use at that time of the new edition (4 ed. 1847.) of Neander's history
of the apostolic Church. The abundant materials which the last four
years have afforded, were easily added, like new annual rings and shoots,
to the old trunk of the most modern history.
I have, for this once, spared myself the disagreeable task of reading
the proof-sheets for the correction of typographical errors, but an un-
pleasant mistake has caught my eye in note 6, under (^ 8, where my
diligent proof-reader, even in opposition to grammatical propriety, has
allowed ab orbe co)idita to stand as in the preceding edition.
In quoting from the Pathers, and from some other authors, I was
sometimes obliged to give the page, and I therefoi'e here mention the
editions to which I referred : Athanasii 0pp. Par. 1627. dementis
Ales. 0pp. ed. Potter. Oxon. 1715. Cypriani 0pp. ed. Fell. Amst.
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION, xxiii
1713. Epipbanii 0pp. ed. Petav. Par. 16-22. Ilieronymi 0pp. ed.
Martianay, when that of Vallarsi is not expressly mentioned. Justini
0pp. ed. Otto. Jen. 1842s. Leon M. 0pp. edd. Ballerini. Origenis
0pp. ed. Delarue. ā Gerson. cd. Du Pin. Antu. 1706. Guicciardini.
Ven. 1583-4. Mattheus Paris. Par. 1644. Melancth. Epp. in the
Corpus Reforraatoruiu ed. Brctschneider. Platina. 1664. Dutch edition.
Trithemi Annales Hirsang. S. Galli. 1690.
In the notes to the latest modern history, the abbreviations A. K.
Z. mean the (Darmstadt) Allegemeine Kirchen-Zeitung ; Ev. K. Z.
mean Evangelische Kirchen-Zeitung ; Brl. A. K. Z. mean Berliner
Allgemeine Kirchen-Zeitung; A. Z. mean Augsburger AUgemeine
Zeitung ; L. A. Z., or D. A. Z., mean Leipziger, afterwards Deutsche
Allgemeine Zeitung. It may be that some public documents which had
been published in the religious, are quoted from the political journals,
because I had first met with them in the latter, but it is certainly very
desirable for future historical purposes, that our religious periodicals
should collect in a more perfect manner than they have done the original
documents, especially of foreign Churches. This will become especially
important, if the Acta historico-eeclesiastica, which poor Rheinwald com-
menced, should never be continued.
Jena, First Sunday in Advent^ 1847.
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION.
Altiioucjii I had supposed that I had before neglected nothing, the re-
vision of this work for a new impression has given occasion for so many
improvements, or at least alterations, that the immensity of the affair
has once more forced itself upon my attention. Hence the necessity,
to my present annoyance, of a much enlarged edition. I might very
properly excuse myself by saying, as Pascal did, in one of his Provin-
cial Letters, that I have no time to make it briefer. An author ought,
indeed, always to take time for a book, since generally he is under no
necessity of publishing prematurely. But the publication of a new
edition is sometimes beyond his control. When, last Spring, I re-com-
menced my lectures upon Church History, a sufficient number of copies
of this text-book were not to be obtained ; I was therefore obliged to
supply my pupils with the separate sheets as they came from the press,
and to finish the preparation within a limited time.
XXIV PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION.
I have been accustomed generally to correct the last proof-sheets
with my own hands, but on the present occasion I spared myself the un-
pleasant task of reading to find typographical errors ; and I committed
to ray students the work of diligently watching for these marks of
human frailty. Their keen young eyes have discovered some mistakes
of this kind; and not to mention those which are unimportant, and are
easily seen and corrected, I will only notice that instead of Eugenius
VI., on p. 279, Eugenius IV., should be inserted; and instead of 1835,
in the third line from the bottom of p. 405, 1853 should be printed.
Where quotations are made from the Fathers, and some other
writers, and frequently the precise number of the page must be men-
tioned, I have referred to the following editions : Cypriani 0pp. od.
Fell. Amst. 1713. Epiplianii 0pp. ed. Petav. Par. 1622. Hieronymi
0pp. ed. Martianay, where Villarsi is not expressly mentioned. Justini
0pp. ed. Otto, Jen. 1847s. Leon. M. 0pp. ed. Ballerinii. Origenis
0pp. ed. Delarue. ā Gerson, ed. Du Pin. Antu. 1706. Guicciardini ;
Veu. 1583-4. Mattheus Paris; Par. 1644. Melancth. Epp. in the
Corpus Reformatorum. Platina 1664. Dutch edit. Trethemii Annales
Hirsaug. S. GalU. 1690. Sleidan. Argent. 1555. Sarpi 1699-4.
Seckendorf. Francof. 1688. Rauke, deutsche Gesch. 3. ed.
While the work was passing through the press, and after those
sections to which they referred had been printed, many important works
have appeared, which might have' had an influence upon my statements.
I will not mention them here, for after a few months such a list would
be as imperfect as before. The author of a monograph must be ex-
pected, of course, to understand his subject better than others ; but he
who writes a general history, must learn from many, and be corrected
by almost all.
Jena, Feb. 27 tJi, 1854.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAP. I.ā PLAN,
1. The Cluirch and the World,
2. Idea of Church History,
3. Proper Province of Church History,
4. Relation to the General History of Religion,
5. Mode of Treating Church History,
6. Value of Church History,
"7. Sources, .....
8. Auxiliary Sciences,
9. Division .....
CHAP. H.ā GENERAL LITERATURE.
10. Polemical Church History, ....
11. French Ecclesiastical Historians, ....
12. Protestant Scientific Church History,
13. Writers of the German Catholic Cluirch, . . .
7
8
8
11
ANCIENT CHURCH HISTORY.
PERIOD I.
FROM ClIKIST TO CONSTANT IN E.
14. General View and Original Authorities, .
13
DIVISION I.ā ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CHURCH.
CHAP. Lā INTRODUCTORY HISTORY.
I. Classic Heathenism.
1.5. Pojjular Life among the Greeks, .
16. limits of Grecian Refinemeut,
17. The Religion of the Greeks,
18. Relation of Philosophy to the Pojndar Religion,
16
15
16
16
XXVI
CONTENTS.
19. Rome as a Republic,
20. Decline of Greece,
21. Elevation and Decline of Rome,
22. Decline of the Popular Religion,
11. Judaism.
23. The Religious Life of the People, .
24. The Dispersed Jews, .
25. Hellenism, ....
26. The Three Sects,
2Y. The Samaritans, .
28. Proselytes,
11
18
18
19
20
21
21
22
23
23
CHAP, n.ā THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH.
29. The First Pentecost,
30. Fortune of the Chnrdi of Jerasalem,
31. Jewish Christianity,
32. Samaritan Christians and Sects,
33. Paul, ....
34. Peter, .....
35. Position of Parties in the time of Paul,
36. John, .....
37. Parties in the Time of John,
38. Traditions Respecting the Apostles, .
39. Apostolical Fathers of the First Century,
40. Political Overthrow of Judaism,
41. The Roman Civil Power, .
42. Constitution of the Local Churches, .
43. Ecclesiastical Life,
44. Mode of Worship,
45. Doctrines of the Church, .
24
25
26
26
21
30
31
33
34
35
86
86
37
88
39
40
41
DIVISION II.ā FORMATION OF THE CATHOLIC
CHURCH.
CHAP. Lā STRUGGLE OF THE CHURCH FOR ITS OWN EXISTENCE.
46. The Jews, ......... 42
47. The Roman People and Empire, ..... 43
48. Conduct of the Individual Emperors of the Second and Tliird Centuries, 44
49. Internal History of Paganism, . . . . . .46
50. New-Platonism, ....... 47
51. Literary Controversies of Christianity, . . . . .49
52. The Christian Apologists, ...... 50
53. Religion of Barbarous Nations, . . . . . .53
54. Spread of Christianity, ...... 53
55. The Last Persecution, . . . . . . .64
66. The Martyrs, ........ 65
CHAP. II.ā SOCIAL CONSTITUTION OF THE CHURCH.
57. Original Documents on Ecclesiastical Law, . . . .56
58. The Clergy and the Laity, . . . . . . 57
69. Bishops, ......... 69
60. Synods, ........ 60
61. Metropolitans, ........ 60
62. The Three Great Bishops, ...... 61
63. The Catholic Church and its Branches, . . . . .62
CONTENTS.
XXVU
CHAP, m.ā ECCLESIASTICAL LIFK
64 Christian Morals, ......
65. St. Anthony, ......
66. Ecclesiastical Discipline, . , . . .
67. The Montanists, .....
68. The Novatians, . . . . . . .
69. Holy Seasons, and the Controversy about Easter,
70. Sacred Places, and their Decoration, . . .
71. Sacred Services, .....
63
64
65
66
67
67
69
69
CHAP. IV. ā DOCTRINES OF THE CHURCH, AND OPINIONS OPPOSED
TO THEM.
V2. Sources from which the Church derived its System of Faith,
73. Apostolic Fathers of the Second Century. Cont. from Ā§ 39,
Tt. Ecclesiastical Literature and Heresy,
75. Ebionism._ Cont. from Ā§ 35, .
76. I. Gnosticism, .....
77. II. Syrian Gnostics, ....
78. HI. Hellenistic Gnostics, ....
79. IV. Gnostics, in an especial sense Christian, .
80. V. Judaizing Gnostics, ....
81. VI. Influence of Gnosticism upon the Church,
82. Manichaeism, .....
S3. Historieo-Ecclesiastical Theology,
84. Thascius Caecilianus Cyprianus, .
85. I. The School of Alexandria, .
86. If. Characteristics of the Alexandrian Theology,
87. HI- Influence of Origen,
88. Appendix to the Literary Histoiy,
89. Apocryphal Literature,
90. Subordinationists and Monarchians,
71
72
73
74
75
77
78
81
83
85
86
88
89
91
93
94
95
96
98
PERIOD II.
FROM OONSTANTINE TO CHARLES THE GREAT.
91. General View, ......
101
DIVISION I.ā THE IMPERIAL CHURCH.
02. Original Authorities, ......
CHAP. I.ā VICTORY AND DEFEAT OF CHRISTL^NITY.
93. Constantine and his Sons, .
94. Julianus Apostata,
95. The Fall of Paganism,
96. Massalians and Hypsistarians,
97. Christianity under the Persians, .
98. Abyssinia and the Diaspora, .
99. Mohammed,
100. Victories of Islam,
CILU*. I Lā THEOLOGY AND SCIENCE.
101. Conflicts and Sources of the Ecclesiastical Life, .
101
103
104
105
107
107
108
108
110
110
XXYIU
CONTENTS.
I. TuE Arian Controvbrsy.
102. Tlie Synod of Nieaea. Cont. from Ā§ 90, . . . .112
103. Athanasiws and Arius, . . . . . . .113
104. Minor Controversies, . . . . . . .114
105. The Synod of Constantinople and tlic Holy Trinity, . . .115
106. Ecclesiastical Literature, ...... lib
U. The Origenistic Controversy.
10*7. Synesius, Epiphanius, and Hieronymus, . . . . .119
108. Chrysostom, . . . . . . . .120
III. The PEiAGLix Controversy.
1C9. Pelagianism and Augustiuism, ...... 122
110. Angustinus, ........ 122
111. Victory of Angustinism, ....... 124
112. Semipelagianism, ....... 184
IV. Controversies respecting the two Natures of Christ.
113. The Nestorian Controversy, . . . . . . 128
114. The Eutychian Controversy, . . . . . .127
115. The Monophy sites, . . . , . . .128
116. Justinian, . . . . . . . . 129
117. The Edict of Peace and the Monophysite Church, . . 180
118. The Monothelite Controversy, . . . . . 131
119. Ecclesiastical Literature, . . . . . . .132
CIIAP. Ifl.ā SOCIAL CONSTITUTION OF THE CHURCH.
120. Legislation and Books of Law, . . . . . .134
121. The Roman Empire, . . . . . . .136
122. Power of the Emperor over the Church, . . . . .137
123. Power of the Church over the State, .... 137
124. Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction, . . . . . .138
125. Church Property, . . . . . . .139
126. The Congregation and the Clergy, ..... 140
127. The Patriarchs, ....... 141
128. The Roman Bishopric before Leo, ..... 142
129. Leo the Great, ....... 143
130. Tlie Papacy after Leo. Gregory the Great, . . . .144
131. General Councils and the Catholic Church, .... 146
CHAP. IV.ā ECCLESLiSTICAL LIFE.
132. Religious Spirit of the People and Ecclesiastical Piscipline,
133. Celibacy and Moral Condition of the Clergy,
134. Monastic Life in the East, .....
135. Hermits. Simeon Stylites, . . . . .
136. Monasticism in the West. Benedictines, .
137. Veneration for vSaints, . ....
138. Public Worship, ......
139. Ecclesiastical Ai-chitecture and Works of Art,
140. Iconoclastic Controversy, .....
147
148
149
150
151
161
153
155
156
CHAP, v.ā OPPONENTS OF THE ORDINARY ECCLESIASTICAL SYSTEM.
141. General View, ........ 157
142. The Donatists, ........ 157
143. Audians, Massalians, . . . . . . . ā¢ 158
144. Priscilianus, . . . . . . ā¢ .158
145. Protesting Ecclesiastical Teachers, . . . ā¢ .159
146. History of the Paulicians, Ā§ 1, . . . . . 159
CONTENTS.
XXIX
DIVISION II.ā THE GERMANIC CHURCH.
1-17. Oiitriiial Authorities, ... . .
160
CIIAP. Lā ESTABLISHMENT OF CHRISTIANITY.
148. Religion of the Germans,
119. Religion of the Northern German Nations,
150. Arianism, ....
i jl. Victory of Catliolieism,
1 52. Bi ilisli and Anglo-Saxou Church,
153 Irruption of Islam in the "West, .
154. Germany, Bonifacius, .
155. The Saxons, ....
156. Overthrow of German Paganism,
CHAP. II.ā SOCIAL CONSTITUTION OF THE CHURCH.
157. Original Records of the Canon Law, ....
158. Relation of the Church to the State, ....
159. Property of the Church and the Clergy, ....
160. Ecclesiastical Power of the Pope, ....
161. Secular Power of the Pope, .....
162. Charles the Great, ......
162
163
165
166
166
168
168
169
169
170
171
171
172
173
173
CHAP. III.ā ECCLESL&STIC.YL LIFE.
163. Religious Spirit of the People, ....
164. Ecclesiastical Discii)liue, ....
165. Morals of the Clergy and Canonical Life, . .
166. Public "Worship, .....
CHAP. IV.ā ECCLESIASTICAL SCIENCK
1G7. Preservation of Literature, ....
168. Scientific Education under the Carolingians, .
169. Adoptionists, ......
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
MEDIAEVAL CIIUUCII HISTORY.
PERIOD III.
FROM CIIARLK.S TO INNOCENT III.
170. General View and Authorities,
181
CHAP. I.ā GENERAL DEVELOPilENT OF THE PAPACY.
171. General View, . . . . . . . .183
172. Donation of Constantine in the Ninth Century, . . . 183
173. Pseudo-Isidore, . . . . . . . .184
174. llie Female Pope Joanna, ...... 186
175. Nicholas L, 858-867, and Iladiian II., 867-872, . . .187
176. Formosus, 891-896. Stephen VJ., 897, .... 188
177. Pornocracy, . . . . . . . .189
178. The Popes' under the Othos. . . . . . .189
179. The Papacy until the Synod of Sntri, ..... 191
180. The Poj.Oij under Ilildebrand, 10-18-1073, . . . . 191
XXX
CONTENTS.
181. Gregory VII., April 22, 1073-May 25, 1085,
182. Gregory's Successors, 1085-1099,
183. The Crusades. Conquest of Jerusalem, .
184. Paschal II., 1099-1 lis,
185. Calixtus II., 1119-1124. Concordat of Worms,
186. Arnold of Brescia, and Bernard of Clairvaux,
187. The Crusade of St. Bernard,
188. Frederic I. Barbarossa, 1152-1190, .
189 Thomas Becket, ....
190. The Crusade against Salaheddin,
191. Henry VI. .
192. Innocent III., Jan. 8, 1198-July 16, 1216,
194
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
205
206
206
207
CIIAP. n.ā SOCIAL CONSTITUTION OF THE CHURCH.
193. Gratian and his Predecessors,
194. The Church and the State,
195. Ecclesiastical Power of the Papacy,
196. The Cardinals, ....
197. The Bishops, and the Bishops' Chapters,
198. Ecclesiastical Jui-isdiction,
199. Property of the Church, .
211
212
214
215
216
217
218
CHAP, m.ā ECCLESIASTICAL LIFE.
200. The Religious Spirit of the People,
201. Manners of the Clergy,
202. Church Discipline,
203. Public Worship,
204. Monastic Life, ....
205. The Congregation of Clugny, .
206. Minor Orders of the Eleventh Century, .
207. The Cistercians and St. Bernard,
208. Praemonstrants and Carmelites, .
209. The Trinitarians,
210. The Humiliates, ....
211. Establishment of the Orders of Knighthood,
219
221
222
223
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
231
ā CHAP. IV.ā STATE OF SCIENCE IN THE CHURCH.
212. Scientific Education of the Ninth Century, .
213. First Eucharistic Controversy, ....
214. Gottschalk. Cont. from Ā§ 12, .
215. Literary Interest during the Tenth Century, imder the Othos,
216. Academical Studies in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, .
217. The Second Eucharistic Controversy,
218. Scholasticism. First Period, .....
219. Mysticism. First Period, .....
220. Abelard, 1079-April 21, 1142, ....
221. The Sacred Scriptures, .....
222. Commencement of a National Literature in the Twelfth Century,
232
234
235
235
236
237
238
240
241
243
243
CHAP, v.ā EXTENSION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
223. The Holy Ansgar, 801-865,
224. Germanic Nations of the North,
225. The Slavic Nations,
226. Tlie Hungarians, . . _ .
227. The Finns, Livonians, and Esthonians,
245
246
248
250
250
CONTENTS.
XXXI
CHAP. VI.ā PARTIES PROTESTING AGAINST TEE CIIURCIL
228. Tlie Catharists,
229. Petei' of r>ruys and Henry.
230. The WaKlenses,
231. The Albigeneian War,
Tanclielm ami Eon,
CHAP. VILā THE ORIENTAL CHURCK
2:!2. Extension of the Church,
233. The Roman Empire and the Church,
231. Phot ins,
235. Division of the Church,
236. State of Science,
237. Paulicians. Ā§ 2. Cont. from Ā§ 146,
251
253
254
255
256
257
258
25iĀ»
260
261
PERIOD IV.
FROM INNOCENT III. TO LUTHEE.
238. General View and Historical Writers,
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
CHAP. I.ā RELATION OF THE PAPACY TO GENERAL AFFAIRS.
Frederic II.,
Overthrow of the House of Ilohenstaiifen,
St. Louis, ......
Termination of the Cru.sades, ....
Rudolph of Hapsburg, 1273-1291. Sicilian Vespers,
The Hermit in the Papal Chair, July 5-Dec. 13, 1294.
Boniface VIIL, Dec. 24, 1294-Oct. 11, 1303,
Commencement of the Babylonian Exile,
Louis of Bavaria, 1314ā1347. Joanna I. of Naples,
Close of the Babylonian Exile,
The Schism, .....
Council of Pisa, March 25-Aug. 7, 1409,
Council of Constance, Nov. 5, 1414-April 22, 1418,
Martin V., Nov. 11, 1417-Feb. 20, 1431,
Council of Basle, 1431-1443 (1449),
The Popes imtil the End of the Fifteenth Century,
Alexander VL, Aug. 2, 1492-Aug. 18, 1503, '
Julius IL, Nov. 1, 1503-Feb. 21, "^15 13,
Leo X, March 11, 1513-1517 (1521),
CHAP. H.ā SOCIAL CONSTITUTION" OF THE
258. Corpus Juris Canonici, ....
259. The Slate and the Church, ....
260. Ecclesiastical Power of the Papacy,
261. Ecclesiastical Assemblies, ....
262. The National Churches, ....
263. The Bishops and their Jurisdiction, .
264. The Inquisition, ......
CHAP. HI.ā ECCLESIASTICAL LIFE.
265. The Two Great Mendicant Orders,
266. Public Worship, .....
2()7. Flourishing Period of tlie Imitative Arts in the Church,
268. Worship of the Saints, ....
269. Miracles and Magic, ....
270. Cluirch Discijiline and Indulgences. .
271. Flagellants and Dancers, ....
CHURCH.
263
266
267
268
269
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
281
282
283
285
2S6
287
288
290
292
292
293
295
300
302
307
309
311
312
XXXll
CONTENTS.
SECT. Ā»aB
272. Morals of the Clergy, ....... 314
273. Religious Character of the People, . . . . .315
274. Survej^ of the Monastic Life, ...... 316
275. More Independent Associations, . . . . . . 317
276. The Templars and the Knights of St. John, . . . . 31S
CHAP. IV.ā ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE.
277. Scholasticism. Second Period, . . . . . ,320
278. Scholasticism. Third Period, ...... 321
279. Mysticism. Second Period, ...... 322
280. Excesses and Compromises, . . . . ... 324
281. The so-called Revival of Literature, ..... 326
282. John Reuchlin, 1455-1522, ...... 329
283. Desiderius Erasmus, 14G5-1536, . . . . . .330
284. The Holy Scriptures, ....... 331
285. The Doctrine of the Church, ...... 332
286. Ethics and Casuistry, . . . ' . . . . 333
CHAP, v.ā EXTENSION OF THE ROlLiN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
287. Apologetics. Islam. Judaism, . . . . . . 335
288. Prussia. Lithuania. Lapland, ..... 336
289. Prester John and the Mongols, . . . . . .337
290. The New World, ....... 338
CHAP. VI.ā OPPOSITION AND REFORM.
291. General View, ....... 338
I. Hostile Paiotes.
292. The Stediugers and the Heretical Ghibellines, . . . 339 ā¢
293. Fraternity of the Free Spirit, . . . . . .340
294. Order of the Apostles, ...... 341
295. Termination of the Earlier Sects^ ...... 342
II. Refoem.
296. Reformation iu the Head and Members, .... 343
297. John Wycliffe, 1324-Dec. 31, 1381, . . . . .346
298. John Huss and the Hussites, ...... 347
299. The Bohemian and Moravian Brethren, ..... 350
300. Learned Precursors of the Reformation in Germany, . " . 351
301. Jerome Savonarola, ....... 352
CILiP. VII.ā THE GREEK CHURCH
302. Arsenius, ........ 354
303. The Light of God and Philosophy, . . . . .354
304. Attempts at Union. Cont. from g 235, .... 355
305. End of the Greek Empire, . . . . . .356
MODERN CHURCH HISTORY.
PEKIOD V.
FROM LUTHEE TO THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA.
306. General View, .......
CHAP. I.ā THE GERMAN REFORMATION.
307. Original Authorities and Literary History, . . . .
358
369
CONTENTS.
xxxm
I. ESTABUSIIMENT OF THE LuTHERAX CnURCH TILL 1532.
308. Luther's Youth, ......
309. The Ninet^'-Five Theses, ....
310. Intei'fereiice of the Pope, .....
311. Amical)le Negotiations, ....
312. Deputation at Leipsic, June 27-JuIy, IG, lol9, .
313. Mclalicthon. General Affairs,
314. Appeal to the Christian Mobility of the German Nation,
315. Babylonian Captivity and Christian Freedom,
316. The 'Fire-Signal, ......
317. Political Relations 1 ill 1521, ....
318. Diet at Worms, 1521, .....
319. The Wartburg, and the Tumult at Wittenberg, 1521, 1522,
320. System of Doctrines and the Scriptures, .
321. Diet at Nuremberg, 1522, 1523,
822. Introduction of the Reformation, ....
323. Commencement of the Division in Germany, 1524-1526,
324. The King and the Theologian,
325. Peasants' War, 1524, 1525, ....
326. Erasmus and Luther. Cout. from Ā§ 285, .
327. Luther's Domestic Life, and his Colleagues, .
328. Religious Liberty and the Protestation, .
329. Synod of Ilomburg, 1526. Saxon Church Visitation, 1527-1529
330. The Diet of Augsburg, 1530, ....
331. League of Smalkald and Peace of Nuremberg,
II. Establishment of the Reformed Church until 1531
332. Youth and Doctrine of Zwiugle, ....
333. Introduction of the Reformation,
334. Division of the Swiss Confederacy, . . .
835. The Sacramentariau Controversy,
361
363
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
373
374
376
377
377
379
380
381
382
383
383
384
386
388
389
III. Establishment of tile Lutheran Church untll 1555.
336. Articles of Smalkald, . . . . . . .390
337. Progress and Political Power of the Reformation, . . . 301
338. Negotiations for Peace and Preparations for War, . . . 393
339. Luther's Death an<l Public Character, .... 394
340. The Smalkaldic "W^a-, 1546-7, . . . . . .395
341. The Interim, ........ 396
342. Maurice, 1552, ........ 397
343. Religious Peace, Sept. 25, 1555, ..... 3';8
IV. Establishment of the Reformed Church untll 1564.
344. The Concordium of Wittenberg. Cont. from Ā§ 338,
345. Italian SwitKerland, ......
346. John Calvin, July 10, 1509-May 27, 1564,
399
40U
400
CHAP. XLā ESTABLISHJVIENT OF A PROTESTANT ORTHODOXY.
I. Lutheran I3.M.
347. Tlie Antinomian and Osiandrian Controvei-sies, . . . 402
848. Lutherans and Pliilijipists. General Affairs, .... 404
849. The Synergistic Controver.sy, ...... 405
350. CryptoCalvinism. Cont. from Ā§ 344, ..... 407
351. Efforts at Concord, ....... 409
352. Reaction of Saxon Calvinism, ...... 410
353. Spirit and Result of the Doctrinal Controversy, . . . 411
XXXIV
CONTENTS.
n. Calvinism.
354. German Reformed Church,
355. Tlie Netherlands, . . . . > .
356. The Synod of Dort, Nov. 13, 1618-end of May, 1G19,
412
414
415
CHAP. III.ā PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION THROUGH EUROPE.
357. The United Austrian States until 1609, .... 416
358. Sweden, ......... 418
359. Denmark with Norway and Iceland, ..... 419
360. Poland, Livonia, and Koorland, ...... 420
I. Great Britain and Ireland.
361. Establishment of the Anglican Church,
362. Origin of the Puritans and Independents,
363. Scotland, ......
364. Great Britain under the Stuarts, . . .
421
423
424
425
II. France.
365. The Night of St. Bartholomew,
366. The Edict of Nantes,
367. Spain and Italy,
426
428
429
CHAP. IV.ā FANATICS AND ULTRAISTS OF THE REFORMATION.