Windesem, ad quem finito colloquio cuncti Patres eoruni principaliores accedere
solebant, ut cuncta in ipsorum decreta colloquiis perpetue de ipsius cnnsilio firma-
rentur. Siniili modo Patres Congregationuni Westphalia, 8axonia;, Colonic Do-
minica Jubilate in Monasteiiensem civilatem ad colloquium annuale pariter con-
veniunt, Piiore de Northorn, aut Priore de Bodike ibidem tunc prajsente. See
particular accounts of the separate fraternities in Verhandeling over de Brccder-
schap van G. Grate, en over den invloed der Fraterhuizen op den wetenschappe-
lijken en godsdieentigen Toestand, voornamelijk .van de Nederlanden, na de XIV.
Eeuw, door G. H. M. Delprat. Utrecht, 1830. Svo. p. 36 seq.
* See Delprat, p. 193 seq.
^ Many of the fraternities opened schools themselves, e. g. in Delft, [Delprat,
p. 92), in Herzogenbusch (p. 96), in Ghent (p. 106), in Utrecht (p. 127), in Liege
(p. 142), and in Cambray (p. 145). The instruction in these places seems some-
times to have been very imperfect, see Erasmi epist. ad Lamb. Grunnium,note 13,
below. In other places the brethren contented themselves with improving the
public schools, furnishing needy scliolars with lodgings, board, and books, taking
them under their supervision, and giving them opportunities to earn something for
themselves. Thus the school in Zwoll, for instance, owed its success, which began
under the Rector Joannes Cele {'f 1417, see Buschii Chron. Windeseni. lib. II.
c. 68. p. 601 seq.) in a great measure to the fiaternity established in that place
{Delprat, p. 63). So too with the schools in Gouda {Delprat, p. 109), Groningen
(p. 116,) and Harderwyk (p. 119) : especially, however, the school in Deventer, so
that under the Rector Alexander Hegius (from 1465-1498 concerning whom, see
Herrn. Hamelmanni oratio de doctis Westphalia; viris in his 0pp. genealog. ac hist.
I. p. 94 seq. Delprat, p. 295) it became famous almost over the woi-ld, many of
the brethren assisting in the instruction {Delprat, p. 54 seq.). In Herford the
brethren instructed in the schools of the Pusinnen, see K n e f e 1' s Gesch. des
Friedrichsgymnasiums in Herford. Herford, 1817. S. 9.
"> The Congregations or Fraternities consisted of Presbyteri, Clerici, and Laici,
whose occupations were of course different. The Presbyteri had the direction of
the whole, conducted public worship and the instruction in the schools, the Clerici
were young persons who were receiving instruction, for the most part as a prepa-
ration for a clerical life, the Laici were the pious laity who pursued their various
crafts. The brethi-en employed themselves especially with copying manuscripts
{Delprat, p. 314), the fraternity in Hildesheim furnished the reformed convents
in the neighbouihood with such books as they required {Busch de i-eform. monast.
I. 54, in Leibnitii Script Brunsv. II. p. 855), in the fraternity at Gouda, a printing
press was put up soon after the invention of the art, the first in the Netherlands
{Delpr. p. Ill, 313) : in the fraternity in Herford, the parchment was prepared by
the brethren, they brewed beer, made wafers, etc. Knefel's Gesch. des
Friedrichsgymnasiums in Herford, S. 9.
" An important means of doing which were their assemblies for public worship
on Sundays and festival days, in which extracts from the Scriptures were read
and practically explained in the dialect of the ' country, and sometimes questions
addressed to those who were present. The brethren likewise circulated religious
304 Third Period. Div. V. A. D. 1409 — 1517.
and especially to raise up from them a pious clergy ; so that they soon
became fruitful nurseries for monks.^ This activity and the respect
tracts amongst the people (Delprat, p. 213, 261). Specimens of which see in
Delprat, p. 306 seq. Compare Jo. Busch Chron. Windesem. lib. I. c. 47. p. 214 :
Quantas in sseculo sunt personae sexus utriusque, qua; amicitia his (congregationi-
bus) conjuncta; a sxculi vanitatc per eas conver.-iK, et ad meliora, sanctum videlicet
propo<itum, et bonain vohiiitatcm libenter Deo scrviendi, ipsarum exemplo inductae
et provocata', quamvis ad omnia evangelica consilia statim arripienda propter niulta
impedienlia nondum dare se valent. vitam attamcn sanctam, a pcccalis alienam, ad
earum informalionem student observare, quis enumerabit ? This activity was least
acceptable to the JNIendicant monks, whence such occurrences as the following,
related by Jo. Busch de reform. Monaster. III. c. 17, in Leibnitii Sciiptt. Brunsv.
II. p. 925 seq. : Lector quidam Ordinis Fratrum Prffidicatorum in Zutphania publice
prasdicavit, quod laici libros teutonicales habere non deberent, et sei-mones non nisi
ad popuium in Ecclesia fieri deberent. Ego autem simplex tunc I'rater in Winde-
sem, in Zutphaniam missus cum fratre pio negotio, hoc audiens et sciens, pins
quam centum congregationes sororum et Beginarum in terra Trajectensi plures
habere libi-os teutonicales, et eos quotidie legere singulariter et in refectorio, con-
stanter contradixi. Busch applied to the Prior of the Dominicans. He at first re-
plied : Laici quidam altos habent in feutonico libros, videlicet Sententiarnm et similes,
quos quidam Ordinis nostii transtulit in teutonicum ex latino, Valens Doctor ; alii
Missale etiam cum Canone habent in teutonico : ergo non valet, quod laici libros
legant in teutonico. To this Busch answered: Hoc non approbo, quod simplices
laici, viri vel foemina;, tam altos et divinos libros habent teutonicales: imo et
Canoncni, in teutonico apud Aloniales inventum, ego combussi. Veiuntamen
libros morales de viiiis et virtutibus, de iucarnatioue, vita et passione Christi, de
vita et sancta conversatione et martyrio ss. Apostolorum, Martyrum, Confessorum
et Virginum ; homilias quoque et sermones Sanctorum, ad emendationem vits,
morum disciplinam, inferni timorem, patriffique coslestis amorem provocantes, ha-
bei-e et quotidie legere cunctis doctis et indoctis utilissimum est. Quod si istos
adniittere non vultis, ego dicta doctorum s. Ecclesiae, Augustini, Gregorii, Ambro-
sii et Hieronynii, c^terorumque orthodoxorum in scriptis vobis ostendam, quod
hujusmodi habere libros omnino utile est et licitum. Finally, by threatening to
carry the matter before the bishop of Utrecht, he compelled the Prior to call on
the Lector to retract.
^ Jo. Buschii Chron. Windesemense II. c. 16. p. 321 : Licet nos Canonici regu-
läres altiorem in Ecclesia militante graduin super patres et fratres Congregationum
devotarum obtinere videamur, et in oculis hominum statiim gerere digniorem ;
tamen Pater noster Joannes Huesden (see above, note 4) frequenter noljis valde
eos commendavit, dicens, quod ipsi in veris v'irtutibus, vita sancta, conversatione et
moribus in regno Dei nos sa;pe prtecedent, quia vere vitam ducunt apostolicam, in
Ecclesia priniitiva sub s. Spiritus regiminc ab onniibus Christianis observatam, a
mundo jam tunc despectam et paium reputatam. — Commendavit autem eos non
solum ex eo quod vitam sanctam et communem, simplicem obedientiam, cordis et
corporis castitatem, sub simplici habitu et humili statu, Deo noti, hominibus de-
specti, summa devotione gestiunt custodire ; verum etiam et maxime quia cunctis
Ordinibus reformatis, imo toti Ecclesise Dei de bonis religioni ac regimini aptis
Clericis et personis quotidie satagunt providere. Fi-equcntantes enim Clericos, et
laicos servientes saepissime ad se accersientes, ad mundi contemptum, eraendatioris
vitas propositum, religionis desiderium, morum disciplinam, Dei timorem, gehennas
horrorem, patriaeque cselestis amorem suis Sanctis exhortationibus miris modis
solent inducere : qnos consequenter ad amica familiariaque colioquia invitare, de
vitiis exstirpandis, virtutibusque acquirendis ac tentationibus resistendis informare,
et ad meliora provocare, in Dei timore conservarc, humilem habitum facere por-
tare, in confessionibus expedire, et si forent pauperes, hospitia et bona habitacula
diligenter procurare, atque continuo ad monasteria transmittendos componere
solent et pra;parare. Cumque in scientiis usque ad sacerdotium, et in Sanctis
moribus usque ad vitam regulärem viderunt eos profecisse, tunc ad loca confugii,
ubi animas suas poterunt salvare, videlicet ad monasteria Ordinum diversorum
juxta desiderium omnium et singulorum per literas testiraoniales eos solent dirigere.
Chap. III. Monachisrn. "^ 141. Fratres VitcB Convnunis. 305
in wliicli the brethren were held by the people, excited powerfully
the envy of the Mendicants, who availed themselves of the name
Becrhards, which the brethren owned in common with so many others,
to persecute them.^'^ Eugenius IV. took them under his protection, ^^
but still not a few of their number were induced, as the only means
of peace, to join themselves to the Tertiaries of the Franciscans.^'^
a'.ij propriis in personis ipsis conventibus ad habitandum prassentare. Tali namque
modo cuncta Ordinis nostri monasteria jam annis plus quam septuaginta per Patres
praelatos in debita observantia noscuntur conservata. — Quemadmodum igitur
Patres jam prsdicti nostra monasteria per idonearum Deuni timentium personarum
subministrationem in sancta religione probantur conservare ; ita nos vicissim
sanctani conversationem eorum et vitam Deo placentem ab hominum iniquorum,
maxime Mendicantium non reformatorum perniciosa infestatione omnino
defendamus : — qui omnes ex uno fonte initiuni nostrum primordiale aguoscimur
habuisse.
'" See notes 8, 9. Jo. Busch de reform. Monaster. III. c. 15, in Leibnit.
Scriptt. Brunsv. II. p. 923: Pradicator Ordinis Fratrum Minorum, Dominus
German, — Lector et Guardianus in Hanover, publice in ambone prfedicavit in
Hanover, omnes Beginas fore condemnandas, quas sine tertia regula s. Francisci
pariter habitarent, sive in communi sive in propriis viventes. The Beguines ia
Hanover had recourse to Busch, at (hat lime Provost in Sulta ; he at once adopted
their cause; the Guardian appealed to the constitutions of Clement V. (see § 112,
note 1), and was disposed to complain, but was soon compelled to retract.
'1 In the bull addressed to all bishops in Germany, Brabant, and Flanders, Piis
votis tidelium dd. IV. Idus Maji 1431 (see Mosheim de Beghardis et Beguinabus,
p. 668 seq.), in which the bull of Gregory Xi. (see § 112, note 5) is first adopted and
confirmed ; and then amongst other things : Et quanquam prEedicti pauperes (before
they are caUed dilecti filii de cellis, seu vohtntaricB paupertatis pauperes), viri de
per se scilicet, et mulieres seorsum, in suis distinctis domibus absque mutua eorum
conversatione commorantes, in paupertate et continentia, in huniilitatis spiritu
Ecclesias devote frequentent; et Romana; Ecclesis ac eorum Ordinariis — in
omnibus reverenter obediant ; nullisque erroribus seu litibus, qui .salutaribus prae-
ceptis et fidei orthodox® repugnent, se involvant ; sed liberaliter — miserabiles ac
alias honestas personas, ad eorum loca declinantes, gratia hospitalitatis recipiunt,
ac requisiti infirmorum curam gerunt, decedentium fidelium corpora, etiam tem-
pore furoris pestilentialis in terris, quas habitant, ad sepulturam ecclesiasticam
deferendo, ac alia pietatis et caritatis opera exercendo ; etiam de his, quse manibus
propriis et mendicatis acquirunt suffragiis, egenis erogando, viventes in communi ;
adeoque Christifideles populi zelo sinceritatis, favoris et dilectionis ipsos plurimum
coniplectuntur : — verumtameu iidem pauperes, ut fidei digna relatione percepi-
mus, a quibusdam ha;reticje pravitatis inquisitoribus, ac diversis maxime Religiosis
Ordinum mendicantium, ac aliis eorum asmulis in ipsorum bono proposito indebite
et injuste inquietantur et perturbantur ; ac prstextu prcemissorum, captatis exinde
quibusdam occasionibus et fictis coloribus, eis diversa gravamina inferuntur pariter
etjacturae in animarum molestantium periculum, et pauperum liujusmodi la5sionem
et scandalum. Permission is then given to these societies to live as they had
hitherto done ; it is forbidden to disturb or molest them ; and the Inquisitors and
Mendicants are forbidden to exercise any authority over them : ita quod inquisi-
tores fratres et quivis alii nullam inquisitionis, visitationis, jurisdictionis, superiori-
tatis potestatem vel officium in eosdem, eorumque domos valeant exercere, nee in
ipsos excommunicationis seu alias sententias vel poenas promulgare. These regu-
lations apply, however, only to the Regular Fraternities : the wandering Beghards
are not to be tolerated. The fraternities ai-e empowered to use all the censures of
the church against those who shall disturb them. Finally, the bull is not to he
understood as confirming statum prajdictorum, ut ordinem religionis approbatae.
Another Bull of Eugenius IV. in favor of these fraternities, dd. 15 Dec. 1431, see.
in Hevius Uaventria illustris, p. 68 seq.
'* According to Jo. Busch, and a!*o Chron. Windesem. II. 15, see note 4, thi»
was the case with more than 100 Congregations. Others, however, were more
VOL. III. 39
306 Third Period. Div. V. A. D. 1409 — 1517.
Afterwards the Mendicants became more favorably disposed to this new
institution, as they found their own numbers increase through the
labors of the Fratres communis vitae for the instruction of the people.
In the North of Germany and in Switzerland, this new fraternity
gained no entrance, and here therefore the associations of the Beg-
hards continued to devote themselves to begging, and to be as fruitful
as ever in heresies.
<§. 142.
NEW ORDERS.
The most remarkable of the new orders established in this period
is that of the Minimorum} Their founder, Francis of Paula,- a small
town in Calabria, after having lived for a short time in an unreformed
Franciscan convent, established himself as a hermit in the neighbour-
hood of his native city, and from 1457 gathered round him a society
of those who shared his views.^ The fame of his miraculous power
soon extended his society, which was confirmed by Sixtus IV. 1474,
under the name of the Eremitae s. Francisci,*^ first in Italy, and after-
wards in France, where the superstitious Louis XI. had summoned
the founder of the order to his aid in his last extremity (1482),^ at a
later period in Spain. The order, distinguished always from the rest
of the Franciscans by the observance of the vita quadragesimalis,
received afterwards a rule from its founder,^ and to distinguish them-
selves from the fratres minores, and to go one step beyond them,
attached to their freedom. Thus the brethren in Deventer refused the offer of
Cardinal Nicholas to change them to Canons, see Dumbar Analecta, T. I. p. 173.
Delprat, p. 191.
' Helyot hist, des ordres religieux, T. VII. p. 426 seq. Pragmatische Ge-
schichte der vornehmsten Mönchsorden. Bd. 9. S. 7 ff.
2 His life see in Acta Sanctorum Apr. T. I. p. 103 seq. ad d. 2 Apr. The oldest
and most credible account by a pupil of the saint in 1.502, ibid. p. 106 seq.
' Even his first biographer relates many wonders of him. But still they are not
very extraordinary, and the narrator allows himself, that the saint was not always
successful in his attempts; see § 57, Acta SS. 1. c. p. 119: Hie vero posset
interrogare aliquis, cur non ii omnes exauditi sunt, qui ejus opem imploraverunt .'
In proraptu autem responsio est, multos languere corporaliter, ut spiritualiter
vivant, etc.
* By the bull Sedes ApostoUca, dd. 23 Maji, 1474.
* See the account of the eye-witness Philipp de Comities Memoires, 1. VI. c. 8.
^ The first rule was confirmed by Alexander VI. 1492. Afterwards Francis
made some changes, so that there were four different rules ; the second confirmed
by Alexander VI. 1501; the third, 1502; and the fourth and last by Julius
II. dd. V. Kal. Aug. 1506. This last is distinguished into the Regula fra-
trum, Regula sororum, and Reg. Tertiariorum. In the second and third rules
the three vows of monks were accompanied by the votum vitce quadragesimalis :
in the fourth this is prescribed, cap. 6, as follows : ut singuli hujus Ordinis fratres
a cibis carnalibus omnino abstineant, et dignos poenitentiae fructus in cibo quadra-
gesimali taliter a£;ant, quod ipsi carnes ac omnia sementinam originem a carnibus
ipsis trahentia penitus vitent. Carnes igitur et pinguedo, ova, butyrum, caseus, et
quaevis lacticinia ex eisdem congesta et producta, intus et extra, omnibus et singu-
lis, fratribus ipsis et oblatis, sint omnino et irrefragabiliter interdicta.
Chap. IV. Internal History. § 143. Scholastic Philosophy. 307
assumed the name of Ordo minimorum fratrum Eremitarum Fratris
Franci^ci de Paula. Their founder was sainted soon after his death
("f 1507 in Plessis les Tours);" and they began, as had been done
in the case of St. Francis, to find out likenesses in him to Christ,^
and after his canonization (1519),^ these absurdities were carried
still further by his followers. ^^
CHAPTER FOURTH.
INTERNAL HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
<^ 143.
HISTORY OF SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY.
The scholastic philosophy had long ceased to create, the various
schools contenting themselves with repeating and defending what
their founders had taught, and their highest ambition being to sur-
pass each other in the arts of disputation. The Nominalists still
maintained the advantage they had gained, notwithstanding that
some suspicion of their orthodoxy always rested upon them. In
1473 their doctrines were forbidden by Louis XL,' but as early as
' The Bulla beatificationis by Leo X. dd. Non. Jul. 1513, in the Act. SS. 1. c.
p. 165.
' Thus it is stated in the processes instituted to procure his canonization, that
having been refused a passage to Sicilj', he passed over the straits on foot, see Act.
SS. 1. c. p. 168 : disces>it ab eis usque ad balistae ictum, et oraUoiiem fecit et mare
benedixit. Et in illo instanti aspexerunt b. Franciscum solum super undas eun-
tem : et sic per illam partem transfretavit in Siciliam. True, the whole rests on the
testimony: (testis) apud niaritimam terraj Roya» audivitdici : afterwards, however,
the account became more and more particular. Then, p. 173, it is related how the
saint distributed a few apples amongst a great number of people, cum unusquisque
malum unum cepisset, nihilominus cistula evacuata non fuit, sed plena remansit ;
so too, p. 186, how he fed a multitude with a little bread, et non videbatur deficere
nee diminui, sed potius crescere ; p. 182, how he stilled the raging sea, and so
saved a ship: viso navigio ccepit clamare : Jesu, Jesu, signum crucis faciendo,
Unde immediate mare tranquillum factum est, et tempestas fugata est et cessavit
9 See Acta SS. 1. c. p. 217.
'" Thus the fiction, that at the birth of the saint hymnodiam personiiisse angeli-
cam, sicut Christo nato, first found in a work of JVicolaus Movillardus, Romae
1623, see Act. SS. 1. c. p. 198.
> See the royal edict of March 1, 1473, in Biilcei hist. Univ. Paris. V. p. 706
seq., see p. 708 : Et ulterius statuimus er edicimus, quod praedicta Aristotelis doc-
trina ejusque commentatoris Averrois, Alherti M., s. Thomae de Aquino, iEgidii
de Roma, Alexandri de Hales, Scoli, Bonaventuras aliorumque Realiuni Doctorum,
quorum doctrina, ut dictum est, retroactis temporibus sana securaque comperta est,
tam in sacra theologia quam in artium Facultatibus in praedicta Universitate Paris,
deinceps more solito legatur, doceatur, dogmatizetur, discatur et intimetur. Alte-
ram autem praedictorum Nominalium — in eadem civitate aut alibi quoquoversum
308 Third Period. Div. V. A. D. 1409 — 1517.
1481, he found himself obliged again to permit them,- and thus their
triumph was decided. The Nominalists maintained always, it is true,
a certain freedom of opinion, as may lie seen in the writings of the
last distinguished man amongst them, Gabriel Bid of Tubingen
( "f 1495 ) ; "^ but for the most part they were bound down to a
barren logic. Amongst the moralists of the time, the most distin-
in resno nostro deinceps palam nee occulte quovismodo nullatenus esse legendam,
doceiidam et dogmatizandain, aut aliquatenus sustinendam expresse decernimus.
All the teachers at the university must bind themselves by oath to observe this
edict. The contemporary Robertus Gagumiis, Ep. 25, tells a friend in Rome
(1. c. p. 711) : Res autem eo deducta est, ut Nominalibus veluti Elepliantis pruritu
pestilentibus edictum sit exilium. Quorum celebriores libri, quos et bibliothecis
Pontificum interdicto distrahi nefas erat, fci-ro et clavis tanquam compedibus, ne
introspectentur, vinctos esse jussit Rex Ludovicus. Putares misellos codices
arreptitia quadain phrenesi et dsmonico furore, ne visentes impetant, esse ligatos.
Sic indomitos leones et belluas vinclis cohiberaus et caicere. A work written in
defence of the Nominalists, gives the following account of the origin of this perse-
cution [d'Argentri. collectio judiciorum de novis erroribus I. II. p. 287) : Cujus
potissimum tres causa; reperiuntur. Piima est laus et gloria eoi-iim, qui huic doc-
trinae insudant. Secunda causa est, quia qui dicuntur Nominales, ita aliquos et
maxime Thomlstas superant disputando, ut nullo modo eis resistere possint, et ob
hoc eos pcnitus exterminare nituntur. Tertia causa est ex quadam ha^resi conficta
in Universitate Lovanii. Quidam enim Lovanicnsis Regens (Petrus de Rivo, see
the history of this controversy, 1. c. p. 258) tractatum composuit in quo negabat
certitudinem et prKsentiam divinam de contlngentibus, asserens propositiones de
futuro contingenli, eliam contentas in Biblia et a Christo proiatas, non esse veras.
Quem tractatum his hffircsibus plenum approbavit Lovaniensis Universitas, promo-
toiemque suuni I'arisius misit sollicitare Facultatem theologia;, quatenus dictum
tractatum approbaret. Cui cum multi dicta; Facultatis Doctores, et illi maxime,
qui doctrina Nominalium exterminationem procurant, faverent ; se virilitei- obje-
cerunt et opposuerunt illi qui dicuntur Nominales, nullum periculum pro defen-
sione fidei formidantes, impedieruntque, ne theologiae Facultas dictum tractatum
approbaret. Quod molestissime illi, qui dicuntur Reales, tulerunl, et usque ad
XXIV. se dicto tractatui subscripserunt et ilium approbaverunt.
2 Bidmus V. p. 739. d'Argentri I. II. p. 302. The Provost of Paris writes to
the rector of the university : Le Roi m'a charge faire decloner et defermer tons
les livres des Nominaux, — et que je vous fisse sravoir que chacun y estudiast qui
voudioit. The Germans and Picards looked upon this order as a victory of
the truth. The Germans proclaimed, quod veritatis et doctrina et via, qus diu
latere non potest, publicaretur ; — et clausi in compedibus seu catenis libri, ut
lubet, aperirentur, a Studiosis visitentur, et a Doctoribus dogmatizentur, quicum-
que etiam Magistri doctrinam, quam lubet, libere doceant.
•* His most remarkable works are an unfinished Collectorium ex Occamo in libb. IV.
Sententiarum (ed. Tubinga, 2 voll. fol. 1502, and often : sometimes also cited as a
Comm. in libb. IV. Sent, whence these titles are sometimes supposed to belong to
two different works) and Expositio Canonis Missae (ed. Tubing. 1499, and often).
The freedom of his views is seen in his maintaining the supremacy of the church
over the Pope, Expos. Can. Lect. XXIII. fol. 30. col. I. ; in his defending the
decrees of the Council of Basil (Coll. Lib. III. Dist. III. Qu. 1. Art. 2 : Sunt im-
pudentes, qui dicere ausi sunt, Basileense Concilium non fuisse legitime congrega-
tum, et ideo constitutiones suas nullas fore, contra acceptationem eorum in concor-
datis Principum) •, in his questioning the possibility of changing the character by
the operation of certain sacraments (Coll. lib. IV. Dist, VI. qu. 2. art. 1. concl. 1.
Characterem esse ponendum, nee ratio necessaria, nee evidens auctoritas probat :
See the whole Quajst.) ; in his declaring absolution non judicialis (Coll. lib. II.
Dist. XXVII. : Non unquam sacerdos absolvit eum, qui non prius a Deo, summo
sacerdote, absolutus est. Unde sacerdos absolvendo confitentem pronunciat eum
absolutum, non remittit peccatum). Compare H. W. Biel diss, theol. de Gabriele
Biel celeberrimo Papista Antipapista, Vitemb. 1719. 4to,
Chap. IV. Internal History. § 143. Scholastic Philosophy . 309
guished is St. Antoninus,'* but here too, unfortunately, the fondness
for dialectic subtilties quite overbalanced the love of moral truth.^
In the course of this period, the scholastic philosophy sank in public
estimation, just in proportion as the newly-awakened zeal for the
study of antiquity increased.'' The contest between the two became
more and more unequal, all the most distinguished men turning their