one," 136; communications with
the French, 137 ; appointed agent
for Georgia and Massachusetts,
138 ; opposed by Samuel Adams,
138 ; increased prestige, 139 ; pe
cuniary sacrifice, 139 ; retains post-
mastership, 140 ; motives of minis
try in leaving him undisturbed, 140 ;
rumors circulated in America that I
he had accepted royal office, 141 ;
his reputation increases in England |
and France, 144 ; urges moderation
at home, 145 ; disliked by extrem
ists, 146; hopes advantage from
Hillsborough s appointment, 151 ;
discovers Hillsborough s enmity,
152; dispute with him over legality
of commission from Massachusetts,
152-157; a telling retort, 157; no
longer recognized as agent of Massa
chusetts, 157 ; low opinion of Hills-
borough, 158 ; thinks agents quite
as valuable to government as to col
onies, 158 ; works to undermine
Hillsborough, 159, 160 ; controverts
Hillsborough s objections to two
frontier colonies, 162 ; his argu
ments prevail with the privy coun
cil, 163 ; drives Hillsborough to
resign, 163 ; snubbed by him, 164 ;
fails to get the grant for frontier
provinces, 164 ; suggests Lord Dart
mouth for colonial secretary, 165 ;
amicable relations with him, 166 ;
counsels him to be patient with Mas
sachusetts, 167, 168; would be sat
isfied with a return to conditions
before Stamp Act, 169; begins to
forbode separation, but hopes and
works for peace, 171 ; continually
urges moderation on colonists, 172 ;
belief in efficacy of non-importation,
173 ; urges its advantages, 173; and
effects upon England, 174; com
ments on complete financial failure
>of Stamp Act and Customs Act, 176 ;
shown copies of Tory letters from
Massachusetts, 177 ; sends them to
Boston under pledge of secrecy,
178 ; publishes a letter taking upon
himself responsibility of their dis
covery, 182, 183 ; presents petition [
of Massachusetts to Dartmouth,
183; delicacy of his position, 184;
learns that Hutchinson and Oliver
are to be represented by counsel,
185 ; fearing trouble and foreseeing
an attack, asks for time, 186 ; threats
and rumors, 187 ; appears before a
hostile privy council, 187, 188 ; vio
lently attacked as a thief by Wed-
derburn, 188, 189; the "suit of
Manchester velvet," 191 ; begins
and abandons a defense of himself,
192 ; dismissed from office of post
master, 192 ; loses his standing in
England, 192, 193; resigns agency
for Massachusetts, 193; rebuked by
Massachusetts for laxity, 194 ; slan
dered by Arthur Lee, 194 ; danger
of charges of treason, 195 ; inter
view with Lord Chatham, 196;
urges policy of colonial self-govern
ment, 197 ; denies that independ
ence is desired, 197 ; wishes unity
of the Empire, 198 ; attacked by
Lord Sandwich in House of Lords,
198 ; defended by Chatham, 198,
199 ; irritated at attacks on America
in House of Commons, 199 ; writes
an angry letter to Dartmouth, 200 ;
demands reparation for injuries
done America and rights denied,
200 ; saved from presenting this by
advice of Walpole, 201, 202; rejects
secret attempts by ministry to ne
gotiate, 202 ; again rejects bribes,
202 ; last day in London with Priest
ley, 203 ; emotion at situation, 203 ;
leaves for home, 203 ; significance
of his failure, 203.
Member of Congress. Revulsion of
feeling on reaching America, 204 ;
anger against England, 205 ; letters
to Priestly and Strahan, 204, 205;
elected to Congress, 206 : active in
committee work, 206 ; willing to
send the Olive Branch petition, 206 ;
hopes thus to put England in the
wrong, 206 ; suggests offer by colo
nies to pay annual sum for privilege
of Free Trade, 207 ; repels humor
ously charge of colonial ingratitude,
207, 208 ; formulates a plan of
union, 208 ; chairman of committee
on postal service, 209 ; postinast^r-
general, 209 ; chairman of Commit
tee of Safety, 209; plans defenses
for Philadelphia, 209 ; prevented by
necessary oath of allegiance from
sitting in Pennsylvania Assembly,
209; sent to Boston to confer with
Washington, 209 ; to Montreal to
confer with Arnold, 210 ; president
of Pennsylvania Constitutional Con
vention, 211 ; willing to join a New
England confederacy rather than
none, 212 ; connection with Decla
ration of Independence, 212 ; his
INDEX
435
famous jests, 212 ; in the Articles
of Confederation wishes votes of
States according to population, 212 ;
correspondence with Lord Howe,
who wishes reconciliation, 213 ; re
plies condemning the English, 213,
214 ; member of committee of Con
gress to confer with Howe, 214 ; re
marks, 215 ; says nothing short of
independence is possible, 216 ; his
indignation at British attacks, 217 ;
suggests, in humorous form, to
Priestley, the impossibility of con
quering the Americans, 217, 218 ;
depth of his feeling, 218.
Minister to France. Appointed, 219,
232 ; the only American with diplo
matic experience, 220, 221 ; voyage,
232 ; 233 ; alarm of English at news
of his arrival, 234 ; French enthu
siasm, 234, 235 ; settles at Passy,
235 ; avoids thrusting himself upon
the government, 236 ; presents cre
dentials at audience given by Ver-
gennes, 236, 237; gains a secret
loan, 237; not involved in Deane s
schemes, 238 ; befriends Deane,
240 ; much annoyed by the compli
cations, 241, 242 ; and by French
officers previously encouraged by
Deane, 243, 244 ; discourages them,
245 ; uses an unvarnished form of
letter of recommendation, 245 ;
recognizes value of L.ifayette and
Steuben, 24G ; impressed with feel
ing for liberty in Europe, 247 ; ex
pects great liberal immigration, 247 ;
advises privateering, 248 ; charged
with duty of regulating it, 249, 250 ;
protects privateers against French
government, 250 ; works to gain
time, 251 ; tries to exchange pris
oners with England, 253 ; tart cor
respondence with Stonnont, 253 ;
indignant at treatment of American
prisoners by English, 254, 255 ; cor
respondence with Hartley on the
subject, 256-2G2 ; urges humane
tre itment, 257, 258 ; proposes liber
ation by English " on account," 258,
259, 260 ; threatens retaliatory treat
ment, 260, 263; finally succeeds,
2(51, 262 ; difficulties raided by Eng
lish, 262, 263 ; sends money to pris
oners, 263 ; appoints Willinms
naval agent, 264 ; acquiesces in his
dismissal, 266; predicts in 1777 the
ultimate success of the war, 268 :
prevents desperate measures on
Deane s part, 269 ; receives news of
Bnrgoyne s surrender, 270 ; sends
J. L. Austin to confer with English
liberals, 271 ; justifies to Hartl-y
the project of a French alliance,
272, 273 ; secret negotiations with
France, 274, 275 ; misunderstanding
with Lee, 275; arranges commercial
concessions, 277 ; plans nearly up
set by Lee and Izard, 278-9 ; signs
treaty in " Manchester velvet suit,"
279 ; writes to Hartley urging peace,
281, 282 ; predicts futility of English
conciliatory bills, 282 ; presented to
Louis XVI., 283 ; his costume, 283;
secures in treaty principle of " free
ships, free goods," 287 ; favors the
"armed neutrality," 288 ; meetings
with Voltaire, 287, 288 ; speaks
well of Deane, 290 ; accused of in
efficiency and corruption by Lee
and Izard, 292, 293, 298 ; criticised
by Adams, 294, 296 ; personal fru
gality of Franklin, 297 ; advises a
single representative at Versailles,
297 ; made minister plenipotentiary,
298 ; insulted by Lee, 299 ; supplies
money, commissions, and protection
to Paul Jones, 300, 301 ; advises
plundering English coast, 301 ; dif
ficulties with Landais, 302.
Foreign Financial Agent. Forced
to beg money to meet congressional
bills, 306 ; assists Jay, 307 ; sole ef
fective financier, 307, 308; lends
money to Congress, 308 ; yields two
cargoes to Beaumarchais, 310 ; ap
peals vainly to Thomas Morris, 310 ;
instructed by Congress to borrow
money and build ships of war, 311 ;
writes pamphlet on credit of the
United States, 311 ; agrees to meet
interest on congressional loan, 311 ;
obliged to meet drafts, 312 ; con
tinually surprised by new and old
ones, 312 ; not warned of bills drawn,
312, 313, 318, 332; annoyed by ex
orbitant demands of Lee and Izard,
314 ; refuses Izard, 315 ; attacked
bitterly, 316, 317 ; helps officers of
" Alliance," 317 ; humiliating neces
sity of begging from France, 318 ;
hampered by state agents making
loans, 319 ; aids Jones, 320 ; begs
Congress not to permit its agents to
draw upon him, 320 ; assists Jay,
321, 322, 333, 335 ; proposes that
Congress furnish supplies to French
nYet, 322 ; urges sacrifice in Amer
ica, 323, 324 : meets drafts on Lau-
rens, 324, 326, 332 ; overwhelmed
by fresh demands, 325 ; fragment of
his diary showing the swarm of
bills, 326 ; more begging from Ver-
gennes, 327, 328 ; secures loan in
Holland, 328: difficulties over Wil
liam Jackson s purchases, 329, 330 ;
h.dps John Adams meet drafts, 331 ;
directed by Robert Morris to make
436
INDEX
further requests, 331 ; in return
asks remittance from America, 331 ;
yet manages to meet drafts, 332 ;
Promises Vergennes to accept no
rafts dated later than March, 1781,
332 ; discovers that Congress is an
tedating bills, 332 ; personal liabil
ity, 332 ; more demands from Liv
ingston, 333, 334 ; warned by Ver
gennes, 333 ; refused further aid
from French, but succeeds in get-
ing more, 334 ; begins liquidation
of accounts, 335 ; receives further
demands for loans, 335, 336 ; re
leased by treaty of peace, 336 ; ac
cused of sloth, luxury, and indeci
sion by Adams, 337, 338; political
value of his personal popularity in
France, 339 ; breadth of view, 340 ;
carelessness never caused failure,
341 ; amount of his labors, 341, 342 ;
variety of functions, 342 ; meagre-
ness of assistance rendered him,
343 ; his indolence only physical,
344; his great social prestige in
Europe, 345; its value, 346; an
noyed by attacks at home, 347 ;
patient under calumny, 348 ; tries
vainly to resign, 348 ; his requests
uniformly ignored by Congress, 349 ;
urges Congress not to injure for
eign creditors, 350 ; appealed to by
Adams and Vergennes to settle
quarrel, 351 ; agrees with Ver
gennes in favor of foreign creditors,
353 ; advises Adams to smooth over
unwise expressions to Vergennes,
354 ; hated by Adams, 355.
Commissioner to makepeace. Ap
proached by Pulteney as to peace,
357 ; by de Weissenstein, 358 ;
thinks latter an agent for George
III., 358; writes a severe answer
which he does not send, 359 ; ap
proached by Hartley as to truce,
359; bitterness toward England,
359, 3CO ; refuses from the outset
to discuss possibility of reunion,
360, 361 : gratitude toward France,
362 ; commissioned to treat for
peace, 363 ; refuses to treat sepa
rately from France, 364 ; suggests
peace to Shelburne, 364 ; inter
view with Oswald, 365 : again
refuses separate negotiations, 366 ;
sends suggestions to Shelburne, 366,
371 ; second inconclusive interview
with Oswald, 367 ; dealings with
Grenville, 368 ; urges Jay to join
him, 371 ; asks Shelburne to cive
Oswald exclusive authority, 371 ;
continues to discuss with Oswald,
372 ; willing to accept vague com
mission given Oswald, 373 ; thinks
well of Vergennes motives, 373;
criticises Jay s letter on this point,
374 ; differs with Jay regarding
French duplicity, 375, 378; re
sumes negotiations with Oswald,
377 ; surrenders his view to Jay
and Adams, probably to save time,
379 ; on compensation to Tories,
381 ; suggests counter-claims, 382 ;
antipathy to loyalists, 382 ; informs
Vergennes of treaty, 384 ; criti
cised by him, 385 ; apparent dupli
city, 386 ; tries to defend his ac
tion, 387 ; blamed at home for too
great subservience to France, 388 ;
persuades Jay not to write a de
fense, 388 ; asks Jay and Adams to
vindicate him, 389 ; increased ill-
feeling with Adams, 391 ; merits of
the dispute, 391 ; large part played
by him in negotiations, 392 ; value
of his reputation, 392, 393 ; his
friendly opinion of Vergennes, 393,
394, and of France, 395 ; again re
signs, 396 ; retained for commer
cial treaties, 397 ; pleasant life in
Paris, 397, 398 ; departure from
France, 400, 401 ; voyage, 401, 402.
President of Pennsylvania. Arrival
at Philadelphia, popular welcome,
403 ; elected President of State
Council, 403 ; acts as peacemaker
between factions, 404 ; successive
reelections, 404 ; devotes salary to
public use, 404 ; humorous proposal
for paying British debts, 405 ; not
discouraged by condition of Amer
ica, 406 ; preaches coolness, 407 ;
elected member of Constitutional
Convention, 407.
In Constitutional Convention.
Elected in order to preside in possible
absence of Washington, 407; opposes
centralization, 408 ; views on con
stitutional points, 408-411 ; moves
that sessions open with prayer, 409 ;
urges harmony, 411 ; favors Wash
ington for president, 412; leaves
public life, 412 ; physical infirmi
ties, 412 ; cheerfulness of mind in
later days, 413, 414 ; applauds
French Revolution, 415 ; president
of abolition society. 415; condemns
too great license of press, 416 ;
death, 417 ; public honors in Amer
ica, 417 ; but continued neglect on
part of Congress to adjust his ac
counts or recompense Temple
Franklin, 417, 418 ; memorial cere
monies in France, 419.
Character. General summary 420-
427 ; an unfavorable view, 337, 338 ;
criticisms on the foregoing, 338-
344; religious views, 5, 9, 24-29;
INDEX
437
moral attitude, 21, 24, 29-33 ; utili
tarianism, 29-30 ; 422-424 ; wit and
humor, 11, 120, 134, 207, 212, 2(58,
405, 426; humanity, 101, 112, 144,
254-264, 393, 425 ; patriotism, 203,
424 ; courage and cheerfulness, 145,
172, 268, 400; business ability, 12,
13, 39 ; literary ability, 22, 35, 43,
42G; diplomatic ability, 338-344;
tact, 52, 112, 113, 243, 244, 3G5 ; po
litical insight, 121-126 ; other char
acteristics, 19, 20, 21, 33, 3G, 171,
172, 218 ; reputation in Europe, 75,
111, 144,235, 398,401, 419.
Political Opinions. On colonial
union, 44, 208 ; on parliamentary su
premacy, 4G, 47, 196 ; on colonial re
presentation in Parliament, 49, 128 ;
on relation of colonies to England,
66, 124-126 ; on external and inter
nal taxation, 130, 131 ; on free ships
and free goods, 207 ; on coloni;il
system, 48, 197 ; on paper money,
13, 355 ; on export duties, 277 ; on
non-importation, 173, 174; 011 pro
prietary government, 92, 93 ; in
constitutional convention, favors
unpaid presidency, 408; favors re
presentation proportional to popula
tion, 212, 409 ; suggests compro
mise, 410 ; favors wide suffrage,
410; brief naturalization perioil,
410 ; president for seven years, ineli
gible for reelection, and liable to im
peachment, 410 ; on French Revolu
tion, 415 ; on slavery, 415, 41(5 ; a
believer in democracy, 408, 421 ;
but from faith in mankind, not mere
theory, 421, 424.
Franklin, Mrs. Deborah, G ; engaged
to Franklin, 14 ; previous matrimo
nial experiences, 15 ; marries Frank
lin, 15 ; receives Franklin s illegiti
mate son, 16 ; dread of crossing the
Atlantic, 76, 78 ; in dancer during
Stamp Act riots, 109; Franklin s
present of a gown to, 134; death,
203.
Franklin, James, takes his brother
Benjamin Franklin as apprentice, !
4 ; unfriendly relations, 5.
Franklin, Josiah, emigrates to Bos
ton, 2 ; his family, 2, 3 ; father of
Benjamin Franklin, 3 ; devotes him i
to the church, 3 ; suggests that he
become a printer, 4 ; refuses to aid
him iu Philadelphia, 7 .
Franklin, Sarah, offer of marriage, 76 ;
leaves Philadelphia to escape Stamp
Act riots, 109 ; marriage to Richard
Bache, 203.
Franklin, Temple, assists his grand
father in Paris, 273, 343, 347 ; neg
lected by Congress, 417.
Franklin, William, birth, 16 ; refuses
to marry Mary Stevenson, 76 ; ap
pointed governor of New Jersey,
85 ; becomes a Tory and alienated
from his father, 85 ; partial recon
ciliation, 85, 401.
"Free Ships and Free Goods," doc
trine upheld by Franklin, 287.
" French and Indian War," 49-58 ; con
flict inevitable, 44, 50 ; inequality of
combatants, 50 ; Braddock s expe
dition, 51-55 ; outcome of war, 78.
French Revolution, applauded by
Franklin, 415.
GADSDEN, CHRISTOPHER, 107, 111.
Galloway, Joseph, speech against
Pennsylvania Proprietors, 94; de
feated for reelection, 97.
Gates, General, captor of Burgoyne,
272, 280, 298.
" Gentleman s Magazine," praises
Franklin s examination before Com
mons, 121.
George III. , desires peace with France,
78 ; displaces Grenville, 114 ; favor
able opinion of Franklin towards,
126, 127 ; hatred of Shelburne, 148,
150 ; vexed with Hillsborongh, 160 ;
hatred of Franklin, 284 ; supposed
to be author of De Weisseiistein
letter, 358 ; makes Shelburne prime
minister, 372.
George IV., interview with Austin,
271.
Georgia, appoints Franklin its agent,
138.
Gerard, M., asks for proposals for al
liance, 274 ; negotiates treaty, 274,
275 ; arranges reciprocity with
Franklin, 278; signs treaty, 279;
minister to United States, 285;
claims credit of having defeated
Lee s schemes, 298.
Gibbon, remark on diplomatic events
in 1777, 280.
Grand, M., banker for Franklin, 314,
327, 336.
Granville, Lord, interview with Frank
lin, 66 ; asserts that king is legisla
tor for the colonies, 66 ; defends
English colonial system, 67.
Greene, General, his remark on meet
ing Franklin, 210.
Grenville, George, proposes enforce
ment of colonial trade regulations,
104; introduces Stamp Act, 104;
honesty of his intentions, 105, 143 ;
unmoved by Franklin s protest, 106 ;
asks Franklin to name a distributer,
108 ; views on parliamentary power
" i, H7; "
143.
over America,
loss of prestige,
Grenville, Thomas, sent by Fox to
438
INDEX
treat with France and with the
United States, 36G ; preposterous
offer to Vergennes, 367 ; relations
with Franklin, 308, 309; difficulty
over his commission, 371 ; recalled,
372 ; remark on self-seeking of
France, 395.
Guadaloupe. See Canada.
HALE, EDWARD E., quoted, 234, 238,
242, 281, 290, 303.
Hall, David, fellow workman of
Franklin, 9 ; taken into partner
ship, 39.
Hamilton, Alexander, mentioned, 344 ;
opposes Franklin s motion to open
sessions of Constitutional Conven
tion with prayer, 409.
Ilamilton, governor of Pennsylvania,
superseded, 87.
Harrison, Benjamin, on committee
with Franklin, 209.
Hartley, David, character and friend
ship with Franklin, 25G ; aids Amer
ican prisoners, 256 ; tries to ar
range exchanges, 258 ; unable to
hasten matters, 2G1 ; finally suc
ceeds, 262 ; cautions Franklin
against a French alliance, 272 ;
sends copies of conciliatory bills to
Franklin, 281 ; visits him, 282 ;
warning to Franklin. 288 ; proposes
a truce, 359 ; letters to, 360, 304.
Harvard College makes Franklin
Master of Arts, 43.
Henry, Patrick, 107, 111.
Hillsborough, Earl of, replaces Shel-
burne in charge of the colonies,
151, 157 ; Franklin s opinion of,
151 ; holds that colonial agents were
illegally appointed, 152 ; interview
and dispute with Franklin, 153-
157 ; angry at Franklin s retort,
157 ; refuses to recognize Franklin
as agent, 157 ; his theory followed
by board of trade, 158 ; loses pres
tige, 159; disliked by George III.,
160 ; tries to prevent granting of
barrier colonies, 160-1G2 ; his ac
tion reversed by privy council at
Franklin s suggestion, 103 ; re
signs. 1G3 ; resentment against
Franklin, 1G4.
Hortalez & Co. See Beaumarchais.
Howe, Lord, negotiations with Frank
lin in England, 202 ; tries to medi
ate in America, 213 ; arranges a
conference with Franklin, Adams,
and Rutledge, 214, 215 ; fails to
find common ground, 216.
Hughes, , named stamp distri
buter at Franklin s suggestion, 108.
Hume, David, 75.
Hunter, William, 43.
Hutchinson, Anne, 178 note.
Hutchinson, Governor, disputes ovei
parliamentary taxation with Massa
chusetts Assembly, 166 ; vexes
Dartmouth, 167 ; writes letters urg
ing ministry to take severe mea
sures in Boston, 177 : value of his
advice to ministry, 178 note ; peti
tion for his removal, 183; advises
detention of Franklin, 196.
Hutchinson Letters, 177-193; shown
to Franklin, 177 ; sent by him to
America under pledge of secrecy,
178 ; published, 179 ; manner of
transmission unknown, 180 ; quar
rel between Temple and Whately,
1 81 ; responsibility taken by Frank
lin, 182, 183 ; question as to honora-
bleness of his action, 184 ; attack
on Franklin before Privy Council,
185-191 ; incident ruins Franklin s
standing, 193.
IGNORANCE of English concerning
America, 132, 134, 135, 137.
Indians, Franklin s dealings with,
40, 44 ; their opinion of rum, 41 ;
hated in Pennsylvania, 83, 87.
Independence of colonies, dreaded in
England, 49, 60, 79, 106 ; its possi
bility denied by Franklin, 81, 82, 83,
108, 197 ; foreseen by Pratt, Choiseul,
Vergennes, 83 ; its approach recog
nized by Franklin, 107, 171 ; repu
diated by Congress, 211 ; declara
tion of, 212.
Internal and external taxation, dis
pute concerning difference, 130 ;
identity upheld by Grenville, 130 ;
by Townshend, 149 ; denied by
Franklin, 130, 131.
Ireland, suggested as possible member
of Confederation by Franklin, 208.
Izard, rank as diplomate, 220 ; sides
with Lee against Franklin, 278 ;
quarrel with Franklin, 279 ; attacks
Deane and Franklin, 290 ; charges
against Franklin, 292, 298, 399 ; ex
travagant demands for money, 297,
299, 314 ; letter of Franklin to, 314.
JACKSON, WILLIAM, buys supplies in
Holland, 328, 329 ; draws on Frank
lin, 329 ; damages American credit,
329 ; complications about goods,
330 ; his pro-slavery speech in Con
gress, 416.
Jay, John, his " conscience " in Con
gress, 208 ; rank as diplomate, 220 ;
humiliating situation as financial
agent in Spain, 307 ; inability to
raise money, 307, 321 ; helped by
Franklin, 307, 322,332, 333, 335;
defers to Franklin s opinion, 342;
INDEX
439
recognizes importance of Franklin s
position, 34G ; appointed commis
sioner to treat for peace, 349 ; sent
for by Franklin to aid in treating,
370 ; illness, 372 ; insists on recog
nition of independence in Oswald s
commission, 373 ; suspects Ver-
gennes motives, 373 ; is certain
that Vergennes is secretly work
ing against United States, 375 ; per
suades Shelburne to grant the new
commission, 376 ; wishes to nego
tiate without Vergennes, 378 ; ar
ranges boundaries and Mississippi
navigation in the treaty, 380 ; in
dignant at congressional reproof,
388 ; dissuaded by Franklin from
replying, 388; testimony in behalf
of Franklin, 390, 399 ; freedom from
quarrels, 390 ; the real leader in the
negotiations, 391.
Jefferson, Thomas, mentioned, 212 ;
declines mission to France, 232 ;
appointed commissioner to treat for
peace, 349 ; arrival in Paris, 398 ;
succeeds Franklin, 398 ; describes
his popularity, 398 ; on Franklin s
calumniators, 399.
Jones, John Paul, his daring exploits,
300, 301 ; supported by Franklin,
301 ; advised by him, 301.
"Junto," club founded by P ranklin,
34 ; becomes a political engine, 34,
35.
KAMES, LORD, 75 ; letters to, 77, 83.
Kant, Imuianuel, calls Franklin Pro
metheus, GO.
Keiiner, , Franklin s employer in
Philadelphia, 6, 11 ; prints a news
paper and sells out to Franklin, 12.
Keith, Sir William, governor of Penn
sylvania, proposes to set Franklin
up as printer, G ; tricks him into
sailing to England, 7, 8.
Knox, , agent of Georgia, favors
Stamp Act, 105.
LAFAYETTE, MARQUIS DE, recom
mended by Franklin, 24G ; brings
Franklin s commission, 298 ; tries
to help Franklin raise money, 333.
Landais, French captain of American
vessel, 302 ; refuses to obey Frank
lin, 302 ; goes insane, 302, 303.
Laurens, Henry, rank as diplomate,
220 ; complains of Franklin s neg
lect, 2G4 ; captured, 324 ; appointed
commissioner to treat for peace,
349 ; letter from Franklin to, 390 ;
confidence in Franklin, 399.
Laurons, John, great expenses in
Holland, 238, 329.
Lee, Arthur, appointed by Massachu
setts to succeed Franklin as her
agent on his departure from Eng
land, 141 ; praised by Franklin,
141 ; slanders him, 141 ; unable to
help Franklin when attacked be
fore Privy Council, 185 ; circulates
rumors of Franklin s treachery,
194 ; still praised by Franklin, 194 ;
succeeds Franklin, 203 ; rank as
diplomate, 220 ; influences Beau
marchais, 22G ; appointed Franklin s
colleague in France, 232 ; suspects
Deane and Beaumarchais, 238 ; pre
vents Congress from sending them
goods, 239 ; ruins Deane, 239, 240 ;
slanders Williams, 2G5 ; secures his
removal, 2GG ; joins witli Franklin
against Deaue, 270 ; description of
secret meetings of Vergennes with
commissioners, 274 ; jealousy of
Franklin, the cake episode, 275 ;
objects to reciprocity with French
West Indies, 277 ; tries to reverse