1899, he was appointed U.S. senator in 1900 by
Acting-Governor Nebeker to fill the vacancy, but
declined, preferring to continue as a practising
attorney at Salt Lake city. He is the author of :
Chancery Pleadings and Practice, (1882), and
Practice in the Supreme Court of Michigan (1884).
POWERS, Preston, sculptor, was born in
Florence, Italy, April 3, 1843 ; son of Hiram (q.v.)
and Elizabeth (Gibson) Powers. He learned the
art of modeling from his father, devoting himself
principally to busts and statues, 1867-73. He was
married, April 16, 1872, to Henrietta Winslow,
daughter of Alford and Ann (Rebecca) Dyer of
Portland, Maine. He executed the statue of
Jacob Collamer in 1875, placed in Statuary Hall,
Washington, D.C., and that of Reuben Springer
in 1881, placed in Music Hall, Cincinnati, Ohio.
He also made portrait busts of Louis Agassiz
(1874), in the museum, Cambridge, Mass.; John
G. Whittier (1874), in the library at Haverhill,
Mass., and a replica in the Boston public library ;
Charles Stunner (1874), in Bowdoin college;
Ulysses S. Grant (1874), in the war department
at Washington, D.C. ; Emanuel Swedenborg
(1876), and Langdon Cheves (1876). His ideal
works include : Maud Mutter (1876); busts of
Evangeline (1876) and Peasant Girl (1878); Bison
and Indian (bronze, 1892), and Romola (1893).
His Bison and Indian, which was placed in the
Capitol grounds at Denvor, Col., was the subject
of Whittier s poem " A Closing Era." Mr. Powers
was the originator of the intaglio portrait medal
lions (1896) for which he received from King
Humbert of Italy the cross of the Knights of
Italy, motuproprio.
POWERS, Ridgley Ceylon, governor of Mis
sissippi, was born in Mecca, Ohio, Dec. 24, 1830 ;
son of Milo and Lucy (Dickenson) Powers ; grand
son of Jacob and Nancy (Pumfryy) Powers and
of Samuel and Elizabeth (Ensign) Dickenson ;
and a descendant of the New
Jersey branch of the Powers
family dating back to Solo
mon Powers of the 31<iy-
flower, and of the Dickensons,
early settlers in Connecticut.
He was educated at Western
Reserve seminary, taught
school in Illinois, attended the University of
Michigan, 1859-02. and was graduated from Union
college, A.B., 1802. with highest honors, receiving
the 1st Blatchford prize ; A.M.. 1865. He studied
law, and at the opening of the civil war entered
the Federal army ; was promoted captain in the
125th Ohio infantry, and lieutenant-colonel by
brevet, and later assistant adjutant-general. 2d
division, 4th army corps. At the close of the war
he settled in Mississippi ; entered politics, became
lieutenant-governor of Mississippi in 1870 and was
governor of the state, 1872-74. He lived in Macon,
Miss., in 1875, and in 1879 became a resident of
Prescott, Ariz. He was married first, May 5, 1875,
to Louisa, daughter of Charles P. and Alice Bolm
of Cleveland, Ohio ; and secondly, Oct. 27. 1892,
to Mary J., daughter of Thomas and Anna (Reid)
Wilson of Cleveland. Ohio.
POWERS, Samuel Leland, representative, was
born in Cornish, N.H., Oct. 26, 1848 ; son of Lar-
ned and Ruby M. Powers. He attended Kimball
Union academy and Phillips Exeter academy,
N.H., and was graduated from Dartmouth col
lege, A.B., 1874, receiving the Lockwood prizes
for oratory and composition. He taught school
in Cape Cod ; studied law in the University of the
City of New York, and in the law office of Verry
and Gaskell, Worcester, Mass. ; was admitted
to the Worcester county bar in November, 1875,
and began practice in Boston, January, 1876, sub
sequently acting as the legal representative of
the New England Telephone and Telegraph com
pany, 1876. He was a delegate to the Inter
national Treaty convention at Paris in 1878.
He was married in June, 1878, to Eva C. Crowell
of Dennis, Mass., and in 1882 made his home
in Newton, Mass., where he was president
of the common council, and member of the
school board. In 1886 he served as chairman of
the Republican committee in the ninth congres
sional district ; was Republican representative
from the eleventh district to the 57th congress,
1901-03, and was re-elected from the twelfth
district in 1902 to the 58th congress, for the term
expiring March 3, 1 905. He founded a scholarship
at Dartmouth, and the Dartmouth Educational
1332]
POYDRAS
PRANG
association ; was president of the Kiinball Union
Alumni Association of Massachusetts and of the
Dartmouth club of Boston ; a member of the
Pierce Light Guards and First Corps Cadets, and
a life-member of the Veteran Cadet Corps. Mass
achusetts militia. He is the author of several
Memorial Day orations.
POYDRAS DE LALANDE, Julien, delegate,
was born in Nantes, France, April 3. 1746.
The young Protestant Frenchman went to Santo
Domingo, and thence to Louisiana about 1701, and
was disappointed when in 1763 the territory was
transferred to Spain. He had sufficient capital to
stock a pedlar s pack with salable goods, and lie
traveled through the outlying parishes of Ne\v
Orleans, disposing of his wares. It was not long
before his possessions became numerous and his
home a hospitable mansion where he entertained
lavishly, numbering among his distinguished
guests, the Duke of Orleans in 171)8. He was
delegate from the territory of Orleans to the llth
and 12th congresses, having succeeded Daniel
Clark, and served from May 31, 1809, to the ad
mission of the state of Louisiana, April 80, 1812.
His benefactions were princely for his time. He
founded an asylum for orphan boys : bequeathed
$40,000 to the Charity Hospital, New Orleans;
gave $30,000 to establish a college for orphan
boys in his parish of Pointe Coupee ; $30.000 to
the parish of Baton Rouge, and $30.000 to the
parish of Pointe Coupee, the annual interest to
be given to young girls of the respective parishes
without fortune, who should marry within the
year. Before he died he made a fruitless effort
to give freedom to his slaves. He is the author
of : A Defence of Vie Right of the Public to the
Baft ure of Xeir Orleans (1809): Further Observa
tions in Support of the Right of the Public to the
Batture of Xew Orleans (1809). and an Address to
the Legislature on the same subject. He died at
his home in the parish of Pointe Coupee, La.,
June -35, 1824.
POYNTER, William Amos, governor of Ne
braska, was born in Eureka. 111., May 29. 1848;
son of the Rev. William Chapman and Huldah
Jane (Watkins) Poynter ; grandson of John and
Martha Poynter and of War-
ren and Nancy Watkins,
and a descendant of English
ancestors. He was graduated
from Eureka college in 1867,
and engaged in farming and
stock growing in Albion,
Neb. He was married, Oct.
12, I860, to Maria, daughter of Joseph and Cynthia
McCorkle of Eureka, 111. He was a representative
in the Nebraska legislature. 1885; a state senator
and president pro tempore of that bod} , 1891 ; the
Independent candidate from the third congres
sional district of Nebraska for representative in
the 53d congress in 1893, and was defeated by
George D. Meiklejohn, Republican ; a member
of the Nebraska state commission for the Trans-
Mississippi exposition, 1898 ; governor of Ne
braska, 1899-1901, and on Jan. 1, 1901, was elec
ted supreme commander of the American Order
of Protection.
PRANG, Louis, art publisher, was born in
Breslau, Germany, March 12, 1824 ; son of Louis
Nicholas and Rosina (Scherman) Prang. He
was educated in the public schools of Breslau,
1829-38, and in the latter year entered a factoiy,
where he fitted to superintend the manufacture
of print cloth. He was married Nov. 1, 1841, to
Rosa Gerber of Berne, Switzerland. During
1844-48 he traveled through the manufacturing
districts of Europe to study the varying methods
of dyeing and calico printing, with a view to
establishing a factory in Bohemia. He took part
in the Revolutionary movement in Germany in
1848, and in consequence was forced to leave the
country. In April, 1850, he settled in Boston,
Mass., where, failing to obtain employment in
his previous calling, he established himself first
as publisher of monumental drawings, and in
1851 as a wood engraver. In 1856 he opened a
lithographic establishment under the firm name
of Prang and Mayer, and in 1860 became the sole
owner of the business, making a specialty of
color printing and becoming prominent as the
publisher of Christmas cards and other art pub
lications. He inaugurated the offering of prizes
for original designs, and wielded a considerable
influence in directing the public taste of America
toward things artistic. He began the publica
tion of drawing books for the public schools in
1874, and organized the Prang Educational com
pany of Boston in 1881, to which this branch of
his business was transferred. Mr. Prang made a
lifelong study of color in relation to printing
and to the arts in general. Probably his most
important work in color printing was the making
of the color plates illustrating Mr. W. T. Walters
Collection of Oriental Porcelains, published under
the title : "Walters Collection" (of Oriental pot
tery) (1899). In 1899 he retired from business,
consolidating his lithographic establishment with
another publishing house under the name of the
Taber Prang Art company. He was married,
secondly, April 15, 1900, to Mrs. Mary (Dana)
Hicks of Boston, Mass. He is the author of:
The Prang Standard of Color (1898). and the
joint author of Suggestions for Color Instruction
(1893).
PRANG, Mary (Dana) Hicks, art educator,
was born in Syracuse, N.Y., Oct. 7. 1836; daughter
of Major and Agnes Amelia (Johnson) Dana ;
granddaughter of Major and Mary (Nood) Dana
[333]
PRATT
PRATT
and of Benjamin and Lydia (Stearns) Johnson,
and a descendant of Richard Dana, who came fco
Cambridge, Mass., in 1640. She was graduated
from Allen seminary, Rochester, N.Y., in 1852,
and later pursued special studies at Harvard and
at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. She was
married in Syracuse, N.Y., Oct. 7, 1836, to Charles
Spencer Hicks, who died in 1858. She was presi
dent of the Social Art club, Syracuse, 1875-80 ;
director of the Prang Normal Art classes, 1877-
1900, and was married secondly, April 15, 1900,
to Louis Prang (q.v.) of Boston, Mass. She was
president of the Massachusetts Floral Emblem
society, 1898-1901, and a member of numerous
philanthropic, progressive, educational and social
clubs. Her published works include : Tlie Use of
Models (with John S. Clark, 1886); Form Study
without Clay (1887) ; The Prang Two Courses in
Form Study and Drawing and an Elementary
Course in Art Instruction (with John S. Clark
and Walter S. Perry (1886-1900) ; Suggestions for
Color Instruction (with John S. Clark and Louis
Prang, 1893) ; Art Instruction for Children in
Primary Schools (2 vols., 1900), and many contri
butions to educational and art periodicals.
PRATT, Calvin Edward, soldier and jurist,
was born in Princeton, Mass., Jan. 23, 1828; son
of Eben (or Edward) A. and Miriaime (Stratton)
Pratt ; grandson of Capt. Joshua Pratt of Shrews
bury, Mass., and of Samuel Stratton of Princeton,
who settled in Plymouth, Mass., about 1622. He
attended Wilbraham and Worcester academies ;
taught school in Uxbridge, Sutton and Worcester,
Mass., studied law and was admitted to the bar
in 1852. He was married to Miss Ruggles of
Rochester, Mass. ; practised in Worcester, 1852-
59, and in Brooklyn, N.Y., 1859-61, and studied
forensic medicine. He was a member of the
Massachusetts Democratic Central committee
and a delegate from Massachusetts to the Demo
cratic National convention at Cincinnati, June 2,
1856. He belonged to the Massachusetts infantry,
and at the opening of the civil war organized the
31st N.Y. volunteers, led them in the battle of
Bull Run and was promoted colonel. He was
wounded in the face by a bullet at the battle of
Gaines s Mill, June 27, 1862 ; was promoted briga
dier-general of volunteers, Sept. 10, 1862 ; com
manded a brigade at Antietam, Fredericksburg
and Chancellorsville, and resigned from service,
April 1, 1863. He was a lawyer in Brooklyn,
N.Y., 1859-61, 1863-69 and 1891-95; collector of
internal revenue. 1865-66 ; judge of the supreme
court of New York, 1869-91 ; associate judge of
the appellate division of the supreme court, 1895-
96. He died in Rochester, Mass., Aug. 3, 1896.
PRATT, Charles, philanthropist, was born at
Watertown, Mass., Oct. 2. 1830; son of Asa and
Eliza (Stone) Pratt ; grandson of Jacob Pratt of
Maiden, Mass., and a descendant of Richard Pratt,
who, emigrated from Essex, England, to America
and settled at Maiden, Mass. He attended the
academy at Wilbraham, Mass., one } r ear ; in 1849
engaged as a clerk in a paint and oil store in Bos
ton, and afterward became a member of the firm
of Reynolds, Devoe and Pratt in New York city.
He was twice married ; first, in 1854, to Lydia
Ann, daughter of Thomas Richardson of Belmont,
Mass., and had one son, Charles Millard (q.v.),
and one daughter, Lydia Richardson. His first
wife died in 1861, and he married in 1863, her
sister, Mary Helen Richardson, by whom he had
five sons and one daughter. He purchased the oil
part of the business, subsequently built a petro
leum refinery at Greeiipoint, N. Y., where he man
ufactured Pratt s Astral Oil under the firm name
of Charles Pratt & Co., which later became the
Pratt Manufacturing company and was finally
absorbed by the Standard Oil company, in which
he was a director and officer. He was a trustee
of Adelphi academy, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1867-91 ;
president of the board, 1879-91, and in 1886 con
tributed $160.000 for a new building. He founded
the Pratt Institute at Brooklyn in 1887, established
as an industrial, manual and training school ;
built the tenement known as the " Astral," its
income to be used for the benefit of the Institute,
and left an endowment of $2.000,000, at his
death. The administration of the institute was
continued by his sons, Charles Millard Pratt,
George D. Pratt, Herbert L. Pratt, John T. Pratt
and Frederic B. Pratt, who constituted a board
of trustees. In an address made on Founder s day
1891, he said: " The giving that counts is the giv
ing of one s self." His many charities included
the establishment of the Asa Pratt fund fora free
reading room in Watertown, Mass., in memory
of his father, and his large contribution to the
erection of the Emmanuel Baptist church of
Brooklyn, of which he was a member. He died
in New York city, May 4, 1891.
PRATT, Charles Millard, educationist, was
born in Brooklyn, N.Y., Nov. 2. 1855 ; son of
Charles (q.v.) and Lydia Ann (Richardson) Pratt.
He was graduated at Adelphi academy in 1875
and at Amherst in 1879. He entered his father s
business, and on May 8. 1884, married Mary Sey
mour, daughter of Governor Luzon B. Morris
(q.v. ) . He beciime a director and secretary of the
Standard Oil company, of the Long Island rail
road and of the Boston and Maine railroad, and
director of Mechanics National bank and of the
Brooklyn Trust Co. In 1891, on the death of
his father, he was elected president of the board
of trustees of Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, N.Y. ,
his brother, Frederic B. Pratt, serving as secretary
and treasurer. He served as a trustee of Amherst
college and of Vassar college.
[334 J
PRATT
PRATT
PRATT, Daniel Darwin, senator, was born in
Palermo, Maine, Oct. 26, 1813. His parents
removed to New York state during his childhood,
and he was graduated from Hamilton college in
1831. He taught school in Indiana, 1832 ; was
employed in the office of the secretary of state at
Indianapolis ; studied law, 1834-30, and practised
in Logansport, Ind. He was a member of the
state legislature in 1851 and 1853 ; a delegate to
the Republican national convention of 1860,
where he acted as chief secretary, and was elected
a Republican representative from the eighth
Indiana district to the 41st congress, but before
the congress met lie was elected U.S. senator to
succeed Thomas A. Hendricks. He served in
the senate, 1869-?."), and was commissioner of
internal revenue, 1875-76, resigning, July, 1876.
He received the honorary degree LL.D. from
Hamilton college in 1872. He died at Logans-
port. Ind., June 17, 1877.
PRATT, Enoch, philanthropist, was born in
North Middleborough, Mass., Sept. 10, 1808; son
of Isaac and Naomi (Keith) Pratt, and a descend
ant of Phinehas Pratt, who was born in England.
1590 ; came to this country in the ship Sparrow,
landing at Plymouth,
Mass., 16-21, and
died in Charlestown,
Mass., April 19, 1680.
Enoch Pratt was
graduated at Bridge-
water academy in
18 , 3 ; entered busi
ness in Boston, and
in 1831 removed
to Baltimore, Md.,
where he engaged
first as a commission
merchant and sub
sequently in the iron
business. He was
married, Aug. 1, 1837,
to Maria Louisa Hyde of Baltimore. He was
president of the Farmers and Planters bank,
Baltimore, Md., for many years, and through his
wholesale iron business and other enterprises he
acquired an estate of about $5,000.000. He gave
a farm of 750 acres at Cheltenham, Md., as a site
for a house of reformation and instruction for
colored children and endowed an academy at Mid
dleborough, Mass., with $30,000. He served as
finance commissioner of Baltimore, and as pre
sident of the board of directors of the Maryland
School for the Deaf, at Frederick city. Besides
many other generous gifts, he gave Baltimore a
central public library building, and an endow
ment of $833.333.33 for the maintenance of the
Enocli Pratt Free Library of the City of Balti
more. The building and endowment, costing the
donor in all $1,148,000 were conveyed to the city,
July 2, 1883, the library being formally opened to
the public, Jan. 4, 1886. Mr. Pratt bequeathed
$100,000 to Meadville (Pa.) Theological school;
$10,000 to the Boys Home in Baltimore, and on
condition of its adopting the name " Sheppard
and Enoch Pratt Hospital," he left his residuary
estate to the Sheppard asylum, Baltimore. He
was a prominent member of the Unitarian church.
He died at Tivoli, Md., Sept. 17. 1896.
PRATT, John, educator, was born in Thomp
son, Conn., Oct. 12, 1800. He was brought up on
a farm, worked in a mill and fitted himself for a
school teacher. He was prepared for college at
Amherst (Mass.) academy, 1820-21 ; spent over
three years at Columbia college. Washington,
D.C., 1821-24, and was graduated from Brown
university, A.B., 1827, A.M., 1830. He was a
student at Newton Theological institution for
twenty months, 1827-31 ; was an instructor in
languages at Transylvania college, Kentucky,
1828-29 ; was ordained to the Baptist ministry,
May 12, 1830, and was pastor of First church.
New Haven, Conn., 1829-30; principal of the
academy at Soutli Reading. Mass., for six months,
1830-31, and in 1831 was elected president of the
Granville (Ohio) Literary and Theological in
stitute, incorporated in 1833 as Denison university.
He rescued the school from bankruptcy and was
its president, 1831-37. meantime serving as pro
fessor of theology, 1835-37. On resigning the
presidency in 1837, he accepted the chair of Greek
and Latin and resigned that chair in 1859. He
received the degree D.D. from Denison university,
Ohio, in 1878. He was married first, in 1830, to
Mary Glover Cory of Rhode Island, and secondly,
in 1855, to Susan C. Wheeler of Licking county,
Ohio. He died on his farm near Granville,
Ohio. Jan. 4, 1882.
PRATT, Orson, Mormon leader, was born in
Hartford, N.Y., Sept, 19, 1811 ; son of Jared and
Charity (Dickinson) Pratt ; grandson of Obadiah
and Jemima (Tolls) Pratt, and a descendant of
Lieut. William Pratt, the immigrant. He was
liberally educated : joined the Mormon church.
Sept. 19, 1830 ; was ordained elder by Joseph
Smith in the same month, and high priest in
1832. He traveled in the United States, Canada
and Great Britain, and was chosen one of the
twelve apostles of the church in 1835, being tenth
in order of the quorum. He was married, July 4,
1836, to Sarah Marinda. daughter of Cyrus Bates
of Henderson, N.Y. He preceded the main body
of pioneers into Salt Lake Valley in 1847, and
was president of all the churches of the Latter-
day Saints in Great Britain and the adjacent
countries, 1848-50, the number of church mem
bers being increased from 18.000 to 36,000 during
his administration. He edited The Millenial Star
[3351
PRATT
PRATT
at Manchester, Eng. ; returned to Utah in 1851,
and was a representative in the territorial legis
lature for several years, serving repeatedly as
speaker. While on a mission to Washington,
B.C., in 1852-53 he edited and published eighteen
issues of a monthly entitled The Seer. He was
president of the churches in the United States
and in the British Province east of the Rocky
Mountains. In 1854. he published his discovery
of the law of planetary rotation, namely, that the
cubic roots of the densities of planets vary as the
square roots of their periods of rotation. He
went on an unsuccessful mission to Austria in
1865 ; was appointed professor of mathematics in
Deseret university, Utah, in 1869, and church
historian and general church recorder in 1874.
He held a notable discussion on polygamy with
Dr. John P. Newman in 1870. He is the author
of : The Prophetic Almanac (1845) ; Divine Authen
ticity of the Book of Mormons (6 parts) ; Series of
Pamphlets on Mormonism, until Tiro Discussions
(1851); Patriarchal Order, or Plurality of Wires
(1853); Cubic and Biquadratic Equations (1866);
Key to the Universe (1879); The Great First
Cause ; The Absurdities of Immaterial ism, and
many religious pamphlets. He left in MS.
Lectures on Astronomy and Differential Calculus,
and at the time of his death was engaged in a
work entitled A New System of the Universe. He
died in Salt Lake city, Utah. Oct. 3, 1881.
PRATT, Parley Parker, Mormon leader, was
born in Burlington. N.Y., April 12, 1807 ; son of
Jared and Charity (Dickinson ) Pratt. He received
a common school education, and was married,
Sept. 9, 1827, to Thankful (Halsey) Halsey of
Canaan, N.Y. He became a Baptist preacher,
but was converted to Mormonism in 1830. He
was chosen one of the first quorum of the twelve
apostles in 1835, and traveled widely in the
United States in his efforts to make converts,
numbering among them John Taylor (q.v.) in
1836. He was imprisoned by the local authorities
in Far West, Mo., for seven months in 1839;
finally escaped and joined the sect at Quincy,
111., and visited England on a mission in 1840 and
1846, during the former year establishing and
editing The Millenial Star at Manchester. He
was one of the first to explore the Great Salt Lake
Valley in 1847 and 1849, Parley s Canon and
Parley s Peak being named in his honor. He
served in the territorial legislature of Utah and as
sisted in forming a constitution for the provisional
government of Deseret. He made a proselyting
tour to the Pacific coast in 1851 and 1854, and
while on a like mission eastward in 1856, was as
sassinated. He translated the Book of Mormon
into Spanish, preparatory to a second visit to
South America; published several pamphlets,
and is the author of : The Voice of Warning and
Instruction to all People, or an Introduction to
the Faith and Doctrine of the Latter Day Saints
(1837); History of the Persecutions in Missouri
(1839); Key to the Science of Theology (1854). He
was killed near Van Buren. Ark., May 13, 1857.
PRATT, Robert M., portrait painter, was
born at Binghamton, N.Y., March 21. 1811 ; son
of Zenas and Sally (Sabin) Pratt ; grandson of
Elias and Patience (Clark) Pratt, and a descen
dant of Lieut. William Pratt. He studied art
under Samuel F. B. Morse and Charles C. Ing-
ham, and established himself in New York city
as a portrait and flower painter. He was elected
an associate of the National Academy of Design
in 1849 and an academician in 1851. His portraits
include ; Aaron D. SJtattuck (1859), and George H.
Smillie (1865), both owned by the National Acad
emy. He died in New York city, Aug. 31, 1880.
PRATT, Samuel Wheeler, author, was born in
Livonia, N.Y. , Sept. 9, 1838: son of George
Franklin and Sarah Ann (Wilcox) Pratt ; grand
son of George and Charlotte (Risdon) Pratt and
of Abner and Sally (Horton) Wilcox, and a
descendant of Lieut. William Pratt, who came
to Cambridge, Mass., in 1633 and removed to
Hartford, Conn., in 1636. He was graduated
from Geneseo academy, 1856, from Williams col
lege in 1860, and from Auburn Theological
seminary in 1863 ; and was ordained by the pres
bytery of St. Lawrence in July, 1863. He was
married, Aug. 12, 1863, to Lucillia Bates, daughter
of Alfred and Ann (Beals) Field of Canandaigua,