Belle vue hospital, 1853-73 ; also surgeon in Charity
hospital, Blackwell s Island, 1859-73. In 1873 he
became consulting surgeon of both institutions.
In 1861 he urged the establishment of a medical
college at Bellevue hospital, and was a member of
its faculty until it was consolidated with the New
York university in 1898, when he was made emer
itus professor. He was resident physician of the
city of New York, 1860-66. at which time he ad
vocated compulsary vaccination, the proper con
struction of tenement houses and efficient sewer
age of the city. He was a founder of the New
York Academy of Medicine and of the New York
Pathological society. In 1876 he was appointed by
the American Medical association, of which he was
also a founder, and of which he was vice-president
and president, a delegate to the International
medical congress in Philadelphia. In 1877 he went
as a delegate to the British Medical association,



where he gave many demonstrations of his original
methods of treating hip and spinal diseases. He
attended the International Medical congresses at
Amsterdam in 1879, at London in 1881, at Copen
hagen, 1884, and at Washington, 1887, and at each
of these he read papers and gave demonstrations
of methods of treating spinal and hip diseases.
He invented many surgical appliances to aid him
in his specialty, and was the first to use plaster of
Paris in spinal diseases. Charles XIV. king of
Sweden and Norway, made him a knight of the
order of Wasa. He was married, Jan. 25, 1849,
to Eliza A. Hall, daughter of Charles Henry and
Sarah (Mullett) Hall of New York city. She
died in 1894. His eldest son. Dr. Charles H. H.
Sayre, was killed by a fall; a second son, Dr.
Lewis H. Sayre. died of heart disease in 18^0. and
a third son. Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, was profes
sionally associated with his father, and succeeded
him as professor of orthopedic surgery in the Uni
versity and Bellevue Hospital Medical college.
His daughter, Mary Hall Sayre, assisted him in
his literary labors. He is the author of : On
Mechanical Treatment of Chronic Inflammation
of the Joints of the Lower Extremities (1865);
Practical Manual for the Treatment of Clubfoot
(1869); Lectures on Orthopedic Surgery and Dis
ease of the Joints (1876); Spinal Curvature and
its Treatment (1877); Spinal Disease and Spinal
Curvature (1878), and Lectures on Orthopedic
Surgery and Diseases of the Joints (1883). His
works on orthopedic surgery and spinal diseases
have been translated into French, German and
Italian. He died in New York, Sept. 21, 1900.

SAYRE, Phoebe Ann. See Osborne, Phoebe
Ann Sayre.

SAYRE, Stephen, patriot, was born at South
ampton, Long Island, N.Y ., June 12, 1736 : son
of John (born 1692, died 1767) and Hannah
(Howell) Sayre ; grandson of John and Sarah
Sayre ; great-grandson of Francis and Sarah
(Wheeler) Sayre, and great 2 -grandson of Thomas
Sayre, who came from Bedfordshire, England,
to Lynn, Mass., in 1638. Thomas and his son,
Job, were two of the original undertakers who
founded Southampton, L.I., in 1640, Lynn being
overcrowded. Stephen Sayre entered the College
of New Jersey at Newark in 1753, and was
graduated in its first class after its removal from
Newark to Princeton, A.B., 1757, A.M., 1760.
In 1759 he was captain of a Suffolk county, N.Y..,
company, raised for the French and Indian war,
but saw no service. He went with his class
mate. Joseph Reed, to London in 1764-65. and
entered the mercantile house of Dennis De
Berdt, the Massachusetts agent, and in 1766 be
came partner. In June, 1766, he returned to
America to collect bills from the debtors in the
colonies, hoping to tide over a financial crisis,



[G23



SAYRE



SCALES



but in 1770, on the death of De Berdt, the firm
failed. Sayre established himself as a banker in
London, becoming one of the sheriffs of the city,
1773-74, William Lee, brother of Arthur Lee
(q.v.), being the other. He was proposed as
agent for Massachusetts, but \vlien Franklin
agreed to serve, withdrew in his favor. In his
official capacity he carried the pro-American
petitions in behalf of the city to Parliament and
the King. His career as sheriff was marked by
greater decorum in the execution of criminals and
humanity in the treatment of prisoners. He
was a candidate for Parliament from Seaford
Sussex in 1774, but his election was successfully
contested by his opponent. On Feb. 18, 1775, he
married an heiress, Elizabeth, daughter of the
Hon. William Noel. His social prominence and
known political beliefs made him a marked man,
and on Oct. 20, 1775, he was arrested, as an ex
ample to the opposition, on a charge of high
treason made by Francis Richardson, colonel of
the royal guards and a renegade American, but
the case was dismissed for lack of prosecution,
and he sued the secretary of state for false im
prisonment and won. Meanwhile his banking
business had been ruined, and in November,
1776, a commission of bankruptcy was issued
against him. In the spring of 1777 he left Eng
land for Paris, to offer his services to the Ameri
can commissioners there. In May, 1777, he ac
companied Arthur Lee to Berlin as his secretary,
and was with Lee when Hugh Elliott, the Brit
ish minister, rifled his desk in search of secret
documents. When Lee left Berlin, disappointed
from his want of success, he left Sa3 re in charge
of the office, and in December, Sayre went to
Copenhagen to advance American interests and
thence to Stockholm, returning to Paris by
way of Amsterdam. In October. 1779, Sayre ap
plied to Franklin for command of the Alliance
after Landais s fiasco. In 1780 he went to St.
Petersburg as agent from the United States to
further the project of armed neutrality. Build
ing ships there, he was hindered by Sir James
Harris, the British minister, who caused the
ships to be burned, and in so doing destroyed
much Russian property at the docks, laying the
blame indirectly on Sayre. In August, 1781, on
the arrival of Dana in St. Petersburg as ac
credited representative of the United States,
Sayre returned to Paris, and in 1783, witli his
wife and son, Samuel Wilson Sayre. returned to
America, purchasing " Point Breeze," a large
estate at Bordentown, N.J., where his wife
died, Nov. 29, 1789. He engaged in business in
New York city, instituted claims against the
government for compensation for his services in
Europe, and in 1789 returned to France and en
gaged in the snuff business in Havre. He was



married in Paris, in 1790. to Mrs. Elizabeth
Dorone, and transferred liis business to that city.
In 1792 he was sent to England as secret agent
for France to purchase arms. He was the pro
poser of the French expedition of George Rogers
Clarke against Louisiana inl 793. In 1794 he op
posed tbe policy of the administration. In 1807
he was granted a small portion of his claim for
compensation. In 1816 he sold his Bordentown
property to Joseph Bonaparte and removed to
Brandon, Va. He received the honorary degree
of A.M. from Harvard in 1766, and is the author
of: The Englishman Deceived, a political pam
phlet (1768); Memorial, reciting his claims to
compensation (1803). His son. Samuel Wilson
Sayre, married Jane, daughter of Philip L.
Grymes of Brandon on the Rappahannock. Va.,
and in their home his father resided, 1816-18, and
died, Sept. 7, 1818.

SCALES, Alfred Moore, governor of North
Carolina, was born in Reedsville. N.C.. Nov. 26,
1827 ; son of Alfred Moore Scales. He was a
student at Caldwell Institute, Greensboro, and
the University of North Carolina, 1845-40 ;
taught school ; was admitted
to the bar in 1851, practised
in Madison, and was solici
tor of Rockingham county.
1853. He was a member of
the general assembly of
North Carolina, 1852-53 and
1856 ; a Democratic represen
tative in the 35th congress. 1857-59 ; clerk and
master of the Rockingham count} court of equity,
1859-61 ; presidential elector on the Breckinridge
and Lane ticket. 1860; and in April, 1861, enlisted
as a private in the Confederate States army. lie
was. promoted captain, and later colonel, and
commanded the 13th North Carolina regiment in
Fender s 6th brigade. A. P. Hill s light division,
Jackson s corps, at Fredericksburg, December,
1862, succeeding to the command of the bri
gade when Pender was wounded. He was
wounded at Clmncellorsville, May, 1863 ; was
promoted brigadier-general in 1863 ; and com
manded the 4th brigade. Fender s division. A.
P. Hill s 3d army corps, at Gettysburg. July, 1863,
where he was severely wounded. After his re
covery he rejoined the army and commanded
the 2d brigade, Wilcox s division. A. P. Hill s
corps, in the Wilderness campaign and in the de
fence of Petersburg and Richmond. 1864-65. sur
rendering at Appomattox. He returned to the
practice of law in Greensboro, N.C. ; again
served in the general assembly of North Caro
lina. 1866-67 : was a Democratic representative
in the 44th-48th congresses, 1875-85. and governor
of the state, 1885-89. He was engaged in bank
ing at Greensboro, where he died, Nov. 9, 1892.
[626]




SCAMMELL



SCAMMON



SCAMMELL, Alexander, soldier, was born in
Mention. Mass., in March, 174? ; son of Dr.
Samuel Leslie and Jane (Libbey) Scammell. Dr.
Scammell, with his wife and brother Alexander,
came from Portsmouth, England, to Mendon, in
1737. Alexander Scammell was graduated at
Harvard. A.B., 1769, A.M.. 1772 ; taught school
in Kingston and Plymouth, Mass., 1769-70; in
Portsmouth. X.H.. and Shapleigh, Me., l??l-7 3,
and was employed under his cousin, Thomas
Scammell, in exploring timber lands for the
royal navy, and in making surveys for a map of
New Hampshire. He studied law at Durham,
N.H., under John Sullivan (q.v.), and was one
of the force under Sullivan that seized Fort
William and Mary, Newcastle, N.H., capturing
its armament with nearly one hundred barrels of
gunpowder, Dec. 14, 1774 ; which act was pro
nounced treasonable by the royal governor.
During the absence of his preceptor in attend
ance on the First Continental congress, Mr.
Scammell had charge of his legal practice, and
for this reason was prevented from joining the
army at Cambridge. He was major of New
Hampshire militia and in April, 1775, when Sul
livan was made a major-general in the Con
tinental army, Scammell was appointed on his
staff as an aide-de-camp. He was transferred
to General Lee s division, Oct. 29. 1776, and
was promoted colonel of the 3d New Hamp
shire regiment. Nov. 8, 1776. He served
under Gen. Horatio Gates, and was wounded at
Saratoga, Jan. 5, 1778. He was adjutant general
of the Continental army on the staff of Gen
eral Washington, Jan. 5, 1778, -Jan. 1. 1781,
and assumed command of the 1st New Hamp
shire regiment, light infantry, in March, 1781.
He was captured by Hessian dragoons at York-
town while reconnoitering the enemy s position,
Sept. 30, 1781, and was fatally wounded after he
had surrendered. He was allowed to be carried
to Williamsburg by Lord Cornwallis at the re
quest of Washington, dying there, Oct. 6, 1781.

SCAMMON, Eliakim Parker, soldier, was
burn in Whiterield, Maine, Dec. 27, 1816 ; son of
Eliakim and (Young) Scammon. He was grad
uated at the U.S. Military academy, and promoted
2d lieutenant. 4th artillery, July 1, 1837 ; was
assistant professor of mathematics at West
Point, 1837-38 ; and served as an assistant topo
graphical engineer in the Florida war, 1838-40,
and in projecting a map of the territory west of
the Mississippi. 1840-41. He was assistant pro
fessor and principal assistant professor of history,
geography and ethics in the Military academy
1^41-46; was promoted Its lieutenant Sept. 21,
1846, and was superintending engineer on the
survey of the harbor, New Bedford. Mass., 184G.
He served on the staff of Gen. Winfield Scott



early in 1847 ; took part in the siege of Vera
Cruz, March 9-29, 1847; was engaged in the
survey of the northwestern lakes, 1847-55 ; and
in constructing military roads in New Mexico,
1855-56 ; was promoted captain March 3, 1853,
and was dismissed from the army June 4, 1856,
for "Conduct to the prejudice of good order
and military discipline and disobedience of
orders." He was professor of mathematics in
Mount St. Mary s college, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1885-
59, and president of the Polytechnic college of
the Catholic Institute in Cincinnati 1860-61 ;
on June, 14, 1861, he was appointed colonel
of the 23d Ohio volunteers, and he engaged in
the campaign in Western Virginia, 1861-62 ; took
part in the action of Carnifex Ferry ; com
manded the advance brigade at Fayette, Raleigh,
Princeton, Va., Nov. 1861-Aug. 1862, and at Bull
Run railroad bridge, Aug. 27, 1862 ; served at
South Mountain and Antietam ; was promoted
brigadier general of volunteers, Oct. 15, 1862, and
commanded the district of Kanawha, W. Va.,
Nov. 1862-Feb. 3, 1864. He was confined in
Libby prison Feb. 3, Aug. 3-1864, commanded the-
" separate brigade " at Morris Island off Charles
ton, S.C.. October 1864, and the district of Florida,
November, 1864 - April, 1865. He was president
of the board for the examination of officers of
volunteers in the Department of the South, May
to August, 1865, and was mustered out Aug. 24,
1865. He was U.S. consul at Prince Edward
Island, 1865-71; a civil engineer in the U.S.
service in New York harbor, 1872-75 ; and profes
sor of mathematics in Seton Hall college, South
Orange, N.J., 1875-85, becoming a resident of
Chicago. 111., in 1886. He received the honorary
degree A.M. from Bowdoin in 1843, and from
Trinity college in 1845. He died in New York
city, Dec. 7, 1894.

SCAMMON, Jonathan Young, educationist,
was born in Whiterield. Me., July 27, 1812, son of
Eliakim Scammon, and grandson of David Young,
He was educated at Waterville college, Maine,
studied law in Hallowell, and practised in Chicago,
111.. 1855- 57. He was assistant clerk of Cook
county, 1835-36, prepared a new edition of
Gale s Statutes, published " Scammon s Reports "
(4 vols., 1832 - 43) ; became attorney of the State
Bank of Illinois in 1837, and was reporter of the
supreme court of the state, 1839-45. He was a
founder and director of the Galena and Chicago
railroad, originated the public school system
of Chicago, serving as inspector of schools and
as president of the board of education ; was a
founder of the Chicago Academy of Sciences ; and
also of the Chicago Astronomical society, of which
he was the first president. He built Dearborn
observatory at his own expense, and conducted
it for several years, purchasing for it the first



[027]



SCANLAN



SCARBOROUGH



grand refractor telescope manufactured by
Abram Clark & SOILS. He was a director and
president of various banks and insurance com
panies in Chicago ; was a founder in 1844 of
the Chicago American, established in support of
Henry Clay for the presidency ; and in 1872 he
established the Inter Ocean, which he edited
for several years. He also built the first Sweden-
borgian church in Chicago, established the Society
of the New Jerusalem and the Illinois society
of the Svvedenborgian church, and was vice-
president of the general convention of the Swe-
denborgian church in the United States, for
ten years. He introduced homoeopathy into Chi
cago ; founded Halmemann hospital, and served
as a trustee of tliat institution, and of Hahne-
mann Medical college. He was also a trustee
of the University of Chicago, and vice-president
of its board of trustees ; and was a delegate
to the Republican national conventions of 1864
and 1872. He traveled in Europe, 185760, and
in the great fire of 1871 lost a large amount of
property. The honorary degree of LL.D. was con
ferred upon him by the University of Chicago in
1862, and by Water ville college (Colby) in 1869.
He died in Chicago, 111., March 17, 1890.

SCANLAN, Lawrence, R. C. bishop, was born
in Ballintarsna, county Tipperary. Ireland, Sept.
28, 1843 ; son of Patrick and Catherine (Ryan)
Scanlan, and grandson of Thomas and Mary
(Fogarty) Scanlan. He was graduated in 1868 at
All Hallows college. Dublin, where he was
ordained priest, June 24, 1868. In the same year
he came to the United States and was assistant
at St. Patrick s, San Francisco, Cal.. 1868-70. and
at St. Mary s cathedral there, 1870-71. He was
sent to Pioche, Nev., in 1871, where he built the
first church in that section of the state ; and he
was transferred to Petaluma, Cal., in 1872. In
August, 1873, he was appointed pastor of Salt Lake
city and Utah Territory, and subsequently vicar
f orane. He cleared the church in Salt Lake from
debt, and purchased land upon which he built an
academy in 1875. He also built churches, schools
and hospitals, and in 1886 founded the College of
All Hallows. On Jan. 23, 1887, he was appointed
bishop of " Lavenden " in partibns, and vicar
apostolic of Utah, and was consecrated in St.
Mary s cathedral, San Francisco, Cal., June 29,
1887, by Archbishop Riordan, assisted by Bishops
O Connell and Manogue. He was transferred
as first bishop of the diocese of Salt Lake. Utah,
Jan. 30, 1891.

SCANNELL, Richard, R. C. bishop, was born
at Cloyne, county Cork, Ireland, May 12, 1843.
He was a student at the College of Middletown,
Cork ; prepared for the priesthood at All Hallows,
Dublin, and was ordained priest, Feb. 26, 1871.
He came to the United States in 1871 ; was as



sistant at St. Mary s cathedral, Nashville. Tenn.:
in charge of St. Columba s church, and pastur of
St. Mary s cathedral, successively, 1^71 S3.
After Bishop Feehan left to assume charge of the
archdiocese of Chicago. Father Scannell was ad
ministrator of the diocese of Nashville, l*80- 83.
He organized and was pastor of St. Joseph s
church. West Nashville, Tenn., 1885-87. On Aug.
9, 1887, lie was appointed bishop of the newly
created diocese of Concord ia, Kan. .and was con
secrated in St. Mary s cathedral, Nashville. Tenn.,
Nov. 30, 1887, by Archbishop Feehan, assisted by
Bishop McCloskey of Louisville, and Bishop
Rademacher of Nashville. He was transferred
to the diocese of Omaha, Neb., Jan. 30. 1891. as
successor to the Rt. Rev. James O Connor, D.D.,
deceased.

SCARBOROUGH, John, fourth bishop of New
Jersey and lllth in succession in the American
episcopate, was born in Castlewellan. Ireland,
April 25, 1831 ; son of John and Anna Bella
Hannah Scarborough. Ho came to the United
States with his mother in 1840; attended the public
schools of Lansingburg, N.Y.,and was graduated
at Trinity college, Connecticut, A.B., 1854,
A.M., 1857, and at the General Theological semi
nary, New York city, in 1857. He was admitted
to the diaconate, June 28, 1857 ; advanced to the
priesthood, Aug. 14, 1858, by Bishop Horatio
Potter ; was assistant at St. Paul s church, Troy,
N.Y.. 1857-60; rector of the Church of the Holy
Comforter, Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 1860-67. and of
Trinity church, Pittsburgh. Pa,. 1867-74. He
was married, May 23, 1865, to Catharine Elizabeth,
daughter of Theodore and Caroline Elizabeth
(Meeker) Trivett of Poughkeepsie, New York.
He served as a deputy to the general convention
in 1871 and 1874, and was elected bishop of New
Jersey as successor to the Rt. Rev. W. H. Oden-
heiiner, transferred to the diocese of Northern
New Jersey in 1875. He was consecrated in St.
Mary s church, Burlington, N.J., Feb. 2. 1875. by
Bishops Horatio Potter, Stevens. Kerfoot, Little-
john, Doane, M. A. De Wolfe Howe, and Paddock.
In 1900 was celebrated the twenty-fifth anniver
sary of his consecration.

SCARBOROUGH, Robert Bethea, represen
tative, was born in Chesterfield, S.C.. Oct. 29.
1861; son of the Rev. Lewis and Ann (Bethea)
Scarborough ; grandson of Samuel and Mary
(Andrews) Scarborough ; and of William and
Sarah (Hargrove) Bethea ; great-grandson of John
and Nellie (Adams) Hargrove, and a descendant
of John Bethea (Berthoir), who came from Eng
land, and settled in Virginia in the seventeenth
century. He attended the common schools and
the academy, Mullins, S.C. ; subsequently taught
school, and studied law. He was married, Dec.
15, 1882, to Mary J. Jones; was admitted to the



SCHAEBERLE



SCHAEFFER



bar. May 27, 1884, and began practice in Conway,

S.C. He was a state senator, 1896-98, serving as
president pro tern in 1898: lieutenant-governor of
South Carolina, 1899 ; a Democratic representative
from the sixth South Carolina district in the 57th
congress, 1901-03, and re-elected without opposi
tion to the 58th congress for the term expiring,
March 3, 1905. He served on the select com
mittee on the census in the 57th congress.

SCHAEBERLE, John Martin, astronomer,
was born in Wiirtemberg, German}-, Jan. 10,
1853 ; son of Anton and Catherine ( Vogele)
Scluiberle. He removed with his parents to Ann
Arbor. Mich., in 1854; attended the common
schools ; was apprenticed to a Chicago machinist,
1868-71 : continued his studies at the Ann Arbor
high school, 1871-72, and was graduated from
the University of Michigan. C.E., 1876, having
given particular attention to astronomy. He
was private assistant to Dr. J. C. Watson : pro
fessor of astronomy in the university, 1876-78 ;
assistant in the Ann Arbor observatory, 1878-85 ;
instructor in astronomy, and acting assistant
professor of astronomy in the University of Mich
igan, 1886-88, and astronomer of the Lick Obser
vatory, Mt. Hamilton, Gal., 1888-98. He had




THE LICK OBSERVATORY

charge of the eclipse expeditions of the observa
tory, to Cayenne, Chile and Japan. 1889, 1893 and
1896, respectively, and discovered three comets,
one of which was revealed with a telescope of
his own construction. He received the honorary
degree of LL. D. from the University of California,
1898, and is the author of extensive contributions
to astronomical journals. Dr. Schaberle resigned
as astronomer of the Lick Observatory in June,
1898, and after two years of travel returned to
Ann Arbor. Mich. In 1903 he was engaged in
constructing a powerful photographic telescope
for private use.

SCHAEFFER, Charles Ashmead, educator,
was born in Harrisburg. Pa., Aug. 14, 1843: son
of the Rev. Charles William and Elizabeth Fry
(Ashmead) Schaeffer ; grandson of Frederick
Schaeffer and of James and Eve (Fry) Ashmead,



and great-grandson of David Frederick Schaeffer,
who came to America from Frankfort in 1776,
and was an eminent Hebrew and classical scholar
in the Lutheran church. He was graduatep
from the University of Pennsylvania, A.B., 1861,
A.M., 1864, and at the University of Gottingen,
Ph.D., 1868. When, in the summer of 1863. Lee
invaded Pennsylvania. Schaeffer served as ser
geant in Lande s Philadelphia battery, and was
promoted and specially commended for gallant
conduct in battle. He was married, March 30,
1871, to Evelyn, daughter of George Washington
and Matilda (Scribner) Schuyler of Ithaca. N.Y.
He was professor of chemistry and mineralogy
at Cornell university, 1869-87, and was president
of the State University of Iowa from 1887 until
his death. He was a member of the American
Institute of Mining Engineers, a corresponding
member of the New York Academy of Science,
and was a contributor to scientific journals. He
died in Iowa City. Iowa. Sept. 23. 1898.

SCHAEFFER, Nathan C., educator, was born
in Maxatawny township, Berks county. Pa.. Feb.
3,1849; son of David and Esther Ann (Christ)
Schaeffer : grandson of Philip and Elizabeth (Feth-
erolf) Schaeffer and of Solomon and Elizabeth
(Bieber) Christ, and a descendant of George
Schaeffer and Marcus Christ, both pioneers, the
latter killed on the Blue mountains by Indians in
1865. He was graduated from Franklin and
Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa., A.B., 1867 : at
tended the Theological seminary of the Reformed
church, located then at Mercersburg, now at
Lancaster, Pa., 1870, and completed his studies
at the universities of Berlin, Tubingen and Leip
zig, 1873-75. He was ordained to the ministry of
the German Reformed church, 1875 ; was professor
of Latin in Franklin and Marshall college, 1875-
77 : principal of Keystone State Normal school,
1877-93, and in the latter year became superin
tendent of public instruction in Pennsylvania,
and also editor of the Pennsylvania School
Journal. He was married, July 8, 1880. to Anna,
daughter of John and Matilda (Mann) Ahlum of
Applebachsville. Pa. He was a member of the
commission of industrial education, 1889 ; was
elected president of the medical and dental
councils of Pennsylvania in 1894 and 1897, re
spectively, and secretary of the College and Uni
versity Council of Pennsylvania in 1895: chancellor
of Pennsylvania Chautauqua in 1901, and member
of the Capitol Building commission in 1902. In