Scotland, where the family had been domiciled
since 1360, and settled in Salem. Mass., out of
which port he commanded privateers and
merchantmen for William Gray and others, and
sailing at the age of thirty on a Mediterranean
voyage was lost at sea, with all on board, when
in command of the ship Jn s. The son engaged
in business on his own account as a druggist at
Beverly, Mass., in 1796. He was married. June
4, 1*01, to Joannah, daughter of John and Eliza
beth (Herrick) Lovett of Beverly, Mass. He
was a representative in the state legislature,
1809-20 and 1823-33, and state senator. 1821-23.
He was a member of the state constitutional con
ventions of 1820 and 1853, and during the war of
1812 he served in the militia and coast guard,
1812-15, after which he became a member of the
Massachusetts Peace society. He was an early
opponent of the habitual use of strong drink, and
became a life member of the Massachusetts Tem-
perence society in -1812. He also opposed the re
tention of capital punishment. He was an en
thusiastic student and writer of local history.
He was one of the founders of a charity school
at Beverly, which was the first Sunday School
in America. For fifty consecutive years he filled
a number of parochial and town offices, writing
the yearly reports to the town of the poor de
partment, for half a century, He died in Bev
erly. Mass.. Oct. 24. 1858.

RANTOUL, Robert, Jr., statesman, was born
in Beverly, Mass., Aug. 13, 1805; son of Robert
Rantoul, the reformer (q.v.). He was gradu
ated from Harvard, A.B., 1826, A.M.. 1829;
studied law in Salem, Mass., and established
himself in practice there in 1829, removing
in 1830 to South Reading, Mass. He was
married, Aug. 3. 1831, to Jane E.. daughter of
Peter and Deborah (Gage) Wood bury of Bever
ly, and removed in 1832 to Gloucester, Mass.
He was the Democratic representative from Glou-



[-111]



RANTOUL



RAPHALL



cester in the state legislature, 1834-38 ; was a
member of the judiciary committee, and in 183G
of a special committee to revise the statute laws
of Massachusetts ; represented the state in the
first board of directors of the Western railroad,
1836-38, and in 1837 was appointed by Governor
Everett a member of the first Massachusetts
board of education, resigning in 1844. He re
moved to Boston, Mass., in 1839, and soon became
prominent as an advocate and lawyer. He was
U.S. district attorney for Massachusetts, 1845-
1849. On the resignation of Daniel Webster from
the U.S. senate in 1850, Governor Briggs of
Massachusetts appointed Robert C. Winthrop to
fill the vacancy, but upon the meeting of the
state legislature in 1851, Mr. Rantoul was elected
and served until the 4th of March, when the term
ended. He was elected by the coalition a repre
sentative in the 33d congress, 1851-52. In 1851
he was counsel for Thomas Simms, the first
fugitive slave surrendered by Massachusetts. He
published a weekly journal in Gloucester in the
interest of the Jacksonian Democracy, 1832-38 ;
was editor of a "Workingmeii s Library " and two
series of a " Common School Library and carried
the "Journeymen Bootmakers Case" through
the courts, establishing the right of laborers to
combine for business purposes. He died in Wash
ington, D.C., and rests at Beverly, under a stone
which bears an epitaph from the pen of Simmer.
On his sudden death at the. age of 47, Whittier
wrote elegiac verses which have been much ad
mired. The date of his death is Aug. 7, 1852.
RANTOUL, Robert Samuel, educator, was
born in Beverly, Mass., June 2, 1832; son of
Robert, Jr. (q.v.) and Jane E. (Woodbury) Ran
toul. He was graduated from Harvard college,
A.B., 1853, A.M. and LL.B., 1856; was admitted
to the Essex bar in 1856, and at once began prac
tice in Beverly and Salem. He was married, May
13, 1858, to Harriet Charlotte, daughter of David
Augustus and Harriet Charlotte (Price) Neal of
Salem, Mass. Captain Neal was a well known
merchant, and later president of the Eastern and
Illinois Central railroads. Mrs. Rantoul died,
May 20, 1899, leaving six sons and three
daughters. Mr. Rantoul was a representative
from Beverly in the state legislature of 1858, and
in 1884-85, from Salem, where he had resided
since 1858. He was collector of the port of
Salem and Beverly by appointment of Preisdent
Lincoln, 1865-69 ; mayor of Salem, 1890-93 ; a
candidate for presidential elector on the Palmer
and Buckner ticket, 1896, and in 1896 became
president of the Essex Institute. He is the
author of : Centennial of American Independence,
an oration delivered in Stuttgart, Germany, July
4, 1876 ; and of an address to the English speaking
residents of Stuttgart on the anniversary of the



death of Freiligrath in 1877 ; The Tico Hundred
and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Landing of John
Winthrop at Salem, an oration delivered before
the Essex Institute in 1880 ; of historical papers
in the Institute Collections, and of other contri
butions to local history and antiquarian research.

RAPALLO, Charles Antonio, jurist, was born
in New York city, Sept. 15, 1823 ; son of Antonio
and Elizabeth (Gould) Rapallo ; grandson of Ben
jamin Gould of Newburyport, Mass., a captain
in the Revolutionary army at Lexington, and
elected to the first congress from Massachusetts.
Antonio Rapallo came from Rapallo. Italy, to the
United States early in the nineteenth century,
his republican tendencies having brought him
into disfavor with his family and the Vatican,
and became a practising attorney and counselor at
law in New York city, having offices for many
years with John Anthon. Charles was brought up
under the personal direction of his father, who
supervised his education, teaching him the class
ics, the modern languages and the law. He was
admitted to the bar in 1844 ; practised in part
nership with Joseph Blunt, 1845-48 ; with Horace
F. Clark, 1848-68, and with James C. Spencer,
1868-70. He was married in 1852 to Helen,
daughter of Bradford Sumner of Boston, Mass.
He was elected an associate judge of the New
York court of appeals as a Democrat, serving
1870-84 ; was defeated as chief justice in 1880,
and re-elected associate judge fora second term
of fourteen years by both political parties in 1884.
He received the degree LL.D., Columbia, 1887.
He died in New York city. Dec. 28, 1887.

RAPHALL, Morris Jacob, clergyman, was
born in Stockholm, Sweden, in September, 1798.
He was educated in a Jewish college at Copen
hagen, Denmark ; learned the English language
in England, and made a tour through France,
Germany, Switzerland and Italy. He attended
the University of Giessen, Germany, 1821-24,
and in 1825 returned to England, where he mar
ried and made his home. In 1832 he entered
public life as a lecturer, delivering a course on
post-Biblical history at Sussex Hall, London, and
elsewhere ; and established the weekly Hebrew
Revieiv and Magazine of Rabbinical Literature,
the first Jewish periodical in England, which
was discontinued after seventy-eight numbers.
He acted for a time as secretary to the Rev. Dr.
Solomon Hirschel, chief rabbi of the German
congregations of the British Isles ; investigated
the persecutions of the Jews in Syria in 1840,
and was rabbi of the synagogue at Birmingham,
England, 1841-49. He was one of the founders
of the Hebrew National school ; immigrated to
the United States in 1849; was rabbi of the first
Anglo-German Jewish synagogue in New York
city, and subsequently of the congregation B nai



[412]



RAPPE



RAU



Jeshurun in New York city, where he labored
till his death, gaining a widespread reputation.
He received the degrees A.M. and Ph.D. from
the University of Giessen. He undertook with
other scholars an annotated translation of the
Scriptures, of which the volume on Genesis was
issued (1844) ; translated the Mishna with the
Rev. D. A. de Sola of London (1840), and many
Hebrew, German and French works into English.
He is the author of : Festivals of the Lord (1889) ;
Devotional Exercises for the Daughters of Israel
(1852); Post Biblical History of the Jews (3 vols.,
1855; new ed., 1866); The Path to Immortality
(1859). He died in New York city, June 23, 1868.

RAPPE, Louis Amadeus, R.C. bishop, was
born at Aiulrehem, Pas de Calais, St. Omer,
France. Feb. 3, 1801 ; son of Eloi and Marie
Antoinette (Noel) Rappe, who were peasants.
In 1821 he entered the college at Boulogne, and
after completing a classical course, made his
theological studies in the seminary of Arras, and
was ordained priest, March 14, 1829. He was
pastor at Wizme, 1829-34 ; chaplain of the Ursu-
line convent, Boulogne, 1834-40, and in 1840
came to Cincinnati, Ohio, with Bishop Purcell.
He was missionary in the Miami valley, 1841-47,
establishing churches in Maumee city and at
Toledo, and a branch of the Sisters of Notre
Dame at Toledo in 1846. When the diocese of
Cleveland was established, April 22, 1847, he was
named as its first bishop, and was consecrated,
Oct. 10, 1847, by Bishop Purcell, assisted by
Bishop Whelan of Wheeling. He began to build
the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in 1848,
and consecrated it in 1852. He introduced
various religious orders in his diocese and built
convents, asylums, schools and churches. He
attended the Vatican council at Rome in 1869,
and while there unfriendly members of his dio
cese accused him of wrong doing, and the pope
counseled his retirement, being misled by reports
which were soon found to be the result of a con
spiracy. He was not removed by the pope, but
resigned his bishopric, Aug. 22, 1870 ; retired to
St. Albans, Vt., and spent the rest of his life in
the diocese of Burlington, engaged in missionary
work in that diocese and in Canada. He was
subsequently offered another diocese, but de
clined. He died in St. Albans, Vt,, Sept. 7, 1877.

RATHBUN, Richard, naturalist, was born in
Buffalo, N.Y., Jan. 25, 1852 ; son of Charles
Rowland Rathbun ; grandson of Thomas and
Sarah (Rowland) Rathbun, and a descendant
of John Rathbone, one of the original pur
chasers and settlers of Block Island, R.I. (about
1660). He became interested at an early age in
the geology of the vicinity of Buffalo, and made
extensive collections of fossils as curator of
paleontology of the Buffalo Society of Natural




Sciences, 1869-71. He entered Cornell university
in 1871, but remained only two years. While
there he began studies upon the fossils collected
on the Brazilian expedition of Charles Frederick
Hartt (q.v.), which were continued later at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass. He was assistant in zoology at the Boston
Society of Natural History, 1874-75, and during
the same period a volunteer zoological assistant
on the summer expeditions of the U.S. fish com
mission ; geologist on the Imperial geological
commission of Brazil. 1875-78 ; scientific assis
tant on the U.S. fish commission, 1878-96, being
in charge of the division of scientific inquiry
from 1887 ; assistant in zoology at Yale, 1879-80 ;
U.S. representative on the joint commission with
Great Britain relative to the preservation of the
fisheries in the boundary waters between the
United States and Canada, 1892-96 ; assistant
curator from 1880. and- curator from 1883, of
the depart
ment of ma
rine inverte
brates in the
U.S. National
Museum. He
was appointed

assistant sec- S/-MTHSOA//AN

retary of the Smithsonian Institution. Jan. 27,
1897, and his duties after 1899 included the
charge of the U.S. National Museum. He is the
author of numerous scientific papers. He re
ceived the honorary degrees of M.S. from the In
diana university in 1883, and D.Sc. f rom Bowdoin
college in 1894.

RAU, Charles, archaeologist, was born in
Verviers, Belgium, in 1826. He attended the
university of Heidelberg ; came to the United
States in 1848; taught school in Belleville, 111.,
and subsequently in New York city until 1875,
when lie became curator in the U.S. National
Museum, Washington, D.C. He had charge of
the department of antiquities, 1875-87, and his
contributions to the publications of the Smith
sonian Institution, 1863-87, established his reputa
tion as a foremost American archaeologist. He
was a member of the principal archaeological and
anthropological societies in Europe and America.
He bequeathed his library and collections to the
U.S. National Museum. He received the degree
Ph.D. from the University of Freiburg, Baden,
in 1882. He is the author of : Early Man in
Europe (1876); The Archaeological Collections of
the United Slates National Museum (1876); The
Palenqne Tablet in the United States National
Museum (1879) : Articles on Anthropological Sub
jects 1S53-87 (1882), and at the time of his death
was engaged on an exhaustive archaeological
work. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., July 25, 1887.



[413J



RAUB



RAUCH




RAUB, Albert Newton, educator, was born
at Martinsville, Pa., March 28, 1840 : son of
John and Mary (Miller) Raub. He was gradu
ated in the scientific course of the State Normal
school at Millersville, Pa., in 1860; was princi
pal of the public
schools of Bedford,
Pa., 1800-01 ; had
charge of the schools
of Cressona.Pa., 18(51-
04 : was superintend
ent of the Ashland,
Pa., public schools,
18(54-00 ; professor of
English grammar and
literature in the State
Normal school at
Kutztown, Pa., 1800-
Os ; superintendent of
schools in Clinton
county and the city
schools of Lock Ha
ven, Pa., and principal of the Lock Haven
high schools, and of the Central Pennsylvania
State Normal school, which he was largely
instrumental in founding, 1877-84. In 18X8 he
became president of Delaware college, Newark,
Del. In 1805 be began his work as lecturer
before teachers institutes and other assem
blies, which work became an important part
of his professional life. He received the hon
orary degree A.M. from the College of New
Jersey (Princeton) in 1866, that of Ph.D. from
Lafayette in 1879. and that of LL.D. from Ursi-
nus college in 1895. He was president of the
Pennsylvania State Teachers association in 1871,
and in January, 1885, became editor and proprie
tor of the Educational News, a weekly. His
published works include series of grammars,
readers, and arithmetics; also: Plain Educa
tional Talks (1869) ; School Management (1882) ;
Studies in English and American Literature
(1882); Methods of Teaching (1883): .4 Practical
Rhetoric (1887) ; Helps in the Use of Good Enylisli
(1897).

RAUCH, Friedrich August, educator, was
born in Kirchbracht, Hesse-Darmstadt, Ger
many, July 27, 1806 ; son of a clergyman. He
was graduated at the University of Marburg in
1827 ; took post graduate studies at the Univer
sity of Giessen, 1S27-28 ; was assistant to his
uncle who conducted a literary institution in
Frankford, 1828-29; and taught in the Univer
sity of Heidelberg, 1829-30. and at the University
of Giessen, 1830-31. In 1831, being obliged to
leave the country owing to his free expression
of his political opinions, he came to the United
States and studied the English language. Mean
while he supported himself by giving lessons on



the piano and teaching the German language in
Lafayette college, 1833, and conducted a classi
cal school in connection with tiie German Re
formed Theological seminary, York, Pa.. 1X32-34.
He was ordained to the German Reformed min
istry in 1832. and was professor of Biblical litera
ture in the seminary, 1x32-41. He was married
in 1833 to a daughter of Laoini Moore of Morris-
town. N.J. He removed his academy, with the
seminary, to Mercersburg. Pa., in lx: >4. and in
183.1 the academy became Marshall college, of
which he was lirst president. 1S36-41. lie re
ceived the degree Ph.D. from Heidelberg and the
honorary degree of D.I), elsewhere. Ho is the
author of: DC Sophoclis Elect ra : DC liessitree-
tion Mortiioi iim ; Psychology; TJte Inner Lift-.
and Coinineiitari/ on Goethe s Faust. He died in
Mercersburg, Pa.. March 2. 1X41.

RAUCH, John Henry, physician, was burn in
Lebanon, Pa.. Sept. 4. 1S28 ; son of Kernhard
and Jane (Brown) Ranch, and a dtscendant of
the Rev. Christian Henry Ranch, a Reformed
Moravian clergyman, missionarv to the Indians,
1741-42 ; a German Reformed clergyman in
Lebanon. Berks, Lancaster, and other counties.
1746, and a teacher and preacher in Litit/. and
Warwick. Pa.. 1749. He prepared for college at
Lebanon academy, and was graduated at the
University of Pennsylvania. M.D., in 1849. He
removed to Burlington, Iowa, in 18,10. and as a
member of the Iowa State Medical society re
ported on the medical and economical botany
of the state in 1810. He was the first delegate
from Iowa to the American Medical association
in 18.11. He assisted Professor Agassiz in the
collection of materials for Natural Histori/ of
the United States, from valuable collections
secured from the Upper Mississippi and Missouri
rivers. 18.1.1-56. a description of which appeared
in Silliman s Journal of Natural Sciences. He
was an active member of the Iowa Historical
and Geological institute ; professor of materia
inedica in Rush Medical college, Chicago. 111..
1857-60; president of the Iowa State Medical
society, 1858, and an organizer and professor of
materia inedica and medical botany in the Chi
cago College of Pharmacy, 1S59-61. He was
brigade-surgeon in Hunter s and McDowell s
army in Virginia, 1861-62 ; assistant medical
director of the army of Virginia. 1802: of the
army in Louisiana, 1862-64 ; and at Detroit,
Mich., and in the Madison general hospital,
1864-65. He was mustered out with the brevet
rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1865 : settled in
Chicago, where he aided in reorganizing the
health service of the city in 1867, and was a
member of the board of health, and sanitary
superintendent, 1867-73. He visited the mining
regions of South America in 1870, in the hope



[411]



RAUM



RAVENEL



of bettering their sanitary condition. He was
president of the American Public Health asso
ciation in 1876 : first president of the Illinois
state board of health, 1877, and its secretary,
1878-80. His interest in the yellow fever epi
demic of 1878-79 resulted in the formation of
the sanitary council of the Mississippi Valley,
and the establishment of the river-inspection
service of the national board of health in 1879,
and lie also investigated the relation of small
pox to foreign immigration. He was a member
of the American Association for the Advance
ment of Science ; of the American Social Science
association, and one of the Agassiz memorial
committee. He is the author of: Intramural
Interments and their Influence on Health and
Epidemics (186(5) ; Practical Recommendations
for the Exclusion and Prevention of Asiatic
Cholera in Xortli America (1884): monographs
on sanitary science and preventive medicine,
and Reports of the Illinois state board of health.
He died in Chicago, 111.. March 24. 1894.

RAUM, Green Berry, soldier and representa
tive, was born in Golconda, III.. Dec. 3. 1829 : son of
John and Juliet 0. (Feild) Raiun : grandson of
Melchoir and Mary (King) Raiun, and of Green
B. and Mary Elenor (Cogswell) Feild : and great-
grandson of Conrad (who emigrate 1 from Alsace
to Pennsylvania, landing at Philadelphia in
April. 1742) and Catherine (Weiser) Rahm, and
of Dr. Joseph (a native of Connecticut, and of
English descent) and Frances (Mitchel) Cogswell.
He was educated in the common schools and by
tutors, and was admitted to tlie bar in 1853. He
practised law in Golconda. 1853-56 : in Kansas,
where he was a member of the free state party,
18.16-57. and in 1857 located in Harrisburg, 111. He
was married. Oct. 16. 1851. to Maria, daughter of
Daniel and Elizabeth (Daily) Field of Golconda. He
was alternate delegate to the Democratic nationa
convention which met in Charleston. S.C.. April
23. 1800. and in Baltimore, Md.. June 18. 1800,1
and which nominated Stephen A. Douglas for
President ; made the first war speech in southern
Illinois, at Metropolis, after the fall of Fort
Sumter, April 23, 1861, and entered the Federal
volunteer army as major of the 56th Illinois
volunteers. He served under Gen. William S.
Rosecrans in the Army of the Mississippi, as
lieutenant-colonel, commanding the 56th Illinois
in the 2d brigade, 3d division, where he led a
successful bayonet charge in the battle of Corinth,
Oct. 4, 1862. He served under Grant in the
Army of the Mississippi as colonel of his regiment
and commanded the 3d brigade in the 7th divi
sion, 17th corps, in the Vicksburg campaign, May
1-July 4, 1863. and in the Chattanooga campaign,
Nov. 23-25, 1863, being severely wounded at
Missionary Ridge, Nov. 25, 1863. He took part



in the Atlantic campaign and held the line of
communication from Dalton to Acworth and from
Kiligston to Rome, Ga. ; discovered and defeated
General Wheeler s raid, and re-inforced Resaca
at night against General Hood in October, 1864.
He was promoted brevet brigadier-general and
brigadier-general ; was on Sherman s march to
tlie sea, and with the assembling of his army
in South Carolina, and ended his military service
by commanding a brigade in the veteran corps
under General Hancock at Winchester, Va. He
resigned his commission. May 6, 1865. and en
gaged in railroading as first president and builder
of the Cairo and Vincennes railroad company in
1866. He was a Republican representative from the
thirteenth Illinois district in the 40th congress,
1867-69. and defeated for the 41st congress in
1868 : was president of the Illinois Republican
convention of 1866, and temporary president of
the state convention of 1876. and a delegate to the
Republican national convention at Cincinnati,
Ohio, the same year. He was president of the
Illinois Republican convention in 1880, and a
delegate at-large to the Republican national con
vention, and was one of the "loyal 306" who
supported General Grant for the presidential
nomination. He served as U.S. commissioner of
internal revenue, 1876-83 ; practised law in
Washington. D.C., 1883-89; was U.S. commis
sioner of pensions, 1889-93. and subsequently
engaged in the practice of law in Chicago. He
is the author of : The Existing Conflict beticeen
Republican Government and Southern Oligarchy
(1884); History of Illinois Republicanism (1900);
History of the War for the Union, and of official
reports on pensions and contributions to current
magazines.

RAVENEL, Henry William, botanist, was
born in St. John s parish. Berkeley district, S.C.,
May 19. 1814. He was graduated at South Caro
lina college, Columbia, S.C., A.B., 1832, A.M.,
1835 : engaged in planting. 1832-53, and removed
to Aiken, S.C., in 1853. He made a study of the
phfenogams. mosses, lichens, algae and fungi of
South Carolina, and discovered a few new phaeno-
gams. He was botanist of the government
commission sent to Texas to investigate the cattle
disease in 1869, and botanist to the department
of agriculture of South Carolina. He received
the degree LL.D. from the University of North
Carolina in 1886. His name is perpetuated in
the genus Ravenelia of the Uredinege and by
many species of cryptogams which he discovered.
He was agricultural editor of the Weekly News
and Courier : published many botanical papers,
and is the author of : Fungi Caroliniani Exsiccati,
(5 vols.. 1853-60) ; and Fungi Americani Exsiccati,
with Mordecai C. Cooke of London (8 vols.,
1878-82). He died in Aiken, S.C., July 17, 1887.



[415]



RAVENEL



RAWLE



RAVENEL, St. Julien, chemist, was born in
Charleston, S.C., Dec. 15, 1819. He was gradu
ated at the Medical College of the State of South
Carolina in 1340 ; attended medical lectures in
Philadelphia, Pa., and in Paris, France, and
practised in Charleston, S.C., 1840-52. He studied
natural history, microscopy and physiology,
under Louis Agassiz, 1849-50, and after 1853
devoted himself to agricultural chemistry. He
established witli Clement II. Stevens, the lime
works at Stoney Landing, on Cooper river, in
1856, and from the marl bluffs supplied the Con
federate States with most of the lime used during
the civil war. As surgeon to the Confederate army
he devoted himself to hospital practice, and be
came surgeon-in-chief of the Confederate hospital.
He designed the torpedo cigar boat Little David,
which did effective service during the investment
of Charleston, S.C., in 18G3. He was director of
the Confederate laboratory at Columbia, S.C.,
1861-65; discovered the value for agricultural
purposes of the phosphate deposits near Charles
ton in 1866. and advocated the use of the rich
rice lands for diversified crops. He died in
Charleston, S.C., March 16, 1882.