have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State
Legislature. . , , ,, ^ , ^^ â–  , ^ ^â– . c

OiiaMcationsof 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attamed to the age of
Represeuta- twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not,
tives. when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Apportionment 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States
of Represen- which may be included within this Union according to their respective numbers, which
tatives. shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those

bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all
other persons The actual enumeration sliall be made within three years after the first
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of years,
in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not ex-
ceed one foKrevery thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative :
and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled
to choose 3; Massachusetts. 8: Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 1; Connecti-
cut 5- New York, 6; New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 8; Delaware, 1; Maryland, 6;
Virginia 10: North Carolina, 5; South Carolina. 5, and Georgia, 3.'
Vacancies, tow 4 When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive

tilled. Autliority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

Officers, how 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other olficers, and

appointed. shall have the sole power of impeachment. ,^^^ ^,, x, ^c^

Senate. SECTION III. 1. The Senate of the United States shaU be composed of two Senators

' from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years ; and each Senator shall

have one vote. , , , â– , . r ^t, ^ ^ , t- ^r.

ciasBification of 2 Immediately after they shall be assembled m consequence of the first election, they
Sen.ators. shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the
first class shall ae vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the
expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year,
so that one- third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resigna-
tion or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive
the'-'sof may make temporary appointment until the next meeting of the Legislature,
which shall then fill such vacancies. ^^ â–  ^ ^ ^^ * ^1 - ^

QuaUfications of 3 No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years.
Senators. and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be
I an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen ., ^ ,,. „ . ^ ^ i, „

President of tie 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall
I Senate. have no vote unless they be equally divided. ^ -^ ^ . . ..^

5 ThecSenate shall choose their other othcers. and also a President pro tempore, in the
absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the oiiice of President of the

United States. , ^ ^ ,, • r, 4. -rtr, -^t.- r

Senate a court 6 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. TV hen sitting for
for trial of im- that purpose, they shall be on oath or aflirmatioii. When the President of the United
peachments. States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without
the concurrence of two-thirds of the membei;3 present. , ^ ^^ ^,
Jiifltrment in 7 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from
casfofconvic- office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under
tion. the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to in-

dictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. , ^. . ^ ^
Eipctions of Section IV. 1. The times, places, and manner ot holding elections for Senators and
Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the
of Kepresen- Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places
tatives. of choosiug Senators. , . j t, ..•,,,, 1,

Meeting of Con- 2 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shaU be

gress. on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a diflerent day.

Organizatton of SECTION V. 1. Each House Shall be the Judge of the elections, returns, and qualifi-
Conffress. cations of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do busi-
ness- but a smaller numlaer may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to
compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and imder such penalties as
each House may provide. , .^ ^. • , ->. ^i, *

Rule of pro- 2 Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for

ceedings. disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two- thirds expel a member.
Journals of 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish
eaoli House, the Same, except such partes as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the 5'eas fud
nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire ot one-fifth of
those present, be entered on the journal. t, „ -^r, j. ^, 4. t t-x,

Adiournmentof 4. Is'either House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the
Confess. other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the
" ' two Houses shall be sitting.

* See Article XIV., Amendments,



n



104



Constitution of the United States.



Pay and privi-
leges of mem-
bers-



Section- VI. 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for
their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United
ptates. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privi-



other offices
prohibited.




2. :No Senator or Representative shall, duringtbe time for which he was elected, be
appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States which shall have
been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ;
and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either
House during his continuance in office.

Revenue bills. SECTION VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Repre-

sentatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills.

How bills be- Z Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate
come laws. Shall, before it become a law. be presented to the President of the United States: if he
approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House
in which It shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal,
and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two- thirds of that House shall
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House,
by which It shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by two- thirds of that House
It snail become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be deteiTnined
by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be
entered pu the journal of each House respectively. If any bill .shall not be returned by
the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to
him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress bv
their adjournment prevent its return ; in which case it shall not be a law.

3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House
Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be pre-
sented to the President of toe United States; and before the same shall take e^fect shaU
be approved by him. or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed bv two-thirds of the
Senate and the House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed
In the case of a bill.

Section VEII. 1.



Approval and
veto powers
of the Presi-
dent,



Powers vested
in Congress,



Immigran ts,
how admitted.



Habeas corpus.

Attainder.
Direct taxes.

Regulations ri*-
gardiag cus-
toms duties.



The Congress shall have power:

A u lay ana conect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide
for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; but aU duties, imposts
and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. • i .

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States.

•.^P-x?"^ J^f."^^*®.,^°'^°^6^c^ "'ith foreign nations, and among the several States, and
with the Indian tribes. '

4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization and uniform laws on the subject of
bankruptcies throughout the United States.

6. To coin money, reg date the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard
of weights and measures.

*v, ^v "^P provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of
the United States.

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads.

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to
autboK and inventors the exclusive rights to their respective writings and discoveries

9 To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and
ofifences against the law of nations. * '

11. To declare war, grant lettei-s of marque and reprisal, and make rules conceruinff
captures on land and water. ^^-.u-ui^

12 To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be
tcr a longer term than two years.

13. To provide and maintain a navy.

IK- ^^ make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces.

15. To provide for calling forth the mUitia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress
insurrections, and repel invasions. ^^yj^. ou^iJicoo

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing
such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to
the States respectively the appointment of the officei-s, and the authority of training the
militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not
exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States and the acceptonce of
Congress, become the seat of Government of the United States, and to exercise like
authority overall places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which
iieedfuTbuifdi^ifeS^' And ^"^^^^^^^ °^ ^^^^^^ magazines, arsenals, dry-docks, and other

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution
P?^t^/?f T§ PO^\ers, and all other powers vested by this donstitution^lu the Government
of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. '^i-^^cut

Section IX. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as anvof the States
now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited bv the Coneress prior to
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on
such importation, not exceeding ten dollai-s for each person. y ^^^ yjx±

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in
cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it

3. No bill of attainder or ex pout facto law shall be passed.

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or
enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. ^ ^-^^ v^cuouts kjj.

6. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.

P- ^?o preference shall be .iven by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the

^2^^ ^}.^^^ State over those of another, nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. ►^«itc wc



Constitution of the United States. 105



mi l a i W.



Mâ„¢e%'8 how 7 No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but In consequence of appropriations
to^ made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all

nubile money shall be published from time to time. , ,^.

-r;*! a .f „nh;i ^8 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States And no person holdmg any
if V JohiHted' office of profit or trust under thenlshall, without the consent of the Congress, accept ot any
ityprohjbited. ^mceoi piu^^^_^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ kind Whatever from any kmg, prince, or foreign

f ^^^siECTioif X. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation grant

^Gf"*,^ 7 fiT.pH letters of maraue and reprisal, coin money, emit bills of credit, make anything but gold and

statesdefined.ieuers^oimdique^^ in payment of debts, pass any bill of attainder e.c pos^ /oc^o law. or

law imnairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

2 No State shaU, vvithoutthe consent of the Congress, lay any impost or. duties on
imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection
laws- and th§ net produce of all duties and un posts, laid by any Sta e on imports or
exio'rtt: shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall
be subiect to the revision and control of the Congress. , ^ c 4. « v„«^

8 No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep
troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another
State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such
imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

■c * „ ,^„w Section I 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States
^ern w&'of Americf He shall hold his ofkce during the term of four years, and, together with

vested the Vice-Presideut, choseu for the same term, be elected as foUows: c ^-^.^^^ „

EllSrH 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct a

Electors. number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which

' Sstote may brentitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative or person

hoWiSan office of trust or profit under the United States shall be appointed an elector.
P ^pph,-.^ of 3 r rhe electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for two persons,
^"ZtT of whom one at least shall not bean inhabitant of the same State with themselves

electors. m .N 00^°^ ^^^^ ^ ^.^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ persons voted for, and of the number of votes for

each which list they shaU sign and certify and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the govern-
ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
cirtiticates, 'and the votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest num^^
of votes shall be the President. If such number be a majority of the whole number of
electors appointed, and if there be more than one who have such .^ajonty, and have an
y ^ rf equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by
"the'noSe of ballot one Of them for President; and if no person have a majority then from the five
R.nresen- highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But m
utives chooling the President, the vote shall be taken by States, the representation from each

State having one vote. A quorum, for this purpose, shall consist ot a member or membera
from Uvo-thirdsof the St^Ttes, and a maiority of all the states shall be necessary to
choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the gieatest
number of votes of the elector shall be the Vice-President £ut if there should remam
two 9r more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-
Time of chocs- â– ^''l!'^The?ongress may determine the time of choosing the electors and the day on which

iug electors, they Shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States

Oualificationsof 5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizenof the United States at tne

"^"theTresident: time of the adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither

shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age ot tnirty-

five vears and been fourteen yeai-s a resident within the United States. . „„+?^„ ^r.

Provision in 6^ In case of the removal of the President from oflflce, or of his death resignation or

case of Us dis- inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devone on

ability. the Vice-President, and the Congress may by. law provide for ttie case of removal, deatn,

resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring v\ hat

officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disabihty

be removed or a President shall be elected. . , ,. , „ „^v„„«noo+if^r. whirh

Salary of the 7. The President shall, at stated tunes, receive for his services a compensation which

l4esilent. shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Peripd for which he shall bave been

elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the L niiea

^^''a''ES^^heVnte?'6n the execution of his office he shaU take the following oath or

^^â„¢f do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I Avill faithfully execute the office of President
of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, presei-ve, protect, and detend
the Constitution of the United States." . „, ..^r +,,^ .,,,„„ „„fi Xavv

nuties of the Section II. 1. The President shall be Commander-in-Ch ef of the Aim^
President. of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, .^ben called mto the actual
service of the United States; he may require the opinion in writing, of the grmc^Pa}
officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the a^^^
their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons lor
offences against the United States except in cases of impeachment c;on«tP to make

May make trea- 2. He Ihall have power, by and with the advice and consent of t^|i^enate'n^°te^Jd
ties, appoint treaties, provided two- thirds of the Senators Present concur ; and he shall nom^^^^^^^
ambassadors, by and mth the advice and consent of the Senate shall appomt ambassadors. otht^^^^
judges, etc. niinisters and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, a^dal other officers of ttieLUiuea
States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for^ and w h^^^^
established by law; but the Congress may by law vest ihe appointmeut of ^^^^
officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in me neaus

Ma^ fill vacan. ""^ aThe'pr''e§-dent shall have power to fill up all vacancieg that may^^^^^
cles. recess of the Senate by granting commissions, which shall expire at tne ena oi men



Oath of the - —

President. affirmation:



session.



• This clause is superseded by Article XII., Amendments.



1QQ Constitutio7i of the United /States.

May make rec- SECTION" III. He Shall from time to time eive to the Congress information of the
ommendations state of the Uuion, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge
to aud con- uecessarv and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or
vene Congress, gijiie J. of them, and iu case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of
adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall
receive ambassadoi'S and other public ministers: he shall tate care that the laws be faith-
fully executed, and shaU commission all the officers of the United States.
How officera SECTION IV. The President, Vice- President, and all civil officers of the United States
iriay be re- Shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or
moved. Other high crimes aud misdemeanors.

AK.TICL.E III.

Judicial power, SECTioisr I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme

how invested. Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and

establish. Tlie judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices

duriug good behavior, and shall at stated times receive for tlieir sei-vices a compensation

whicti shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

To what cases it SECTION II. 1. The judicial jjower shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising
extends. under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, aud treaties made, or which shall
be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers,
and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; to controversies to
wliich the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States,
between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between
citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a
State, or the citizens thereof, andioreign States, citizens, or subjects.

Jurisdiction of 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in

the Supreme which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all

Court. the other cases before-mentioned tlie Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction

both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress

shall make.

Rules respecting 3. The trial cf all ci'imes, except in cases of impeachment, shaU be by jury, and such
trials. trial shall be lield iu tlie State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but

when not committed within any State the trial shall be at such place or places as the
Congress may by law have directed.

Treason defined. SECTION III. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war
against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person
shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt
act, or on confession in open court.

How punished. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no
attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture except during the life
of the person attained.

ARTICI.E IV,

Rights of States SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, rec-

andrecords. ords, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general

laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved,

and the effect thereof.

Privileges of SECTION II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and

citizens. immunities of citizens in the several States.

Executive reqni- 2. A person charged ill any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee
sitions. from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority

of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having juris-
diction of the crime.
Laws regulating 3. No person held to Service Or labor in one State, imder the laws thereof, escaping
service or la- into another shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from
tior- such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such ser-

vice or labor may be due.
NewStatesjhow SECTION III. 1. IS! ew States tilay be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but
fonned and no new State shall be formed orerectedwithinthe jurisdiction of any other State, nor any
admitted. State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the con-
sent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.