was elected vice-president of the Pennsylvania



Colonization society. He received the degree of
D.D. from Jefferson college in 1861. He was
married first, April 18, 1843. to Jane Whittemore
Torry, daughter of William and Adeline (Whitte
more) Torrey of New York ; and secondly, April
3, 1861, to Mary Bates, daughter of the Rev. An
drew and Eliza (Gosman) Kittle of Elizabeth.
N.J. He is the author of: Historical Account
of tlie First Presbyterian Church of Princeton,
X.J. (1851) ; Church Extension for Cities (1854) ;
God Oar Guide (1862) ; The Fountain for Sin
(1864) ; Aunt Fanny s Home (1865) ; Children in
Heaven (1866), and Nearing Home (1867).

SCHERESCHEWSKY, Samuel Isaac Joseph,
third missionary bishop of Shanghai, China, and
118th in succession in the American episcopate,
was born in Tauroggen. Russian Lithuania, May
6, 1831, of Jewish parents. He was a student at
home and in different Rabbinical schools of
Russia, then at Breslau, Germany, and came to
the United States in 1854, when lie embraced
Christianity and was a student at the Western
Theological seminar}", Allegheny, Pa., 1855-58.
He changed his creed, and joined the Protestant
Episcopal church. He entered the General
Theological seminary, New York city, class of
1860, and in 1859 was appointed missionary to
China. He was admitted to the diaconate in St.
George s church, New York city, July 7, 1859 ;
sailed for China the same month with Bishop
Boone, and was advanced to the priesthood in tlie
mission chapel at Shanghai, China, by Bishop
Boone, Oct. 28. 1860. He was a missionary at
Shanghai, 1860-63, and at Peking, 1862-75. He
was married at Shanghai in 1868. He returned
to America in 1875. when he was elected mis
sionary bishop of Shanghai, China, and declined.
He was again elected in 1876 and declined, but
upon his election in 1877 lie accepted and was
consecrated in Grace church, New York city,
Oct. 31, 1877, by Bishops Smith, Potter, Bedell,
assisted by Bishops Stevens, Kerfoot and Lyman.
He returned to China via England where he at
tended the Lambeth conference of 1878, and in
1881 was taken ill and returned to Europe in 1882
with his family. He resigned his jurisdiction in
1883, when in Switzerland, and returned to
America in 1886, and engaged in revising- the
Mandarin Bible, translated by him while in Pe
king, and in 1888 began the revision of the entire
Bible in the classical language of China. In
1890 he returned to China and had his work
transliterated into the Chinese characters. In
1892 he was invited by the American Bible
society to accompany their agent, Dr. Hughes, to
Tokyo, Japan, to superintend the printing of the
revised Mandarin version, and the entire work
was finished and put into circulation in 1902,



[634]



SCHIMMELPFENNIG



SCHLEY



after wliich lie engaged upon references to the
Mandarin Bible. He received the degree of D.D.
from Kenyon college in 1871. His published
works consist chiefly of translations of the Book
of Common Prayer in classical Chinese ; the old
Testament in Mandarin ; Gospel of St. Mathew
in Mongolian tongue in 1873 ; the entire Bible in
classical Chinese (1903) ; Hand Book of Chinese
Language ; grammer of Mongolian Language,
and a Dictionary of the Mongolian Language
wliich he lost when nearly complete. He was
one of the committee for translating the New
Testament from the Greek into Mandarin Chinese.
Bishop Schereschewsky s translations are the
more remarkable as being made by a Jew convert
to Christianity, and as making possible the read
ing of both the Jewish and Christian books of the
Bible in a language familiar to 400.000.000 people.
SCHIMMELPFENMG, Alexander, soldier, was
born in Prussia in 1824. He was an officer in the
Prussian army in Schleswig-Holstein in 1848. He
came to the United States, and in 1861 became
colonel of the 74th Pennsylvania regiment. He
was in the 1st brigade, 3d division, 1st corps,
General Sigel, of the Army of Virginia under
command of Gen. John Pope. During the second
Bull Run. his brigadier, Gen. Henry Bohlen. was
killed, and he succeeded to the command. After
the battle he was nominated for brigadier-general,
but the appointment was not confirmed until
March, 1863. although the commission was dated,
Nov. 29, 1862. He commanded a brigade in the
llth corps, under General Howard, at Chancellors-
vllle and also at Gettysburg, where General
Howard was wounded, and when General Schurz
took command of the corps, the command of the
division fell to General Scliimmelpfennig. -Upon
the evacuation of Charleston, Feb. 18. 1865, he
took command of the city. He was very ill as
the result of exposure, and was soon relieved of
his command, and returned to Minersville, Pa. He
published The, War between Russia and Turkey
(1834). He died in Minersville, Pa., Sept. 7, 186.").
SCHLEICHER, Gustave, representative, was
born in Darmstadt, Germany, Nov. 19, 1823. He
was graduated from the University at Giessen,
and engaged in railroad building in Europe. In
1847 he immigrated to Texas, and after spending
three years on the frontier, settled in San Antonio.
He was a representative in the state legislature,
1853-54; a state senator, 1859-61 ; served in the
Confederate States arm}-, 1861-65 ; and was a
Democratic representative from Texas in the
44th, 45th and 46th congresses, 1875-79. He died
in Washington. D.C., Jan. 11, 1879.

SCHLEY, William, governor of Georgia, was
born in Frederick, Md.. Dec. 15, 1786. His father
removed to Augusta. Georgia, and engaged in
manufacturing near thatcitv. William was edu



cated at the academy of Louisville, Ga., and later
at the academy in Augusta ; practised law in
Augusta, and was judge of the superior court,
1825-28. In 1830 he was elected a Democratic
representative in the state legislature, and in
1832 a representative to the 23d congress, 1833-
35. He was governor of Georgia, 1835-37. He
was president of the Georgia Medical college,
Augusta, for several years, and is the author of : A
Digest of English Statutes in Force in Georgia
(1826). He died at his home near Augusta, Ga.,
Nov. 20. 1858.

SCHLEY, Winfield Scott, naval officer, was
born at Richfield Farm in Frederick county, Md.,
Oct. 9, 1839 ; son of John Thomas and Georgiana
Virginia (McClure) Schley ; grandson of John
and Mary Ferree (Shriver) Schley and of John
and Mary McClure.
and great-grandson of
John Thomas Schley
who came to Amer
ica from Germany
in 1745. went first
to Pennsylvania, and
later made his home
in what became the
town of Frederick,
Md. Winfield Scott
Schley entered the
U.S. Naval academy
from Maryland, Sept.
ICO, 1856, graduating
in 1860. He served
on the frigate Niag
ara, on duty in China and Japan in 1860-61.
carrying back the ambassador from Japan sent
from that country to the United States in 1859.
He was advanced to master, Aug. 31. 1861, and
served on the frigate Potomac, 1861-62 ; was
commissioned lieutenant. July 16, 1862. and
served on the Winona, Monoiigahela and Rich
mond under Farragut in the Mississippi river
campaign and about Port Hudson from March 14
until July 9. 1863. participating in many en
gagements. On Sept. 10, 1863, he was married to
Annie R. Franklin, daughter of George E. and
Maria C. Franklin of Annapolis. Md. He served
as the executive officer on the gun-boat Wateree
in the Pacific. 1864-66. and in 1865 he put
down an insurrection of Chinese coolies in the
Chincha Islands, and later, during a revolu
tion at La Union. San Salvador, landed 100 men
there and protected the United States interests.
On July 25, 1866. he was promoted lieutenant-
commander, and served as an instructor at the
Naval academy. 1866-69. He served as executive
officer of the L .S.S. Benicia. on the Asiatic
station. 1869-72. and in June. 1871, took an active
part in the capture of the forts on the Salee river

[035]




SCIILEY



SCHMIDT



in Korea. Lieut. Hugh K. McKee was killed at
his side on the parapet while attacking the main
fortifications. He served as head of the depart
ment of modern languages at the Naval academy,
1872-76, and was promoted commander, June 10,
1874. He was on the Brazil station in the Essex,
1876-79, rescuing from the Island of Tristam
d Acamba an American crew shipwrecked there.
In 1884, he commanded an expedition that res
cued Lieut. Adolphus W. Greely and six compan
ions from death at Cape Sabine in Grinnell Land.
For this, the Maryland legislature gave him a
vote of thanks and a gold chronometer watch,
and the Massachusetts Humane Society presented
him with a gold medal. He was made chief
of bureau of equipment and recruiting for the
navy department at Washington, in 1885 ; was
promoted captain, March 31, 1888, and when the
Baltimore was put into commission, he took
command of her, 1889-92, commanding that ves
sel in Valparaiso where a number of her crew
were killed and wounded by a mob on shore. In
October of the same year he settled this difficulty
at Valparaiso, the Chilian government apologizing
for the insult, and paying an indemnity of $75.-
000. In August, 1891, he carried the body of
John Ericsson, the inventor of the monitor, to
Sweden, and was presented with a gold medal by
the king. He served as light-house inspector,
1893-95, and on the cruiser New York, 1895-97,
and as chairman of the lighthouse board, 1897-98.
On Feb. 6. 1898, he was promoted commodore,
was later selected to command the flying squad
ron to protect the Atlantic seaboard with the
U.S. cruiser Brooklyn as his flagship. He was

BPOOKLYAI




present in the battle which destroyed Cervera s
squadron and captured its personel off Santiago,
July 3, 1898. On Aug. 10, 1898, he was pro
moted by the President to the rank of rear-
admiral, " for eminent and conspicuous conduct
in battle," and on August 29, was appointed one
of the commissioners to direct the evacuation
of Porto Rico. In December of the same year
he was presented with a jewelled medal by the
Maryland legislature, and given its vote of thanks
and a service of silver by Maryland friends. He
was assigned to duty on the naval examining
board, April 14, 1899, and on April 27, was trans



ferred to the naval retiring board as senior mem
ber. In December, 1898, the people of Penn
sylvania presented him a gold and jewelled sword.
He received the degree of LL.D. from George
town university, June 22, 1899, and on Xov. 4 of
the same year, the people of Atlanta presented
him with a silver loving cup. He was assigned
to duty as commander of the South Atlantic
squadron, Xov. 18. 1899. and was retired Oct. 9.
1901, having reached the age limit fixed by law.
The fact that Commodore Sampson was tempo
rarily absent, by order of the President, from San
tiago on the morning Cervera made his effort to
escape from the harbor, caused a dispute between
the respective friends of Sampson and Schley as
to who was actually in command of the United
States fleet on that day. The third volume of
" A History of the United States" by E. S. Mac-
lay (the first two volumes of which had been
adopted as a text-book by the Naval academy)
contained reflections on Schley s conduct, charg
ing him with irregularities. At Scliley s request
a court of inquiry convened Sept. 1, 1901. to in
vestigate his conduct during the fight, and the
majority report, which was not wholly favorable
to Schley, was strongly excepted to by Admiral
Dewey, the president of the court, in all important
particulars. The report freed Schley of the
charge of irregularity and the congress of the
United States thereupon prohibited the use of
Mac-lay s history in the U.S. Naval academy.
Admiral Schley is the author of The Rescue of
GreeJif (18*6).

SCHMIDT, Frederick Augustus, clergyman,
was born in Leutenberg, Thuringia, Germany,
Jan. 3. 1837: son of John Frederick and Helena
(Wirth) Schmidt. His father died in 1839,
and his mother, having relatives in Martin
Stephen s colony in Missouri, came to America in
1841. In 1853 he was graduated at Concordia
college, St. Louis. Mo., a member of the first
class, and in 1857 was graduated from the Con
cordia Theological seminary at St. Louis, Mo.
He was married, Dec. 8, 1858, to Carolina, daugh
ter of Joachim and Elisabeth (Weisliaha) All-
wardt of Plato, N.Y. He was pastor at Eden,
N.Y., 1857-59, of St. Peter s. Baltimore. Md.,
1859-61, and was professor in the Norwegian
Lutheran college at Decorah, Iowa. 1861-71, at
Concordia Theological seminary, 1871-76, and at
the Norwegian Lutheran seminary, Madison,
Wis., 1876-86. In 1886 he became professor of
systematic theology at the Norwegian Lutheran
Divinity school, Northfield, Minn. Upon the
formation of the United Norwegian Lutheran
church in 1890, he became senior professor of its
theological seminary, at St. Anthony Park, St.
Paul, Minn. He received the degree of D.D.
from Capitol university, Columbus, Ohio. He



[G3G]



SCHMUCKER



SCHNEIDER



edited several Lutheran papers in the English,
German and Norwegian languages, and is the
author of Intuit u Fidei.

SCHMUCKER, Samuel Mosheim, author, \vas
born in Ne\v Market, Va., Jan. 12, 1823; son of
Dr. SaniuelS. Sehmucker (q.v.). He was grad
uated from Washington college, Pa., in 1840, and
from the Lutheran seminary at Gettysburg in
1842 ; and \vas pastor of Lutheran churches at
Lewistown, Pa., 1842-45, and Germantown, Pa.,
1845-48. He was a student and secretary at the
Philadelphia Law academy , 1848-50, and practised
law in Philadelphia, 1850-53 ; in New York city,
1853-55. and in Philadelphia, 1855-63. He is the
author of: Errors of Modern Infidelity (1848) ;
Election of Judges by the People, and Constitu
tionality of the Maine Liquor Law (1852); Tlie
Spauis/i, Wife, a Play, ivith Memoir of Edwin
Forrest (1854); Court and Reign of Catherine II,
Empress of Russia (1855); Life and Reign of
Xicholas I of Russia (1856); Life of John C. Fre
mont icitJt his Explorations (1856) ; Life and
Times of Alexander Hamilton (1856); History of
the Mormons. Edited and Enlarged (1856); Life
and Times of Thomas Jefferson (1857) ; The Yan
kee Slave-Driver (1857); Memorable Scenes in
French History (1857); Arctic Explorations and
Discoveries (1857); Life of Dr. Elisha Kent Kane
and Other American Explorers (1858); History of
Sapoleon III (1858) ; History of the Four Georges
(1859); History of all Religions (1859); Life,
Speeches, and Memorials of Daniel Webster (1859) ;
Life and Tunes of Henry Clay (1860); Life of
Washington (1860); Bine Laws of Connecticut
(1860); History of the Modern Jcics (1860); and
^i History of the Civil War in the United States
(vol. I., 1863). He died in Philadelphia, Pa.,
May 12. 1S63.

SCHMUCKER, Samuel Simon, educator, was
born in Hagerstown, Md., Feb. 28, 1799 ; son of
the Rev. John George (1771-1854) and Catherine
(Gross) Sehmucker. He was a student at the
University of Pennsylvania, 1814-16, and at
Princeton Theological seminary, 1817-18 : was
principal of the academy at York, Pa.. 1818-20,
and served the Lutheran church, New Market,
Va., as pastor, 1820-26, receiving ordination. Sept.
5, 1821. He founded the Lutheran Theological
seminary at Gettysburg, Pa., in 1825 ; was its
only instructor, 1826-30 ; its professor of dogma
tic theology, 1826-64, and professor of intellectual
science in Pennsylvania college, 1832-33. He
helped to organize the Evangelical Lutheran
church in 1827, and in 1846 to connect it with the
parent body in Europe, being a delegate to the
convention of that year in London. He was
married to Catherine Steenbergen of Mt. Airy,
Va., and after her death to Esther Wagner of
Philadelphia, Pa. He received the honorary de



grees, A. B., 1819, and A.M., 1823, from the Uni
versity of Pennsylvania, and D.D. from Rutgers
college in 1832. He is the author of : Biblical
Theology (2 vols., 1826); Elements of Popular
Theology (1834); Kurzgefasste Geschichte der
Christlichen Kirche auf der Grundloge der
Busch en Werke (1834); Fraternal Appeal to the
American Churches on Christian Union (1838);
Portraiture of Lutheranism (1840); Retrospect
of Lutheranism (1841); Psychology, or Elements
of Mental Philosophy (1842); Dissertation on
Capital Punishment (1845); TJte American Luth
eran Church, Historically, Doct finally and Prac-
ticalli/ Delineated (1851) ; Lutheran Manual (1855) ;
American Lutheranism Vindicated (1856); Ap
peal on Behalf of the Christian Sabbath (1857);
Evangelical Lutheran Catechism (1859); The
Church of the Redeemer (1867); The Unity of
Christ s Church (1870), and various contributions
to periodical literature. He died in Gettysburg,
Pa., July 26. 1873.

SCHNEIDER, Albert, botanist and author,
was born in Granville, Putnam county. 111., April
13, 1862 ; son of John and Elizabeth (Burcky)
Schneider ; grandson of Johannes and Elisabeth
(Strack) Schneider and of Jacob and Madeline
(Krehbiel) Burcky. and a descendant of Dr. John
Burcky, who first arrived in New Orleans, and
later, 1804, settled in Cincinnati, Ohio. He at
tended the district schools and the Northern
Illinois Normal school : was graduated from the
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, 111.,
M.D., 1887, and from the University of Illinois,
B.S., 1894. He was married, June 28, 1892, to
Marie, daughter of Mitchell and Mary (Driscoll)
Harrington of Avoca, Minn. ; was instructor in
botany in the University of Minnesota, 1893 ; a
fellow in botany at Columbia university, 1894-
96, and in 1897 was made professor of botany,
pharmacognosy, materia medica and bacteri
ology in the Northwestern University School of
Pharmacy, Chicago, 111. He received the gradu
ate degree of M.S. from the University of Min
nesota, 1894, and that of Ph.D. from Columbia,
1897, and was elected a member of the Deutsche
Botanische Gesellschaft ; Societe Botanique In
ternationale ; the Society of American Authors,
and other organizations. Dr. Schneider is the
author of : Primary Microscopy and Biology
(1890) ; .4 Text-Book of General Lichenology
(1897) : Guide to the Study of Liichens (1898) ;
Hi)its on Drawing for Students of Biology (1899);
General Vegetable Pharmacography (1900) ; The
Limitations of Learning, and Other Science
Papers (1900) ; Powdered Vegetable Drugs (1902);
Useful Plants (1903) ; and numerous contribu
tions to scientific and other journals. He also
translated Westermaier s " Compendium der
Allgemeinen Botauik " (1896).



[637]



SCHOFF



SCHOFIELD



Schofield



SCHOFF, Stephen Alonzo, engraver, was
born at Danville, Vt., in 1818 ; soil of John Chase
and Eunice (Nye) Schoff ; grandson of John and
Pri.scilla (Chase) Schotf, and of Elisha Nye; of
German ancestry on his father s side, and English
on his mother s. He attended the public schools
at Newburyport, Mass., and went to Boston in
1834, to study and work at line engraving. In
1839-41, with his employer, Joseph Andrews, he
went to Paris, where lie studied drawing and
line engraving. Upon his return he began bank
note work in New York. He was employed in the
bureau of engraving in Washington, and later
resided in Boston, New York, Newtonville. Mass.,
and Brandon, Vt. His best known works are:
Caius Marias on the Ruins of Carthage (1843) ;
William Penn; a portrait of R. W. Emerson, after
Rowse ; The Bathers, after William M. Hunt ;
Moonlight Marine, after Dr. Hess.

SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, soldier, was
born in Gerry, N.Y., Sept. 29, 1831 ; son of the
Rev. James and Caroline (McAllister) Schofield ;
grandson of James and Margaret (Wheeler)
and of John and Sara (Brewster)
McAllister, and a de
scendant of Elder
William Brewster of
the Mayflower. He
attended the public
schools of Gerry, Bris
tol and Freeport, and
was graduated from
the U.S. Military
academy and ap
pointed brevet 2nd
lieutenant. 2nd artil
lery, July 1, 1853.
He served on garri
son duty at Fort
Moultrie, S.C., and
in Florida, 1853-55;
was promoted 2nd lieutenant, 1st artillery, Aug.
31, 1853, and 1st lieutenant. March 3, 1855; was
assistant professor of natural and experimental
philosophy at the U.S. Military academy, 1855-56,
and principal assistant professor, 1856-60 ; and
was professor of physics in Washington univer
sity, Mo., 1860-61. He was appointed major, 1st
Missouri volunteer infantry, April 26, 1861, that
regiment being converted into artillery, August,
1861 ; and lie was promoted captain, 1st artillery,
U.S.A., May 14, 1861. He served as mustering
officer for the state of Missouri ; was chief of
staff to General Lyon. and took part in the
action of Dugspring, the battle of Wilson s
Creek, when Lyon was killed, and the action at
Fredericktown. He was appointed brigadier-
general. U.S. volunteers, Nov. 21, and brigadier-
general, Missouri militia. Nov. 26, 1861, and com-




manded the militia of Missouri, 1861-62. and the
army of the frontier and district of south-west
Missouri, 1862-63. He was appointed major-
general, U.S.V.. Nov. 29, 1862, his commission
expiring by constitutional limitation, March 4.
1863, when he again became brigadier-general,
U.S.V. He was a member of the board of ex
aminers of Mississippi river mortar boats, Dec.
9-31, 1862 ; and commanded the 3rd division, 14th
army corps. Army of the Cumberland, April 20
to May 31, 1863. He was re-appointed major-
general, U.S.V., May 12, 1863. and commanded
the department of the Missouri, 1863-64. and the
department and Army of the Ohio. 1864-65. He
commanded the Army of the Ohio in the invasion
of Georgia, May 2-Sept. 7, 1864, and commanded
the force that opposed General Hood in his ad
vance from Florence, Ala., into Tennessee. He
defeated Hood s army at Franklin. Tenn.. Nov.
30, 1864, being appointed origadier-general,
U.S.A., on the same day, and brevetted major-
general, U.S.A., March 13. 1865, for gallant and
meritorious services in the battle of Franklin,
Tenn. He commanded the 23rd army corps in
the battle of Nashville, Dec. 15 and 16, 1864. and
was in command of the department of North
Carolina, February to May, 1865, being engaged
in the capture of Forts Anderson and Wilming
ton, the occupation of Kinstoii, the march to
Goldsboro, and in the surrender of the Confeder
ate States army under Gen. J. E. Johnston at
Durham Station, North Carolina, April 26, 1865,
where he was detailed to execute the military
convention of capitulation. He remained in
command of the department of North Carolina
until June, 1865, and was sent on a special mis
sion to Europe, 1865-66. He commanded the de
partment of the Potomac with headquarters at
Richmond, Va., 1866-67, and the first Military
district, state of Virginia. 1867-68. He was
honorably mustered out of the volunteer service,
Sept. 1, 1866; succeeded Edwin M. Stanton as
secretary of war. June 2, 1868, and served in
Johnson s and Grant s administrations until
March 12, 1869. He was promoted major-
general, U.S.A., March 4, 1869, and took com
mand of the department of the Missouri in that
month. He commanded the division of the Paci
fic, 1870-76 and also in 1882-83 ; was superin
tendent of the U.S. Military academy. 1876-8! ;
commanded the division of the Missouri. 1883-86.
and the division of the Atlantic, . 1886-88. He
then commanded the Army of the United States,
1888-95. He was promoted lieutenant-general,
U.S.A., Feb. 5. 1895, under a special act of con
gress, and was retired. Sept. 29, 1895, on reaching
the age limit. He was president of the board
that adopted the tactics for the army in 1870 ;
and president of the board of review of the Fitz-



[6381



SCHOLFIELD



SCHOOLCRAFT



John Porter case in 1878. He was sent on a
special mission to Hawaii in 1873. He was
a \varded a medal of honor for conspicuous gal
lantry at the battle of Wilson s Creek, Mo., Aug.
10, 1*01. The honorary degree of LL.D. was
conferred on him by the University of Chicago
in 1885. He was married, first, June, 1857, to
Harriet, daughter of William Holmes Chambers
and Harriet (Whitehorn) Bartlett of West Point,
N.Y. ; she died in December, 1888. In June,
1891, he married, secondly, Georgia Kilbourne.
daughter of Mrs. Augusta Wells Kilbourne of
Keokuk, Iowa. He is the author of: Forty-six
Years in the Army (1898).

SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in
Clark county, 111., Aug. 1, 1834; son of Thomas
and Ruth (Beauchamp) Scholfield. The Schol-
lields came from England to Pennsylvania at an
early date in the pioneer immigration to the pro
vince, settled in West Chester, and after the Rev
olution removed to Loudoun county, Virginia;
a part of the family removing thence to Musk-
inguni county. Ohio, and thence to Clark county,
111. lie was brought up on a farm ; taught a
district school and studied law, 1851-54 : was