deo et hominibus. Of these resolutions the first Sess. V. has always been par-
ticularly displeasing to the Italians, who liave thus been led to dispute its authority,
e. g. Card. Cajetanus de auctoritate Papse et Concilii, Bellarminus de Conciliis
et Ecclesia, lib. II. c. 19, Jlndreas Vallius de suprema potest. Papa; P. IV. Qu. 7.
The French, on the other hand, have defended it, see Richcrii hist. Conciliorum,
lib. II. c. 3, § 7. The, French clergy having declared in the celebrated proposi-
tions of A. D. 1682, nee probari a gallicana Ecclesia, qui eorum decretorum,
quasi dubias sint auctoritatis ac minus approbata, robur infringant aut ad solum
schismatis tenipus Concilii dicta detorqaeant ; there appeared the work Emanuel a
Schelstraten Actu Constantiensis Concilii ad expositionem decretorum ejus sessio-
num quartae et quintse facientia, nunc primum ex Codd. Mss. in lucem eruta ac
dissertatione illustrata. Antverp. 1683. 4tü., in which not only the former eva-
sions are repeated, but it is further maintained that the first resolution of the 4th
Session was interpolated by the Council of Basil, by order of which the Acts
of the Council of Constance were first collected ; and that it should be only : in his
quEB pertinent ad exstirpationem dicti schismatis : whilst the decrees of the
5th Session were passed without due consideration, and had not the consent of all.
In answer to this Louis Maimbourg traite hist, de I'etablissement et des preroga-
tives de I'eglise de Rome et de ses eveques. Paris. 1685. 12mo. c. 23-25. Du
Pin de antiqua eccl. disciplina. cap. VI. § 6. JVatalis Alexander hist. eccl. Ssec.
XV. et XVI. Diss. 4. Since the more accurate accounts of the consultations of
the council by v. d. Hardt, the assertions of Schelstraten are contradicted by the
Acts themselves.

9 Sess. VI. on the 17th of April, 1415, the synod ordered a draft to be made of a
Proeuratorii super renunciatione Papatus for John XXIII. (v. d. Hardt IV.
p. 114), according to which the Procuratores whom he should appoint under
certain conditions to which he was to swear, should be empowered to renounce in
his name with the stipulation ; Et si quovismodo contingeret, hujusmodi procura-
torium seu procuratores nos revocare, — impugnare, etc. ex nunc prout ex tunc

ipsi Papatui cedimus et renunciamus ipso facto, et deinceps pro non Papa haberi

volumus. The Pope refusing to assent to this, he was cited before the council
Sess. gen. VII. on the 2d of May (1. c. p. 143), at the Sess. gen. X. 14th of May,
suspended (1. c. p. 183), and after 70 Articuli had been proved against him (1. c.
p. 196), several of which were not read for fear of offence (p. '237, 247, 253),
deposed in the Sess. gen. XII. 29 May (1. c. p. 280), the synod declaring in its
sentence, recessum per — Johannem Papam XXIII. ab hac civitate Constantiensi
— clandestine — factum fuisse et esse illicitum, Ecclesia; Dei et dicto Concilio
notorie scandalosum, pacis et unionis ipsius Ecclesise turbativum et impeditivum,
schismatis inveterati nutritivum, a voto, promissione et juramento per ipsum Domi-
num Johannem Papa Deo, et Ecclesias, ac huic sacro Concilio praestifis deviativum ;
ipsumque Dominum Johannem Papara Simoniacum notorium, bonorumque et



176 Tliird Period. Div. V. A. D. 1409 — 1517.

rily on the 4th of July.'" Benedict XIII. alone remained unmoved.
Notwithstanding the desertion of Spain on the 6lh of Jan. 1416, all
attempts to induce him to abdicate peaceably proved unavailing; nor
did he regard the sentence of deposition passed on the 26lh of July,
1417 ; 11 but as his jurisdiction was limited to the small city of Pe-
niscola in Valencia, this seemed of little importance. ^'^

Warned by the experience of the Council of Pisa, the emperor
Sigismund with the Germans, at first supported by the English, de-
manded next that the intended reformation '^ should be carried into

jurium, nedum Romanas sed aliai-um Ecclesiarum — dilapidatorem notoriuin, ma-
lumque spiritualium et temporalium Ecclesiae adininistratorem et dispensatorem
fuisse et esse, suis detestabilibus inhonestisque vita et moribus Ecclesiam Dei et
populum Christianum notorie seandalizantem ; — postque monitiones debitas et
charitativas, iteratis et crebris vieibus eidem factas, in prjemissis malis pertinaciter
perseverasse, seque ex hoc notorie incorrigibilem reddidisse : ipsiunque — tanquam
indiijnum, inutilem, et dainnosuni a Papatu — amovenduin, pi'ivandum et depo-
nendiini fore. Et eum dicta sancta S3'nodu3 amovet, privat et deponit, universos
et sino;ulos Christicolas, cujuscunque status, dignitatis, vel conditionis existant, ab
ejus obedientia, fidelitate et jurainento absolutos declarando. — Euinque adstanduin
et morandum in aliquo loco bono et honesto sub custodia tuta Serenissimi Principis
Domini Sigismundi, Romanorum et Hungarian Regis, nomine dicti sacri Concilii
generalis, quamdiu dicto sacro generali Concilio pro bono unionis Ecclesiae Dei
videbitur, condemnanduni fore, et eadem sententia condemnat. Alias vero poenas,
qufE pro diciis criminibus et excessibus infen-i deberent juxta canonicas sanctiones,
dictum Concilium arbitrio suo reservat declarandas et infligendas secundum quod
rigor justiticE vel misericordiffi ratio suadebit.

*° Sess. gen. XIV. v. d. Hardt IV. p. 346 seq. The council appointed him
cai'dinal legate of the mark of Ancona (1. c. p. 474). cf. Theodoriri de JViem
liber III. de fatis Constantiensibus reliquorum duorum Pontificum Gregorii XII.
et Petri de Luna, aliisque negotiis in Concilio, remoto Balthasare, incidentibus ia
V. d. Hardt II. p. 409 seq.

'' Theod. de JMem, 1. c. The negotiations of emperor Sigismund with Bene-
dict, in a visit to Spain, which he undertook for the purpose in Sept. 1415, see in
V. d. Hardt II. p. 484 seq. The acts of the council on the subject are scattered
in V. d. Hardt IV. The sentence of deposition, Sess. XXXVII. the 26 Jul. in
V. d. Hardt IV. p. 1373, calls him perjurum, universalis Ecclesiae scandalizatorem,
fautorem et nutritorem inveterati schismatis, — et heereticum a fide devium, et
artic\ili fidei Unam sanctam catholicam Ecclesiam violatorem pertinacem, cum
scandalo Ecclesiae Dei incorrigibilem, notorium et manifestum. According to
Jo. JSldcrus (a Dominican in Basel and Wien •f 1438) de visionibus ac revelatio-
nibus (or fonnicarius) ed. v. d. Hardt Helmstadii, 1692. 8vo. lib. III. c. 1, it had
been prophesied to Benedict by a certain abbot, quod plura passurus esset ab ad-
versariis, quod obsidei'i deberet, — sed tandem Romam iturus esset, et in unione
Ecclesi:« ibidem, adepta pacifica possessione et sedato schismate, quieturus. — In
praedictam pro])hetiam fatue confidens reiiiotus a Papatu obedire renuit, in muniti-
unculam fusiit, et tandem in exilio, pertinax in sua opinione, vitam nee Romas, nee
in pace, sed in miseria finivit.

"^ Benedict XIII. "f 1424. He left behind four cardinals, three of whom chose
a Clement VHI. as his successor, and the fourth a Benedict XIV. The former
was obliged to abdicate at the Council of Tortosa.

'â– ' Of the necessity of which, see Petri de Mliaco canones reformandi Eccle-
siam in Cone. Constanticnsi, presented to the council 1 Nov. 1416 (in i'. d. Hardt
I. VIII. p. 409), in Pra;fat. Quk Ecclesis reformatio quam necessaria olin» fiierit,
et amplius uiodo sit, evidenter ostendit detlcnda ipsius deformatio. De qua lamen-
tabiliter conqnerebatur b. Be.rnhardus serm. XXXIII. super Cant, (compare § 65,
note 10). — Si hfec a. b. Bernhardo dicta sunt, nunc mnlto magis dici possunt.
Quia ex eo Ecclesia de malis ad pejora processit, et in omni tarn spirituali quam



Chap. I. Papacy. § 130. Council of Constance. 177

effect before the choice of a Pope. This, however, was so earnestly
opposed by the cardinals and tiie other nations, i^ that nothing more
was done than to pass certain resohitions of reform, ^'^ and recommend

saeculari statu abjecto decore virtutum in variam cecidit turpitudinein vitiorum. —
Hoc autem Deus misericordissinius, qui solus ex nialis bona novit elicere, ideo
permittere credendus est, ut eorum occasione Ecclesia sua in melius reformetur.
Quod nisi celeriter fiat, audeo dicere, quod, licet magna sint quce videmus, tarnen
brevi iticomparabiliter majora viilebiinns, et post ista tonitrua tarn horrenda,
alia horribiliora in proximo audiemus. Eapropter summopere vigilanduin est
circa reforniationem Ecclesiaj. In order to provide for such a reformation, Sess.
XIII. on the 15th of June, 1415 (v. d. Hardt IV. p. 335), a Reformatorium con-
sisting of 4 cardinals and deputies from each nation was appointed, the protocols of
which have been published in v. d. Hardt I. X. p. 583 seq.

1* V. d. Hardt IV. p. 1394 seq.

'5 At the Sessio gen. XXXIX. on the 9th of Oct. 1417, in v. d. Hardt IV. p.
1435: I. De Conciliis generalibus : Frequens generalium con iliorum celebratio
agri Dominici praecipua cultura est, quas vepres, spinas et tribulos hffiresium, erro-
rum et schisniatum exstirpat, excessus corrigit, deforinata reformat, et viam Domini
ad frugem uberrimas fertilitatis adducit: iliorum vero neglectus praemissa dissemi-
nat atque fovet. — Propter hoc edicto perpetuo sanciinus, — ut amodo concilia
generalia celebrentur, ita quod primum a fine hujus Concilii in quinquennium
immediate sequens, secundum vero a fine illius immediate sequenlis Concilii in
septennium, et deinceps de decennio in decennium perpetuo celebrentur in locis,
quae summus Pontifex per mensem ante finem cujuslibet Concilii, approbante et
consentiente Concilio, vel in ejus defectu ipsum Concilium deputare et assignare
teneatur; ut sic per quandam continuationem semper aut Concilium vigeat, aut
per termini pendentiam exspectetur. — II. Provisio adversus futnra schismata
prcEcavenda : Si vero, quod absit, in futurum schisma oriri contingeret, — ipso jure
terminus Concilii tunc forte ultra annum pendens ad annum proximum breviatus.
— Et quilibet ipsorum se pro Romano Pontifice gerentium infra mensem, a die qua
scientiam habere potuit, alium vel alios assumsisse Papatus insignia, — teneatur
sub intimatione maledictionis aeternse et amissione juris, si quod forte sibi quKsitum
esset in Papatu, — Concilium ipsum ad terminum anni praedictum in loco prius
deputato celebrandum indicere et publicare, et per suas literas competitoribus —
et caeteris Pi-aelatis ac Piincipibus — iutimare, necnon termino pra'fixo — ad locum
Concilii personaliter se transferre, nee inde discedere, donee per Concilium causa
schismatis plenarie sit finita. Hoc adjuncto quod nullus ipsorum contendentiura
de Papatu in ipso Concilio ut Papa prssideat : quinimo — sint ipsi onines de Papatu
contendentes, postquain dictum Concilium inceptum fuerit, auctoritate hujus sacrae
synodi ipso jure ab omni administratione suspensi. — Quod si forte electionem Romani
Pontificis per metum, qui caderet in constantem, seu impressionem de cetero fieri
contingat, ipsam nullius decernimus etficacite vel momenti, nee posse per sequen-
tem consensum, etiam metu pra;dicto cessante, ratificari vel approbari. Non tamen
liceat Cardinalibus ad aliam electionem procedere, nisi ille, qui fuit electus, forte
renunciet, vel decedat, donee per generale Concilium de electione ilia fuerit judi-
catum. Et si procedant, nulla sit electio. — Sed — teneantur electores omnes —
quam cito sine periculo persouarum poterunt — se transferre ad locum tutum, et
metum prEedictum allegare coram Notariis publicis, et notabilibus personis ac mul-
titudinc populi in loco insigni. — Teneantur insuper — provocare sic electum ad
Concilium. — HI. De prof essione facienda per Papam. IV. JVe jircelati trans-
ferantur inviti. V. De spoliis et procurationihus. Cum per Papam facta reser-
vatio et exactio et perceptio procuralionum Ordinariis et aliis inferioribus Prffilatis
debitarum rationc visitationis, necnon et spoliorum decedentium Prffilatorum, alio-
rumque clericorum, gravia Ecclesiis, Monasteriis, et aliis beneficiis ecclesiasticisque
personis atferant detrimenta : praesenti declaramas edicto, rationi fore consentaneum,
ac reipublicEe accommodum, tales per Papam reservationes ac — exactiones seu
perceptiones de cetero nuUo modo fieri seu attentari- Quinimo procurationes hu-
jusmodi, et quorumcunque Praelatorum — in Curia Romana vel extia — deceden-
tium spolia, seu bona eorum mortis tempore reperta, plane et libei-e pertineant illis,

VOL. III. 23



178 T/ilrd Period. Dlv.V. A. D. 1409 — 1517.

the subject generally to the future Pope ; i'^ after which Otta de
CoIouiKi was chosen on the 1 1th of Nov. 1417, under the name of Mar-
tin V. The result justified the fears of the Germans. The glory of
the council paled before that of the new Pope, the first for a long
time, who had been universally acknowledged, and the papal power
overstepped at once the barriers which the aristocracy of the church
supposed itself to have erected. The Reguhe Cancellarite, which
Martin V. issued shortly after his coronation, differed but little from
those of former popes, against wliich there had been such murmurs.^'
The propositions of reform which they contained were altogether
unsatisfactoryJ^ But the power of the council was already so far
broken that the Pope was enabled to evade the most important



— quibus alias, prefatis reservationibus, mandatis et exactionibus cessantibiis com-
peterent ac pertinere deberent. Prselatis etiam inferioribus et aliis hiijusinodi
spoliorum exactiones praeter et contra juris communis formam fieri interdicimus.

1« Scssio gen. XL. on the 30th of Oct. 1417 (v. d. Hardt IV. p. 1452) : Sacro-
sancta synodns Constautiensis statuit et decernit, quod tuturus suinmus Pontifex
per Dei gratiaoi de proximo assumendus, cum hoc sacro Concilio vel deputandis
per singulas uationes debeat reformare Ecclesiam in capile et Curia Romana secun-
dum a?quitatem et bonum regimen Ecclesis, antequam hoc sacrum Concilium
dissolvatur, super materiis articulorum, alias per nationes in lleforinatoriis oblato-
rum, qui sequuntur. 1. Primo de numero, qualitate et natione Dominorum
Cardinalium. 2. Item de reservationibus sedis Apostolicae. 3. Item de annalis,
communibus sei-vitiis, et minulis. 4. Item de collalionibus beneficioium, et
gratiis expectativis. 5. Item de causis in Komana Curia tractandis, vel non. 6.
Item de appellationibus ad Romanam Curiam. 7. Item de officiis Cancellariaj et
Pcenitentiaria;. 8. Item de exeniptionibus et incorporationibus tempore schismatis
faclis. 9. Item de commendis. 10. Item de confirmationibus electionum. 11.
Item de fructibus medii temporis. 12. Item de non alienandis bonis Romanas
Ecclesia5 et aliarum Kcclesiarum. 13. Item propter quffi, et quomodo Papa possit
corrigi vel deponi. 14. Item de exstirpatione Simonia;. 15. Item de dispensa-
tionibus. 16. Item de provisione Papa» et Cardinalium. 17. Item do indulgentiis.
18. Item de decimis. Hoc adjecto, quod facta per nationes deputatione praidicta
liceat aliis de Papa licentia libere ad propria remeare.

1^ Martini P. V. Regulas Cancellaria:;, die 12 Nov. 1417, a Johanne Ostiensi
Cardinale conscriptae et d. 26 Febr. 1418, publicats in v. d. Hardt I. XXI. p.
965 seq.

'^ In the beginning of A. D. 1418, the German nation presented certain Avisa-
menta Nationis Germanica; super articulis juxta decrctum Concilii reformandis,
cxhibenda Domino nostro sanctissimo (v. d. Hardt I. XXII. p. 999 seq.) : which
were followed towards the end of January bj' the Responsio Dom. P. Martini
super reformatione capitulorum, in Concilio per decretum statiitorum, per modum
Avisamenti data Nationibus (1. c. p. 1021 sc(j.), the provij^ioiis of which fell far
short of the demands. With reference to Ar!. XIII. tlie proposal of the Germans
was (1. c. 1008) : Super decimo teiiio articulo videtur, quod summus Pontifex non
solum de lueresi, scd ctiain de simonia notoiia tarn circa sacramenta, quam circa
beneficia ecclesiastica, ct quolibet alio notorio ci-imine gravi, Ecclesiam universalem
notorie scandalizante, de quo canonice monitus incorrigibilis extiterit, per generale
Concilium piiniri valcat, ac deponi etiam de Papatu. Item videtur, quod sanctis-
simus Dominus noster sacro appiobante Concilio specialem consfilutioncm super
hoc, qtiod pra'niittitur, dcclnraloiiam debeat proimilgare, ct insupcr declarare, quod
nedum circa sacramenta, sed etiam circa beneficia ecclesiastica conventionem seu
pactionem pecuniariam per se vel alium faciendo crimen pravitatis Simoniaca; non
evadat (cf. § 100, note 29). The papal Responsio (1. c. p. 1032): Artie. XIII.
Propter qua; et quomodo Paj);! ])ossit cori-igi et deponi. Non videtur, prout nee
visum fuit in pluribus nationibus, circa hoc aliquid novum statui vel decerni.



Chap. I. Papacy. § 130. Martin V. 179

points by means of Concordats with the separate nations ; ^^ and

'3 Germanicae Nationis et Martini V. Papas concordata published the 2 May,
1418 (v. d. Hardt I. p. 1055. E. M ti nch's vollständige Sammlung aller altern
und neuern Konkoi-diite, Th. 1. S. 20 ff.) Cap. 1. De numero et qualUate Car-
dinalium, et eorum creatione. Statuiraus, ut deinceps numerus Cardinalium S.
Romanae Ecclesias adeo sit moderatus, quod non sit gravis Ecclesiae. Qui de omni-
bus partibus Christianitatis proportionaliter, quantum fieri poterit, assumantur, ut
notitia causarum et negotiorum in Ecclesia emergentium facilius haberi possit, et
aequalitas regionum in honoribus ecclesiasticis observetur ; sie tarnen, quod nume-
rum XXIV. non excedant, nisi pro honore nationum, quas Cardinalem non habent,
unus vel duo pro semel de consilio et assensu Cardinalium assumendi viderentur.
Sint autem viri in scientia, moribus et reruin experientia excellentes, Doctores in
theologia, aut in jure canonico vel civili, praeter admodum paucos, qui de stirpe
regia vel ducali, aut magni Prineipis oriundi existant, in quibus competens litera-
tura sufficiat : non fi-atres, aut nepotes ex fratre vel soroi'C, alicujus Cardinalis
viventis: nee de uno Ordine Mendicantium ultra unum : non corpore vitiati, nee
alicujus criminis vel infamias nota respersi. Nee fiat eorum electio per ai-icularia
Vota solummodo, sed etiam cum consilio Cardinalium collegialiter, sicut in promo-
tione Episcoporum fieri consuevit. Qui modus etiam observetur, quando aliquis
ex Cardinalibus in Episcopum assumetur. Cap. 2. De provisione Ecclesiarmn,
Monasteriorum, etc. Sanctissimus Dominus noster Papa, Martinus V., super
provisionibus Ecclesiarum, Monasteriorum et beneficioi-um quoi-uincunque utetur
reservationibus juris scripti, et constitutionis Execrabilis et Ad i-egimen (see § 100,
notes 10 and 16) modifieata;. According to this the Pope reserves to himself the
appointment to all benefices vacant in curia, and so to all such as were filled by
those belonging to the papal court, (he occupants of which had been deposed or
transfei'red by the Pope, and to which appointments had been made but negatived