Ki-iig, phil. Gutacliten in Saclisen d. Rat u. Supern. Lps. 1S27. (Clemen) Licht u. Schatton. Lps. 1827.
• i) Ev. K. Z. 1830. N. 5s. 15. ISs. 34. 54s. 59. 69. S4ss. 94s. A. K. Z. 1831. N. 9. Xota by Bvot-
scbneider, Neander, Ullmann, Scliott, B. CrusiHS, Scluiltz, CiiUn. u. a. On tbe other side: Rudel-
Inch, d. Wescn d. Rational. Lps. 1830.
CHAP. V. EVANG. CHURCH TILL 1S53. § 452. ALTEX BURG. irAMKUKG. 5G3
the authorized confessions should be acknowledged to bo in substance the
standard of doctrine. Ilenl-el declared that the Aiajustaiia was as authorita-
tive as the Curolina^ and appealed to an assembly of his fellow-citizens (Aug.
14, 1839), which presented a petition to tlic electoral princes, i)raying for
some explanation which should tran(iuillize the public miud, and for the con-
vocation of a general synod. By these means they hojjcd that all authoritative
creeds might be abolished, that the doctrines preached by the clergy might
be made negatively dependent upon the will of their congregations, and that
all parochial compulsion in these matters might be taken away. But not
only the views of the government, but the sentiments of the people were
opposed to both tbese demands. Wlien Ilassonpflug undertook the re-estab-
lishment of Old Ilessia (1850), the ancient form of oath was introduced, and
every thing received the precise ecclesiastical coloring of tlie old Covenant
of Fidelity (Treubunds-Farbung). (k) 5. In Saxe AUenhurg, a Consistorial
rescript was addressed (Nov, 13, 1838) to the Ephori of Ronneburg, in wliich
the emigration under Steidien was traced to the dissatisfiiction produced by
an unauthorized mode of performing parochial duties, and the preachers were
admonished to instruct their people in the essential and fundamental doc-
trines of Christianity. The explanation of this document by persons from
without, provoked the patriotic spirits of a few clergymen to a lively oppo-
sition. The opinions of four theological faculties Avere solicited by the gov-
ernment, with regard to the conduct of the consistory and its opponents.
The only replj' favorable to a rigidly orthodox sense was sent bj' the faculty
of Berlin, and even that body was by no means unanimous. As tliese opin-
ions were published with a noble confidence by the government, and every
attempt at legal proceedings on the subject was suppressed, the minds of the
people were tranquillized. (/) 6. In Ilamhurg^ an excitement was created bj
an attack by some Pietists in a literary publication upon what was called the
pretended Christian life of the multitude, and upon Rationalism, which was
denominated a snake in the hou.se of the Lord (1839). When two candidates
presented themselves, and an opportunity Avas thus given for an attack, the
party favorable to the old faith used all the means which could be emjjloyed
in a free state to procure their rejection,' on the ground that they had vio-
lated their oaths. But Avhen they declared that they would, as hitherto, con-
form according to their conscientious convictions to the Bible and the Cate-
chisju, both the ecclesiastical and civil authorities were satisfied, since it
could not be denied that the usage of a half century was in opposition to the
legal authority of the symbolical books. One pietistic candidate was sus-
pended until he should jdedge himself to observe in future the respect due to
the ecclesiastical ministry, and which had been disregarded in the course of
k) J. W. BickeU, u. d. Verpflicht. d. Geistl. a. d. synib. Schrr. Ciiss. (1S39.) 1840. On the other
side: A'. T. Bi(t/r/toJf'er in 2 kr'it Beleuehtungen. Lps. 1SS9. W. If. ^feul^er, e. W^ort ii. Lehrfreih.
in d. fv. K. Cass. 1S89.— TT Vilmiir, d. Kurhess. K. Kass. 1S45. W. Mungcher, Gescli. d. bess. ref
K. Cass. 1S50. BrI. K. Z. ISoL N. 47.
/) Berl K. Z. 1S39. N. Is. 31. C. If. KloUner, z, Ehronrettung e. verunglimpften christl. GI.
u. rredijrtwcise. Lps. 1S39. J. Schurferof, an den IL Dr. Ilcsekiel in Altonh. Lps. 1S39. JJedonlcon
d. theol. Face. Jen.i, Berl. Giitt lu Heidelb. Xebst Aetenstuckcn. Altenb. 1S39. PaiilttH, Motiv. Gut-
ttchten. Maniih. 1S39. C. Ullmann, (L Altenb. Angelegcnh. (Stud. u. Krit 1S40. P. 2.)
504 MODERX ClirilCir IIISTOKT. PEK. VI. a. D. 164S-185.3.
this controversy, (m) On the other hand, in Bremen, â– niien the younger
Krummacher, in tlie fervency of his zeal against those ^vhom he called the
priests of Baal, pronounced the apostle's curse (Gal. 1, 8) upon the whole
antichristian spirit of the age, although the liberal Protestantism rigidly
secured its rights against a new priestly and Jewish system, the majority of
tlic clergy in the city and country, to distinguish themselves from such as
tliey regarded as unbelievers in Christianity, formed an orthodox confession
(1840). (//) "When the Eeformed congregation at Liebfrauen, during the
spriug-tide of popular feeling in 1848, and in a popular election without the
ordinary established forms, called Dnhn of Magdeburg to become its pastor,
and when he was installed without pledging himself to any creed, the char-
acter of the candidate (o) and. the object of the congregation could no longer
be concealed. The old priest-church was derided as a corpse, from whose
grave alone new life could be expected, and the faith of their forefathers was
estimated only in the light of circumstances the reverse of what originally
existed. A small amount of intelligence, and a popular style of eloquence,
were sufficient to enable such a man to become a religious demagogue, who
professed to preach a Christianity which knew no vulgar class, and whose
apotheosis he completed, and whose holiest service he performed, when he
endeavored to inspire men with a burning hatred to despotism, and to enlist
them in an enthusiastic struggle for a free state, a secular redemption, in
which every enjoyment of life might be sliared by all. {p) An accusation
was preferred against him (April, 1851) by twenty-three members of his con-
gregation, who demanded that the Church should be protected against him
as an enemy.to Christianity. Dulon denied that the Senate, which in similar
circumstances (1845) had decided that a preacher should never venture in
his public instructions beyond the degree of intelligence which prevailed
among his people, had any right to interfere in theological controversies. He
alleged that, according to the Constitution of 1849, and the laws of the Re-
formed Church, in wliich no obligation to a particular creed was required, a
pastor was resjwnsible ovUy to his congregation, and that the great majority
of his people were opposed to the accusation, {q) The Senate applied to the
theological faculty of Heidelberg for an opinion upon the case, and when this
sustained the accusation, (r) Dulon was deposed (April, 1852), on the ground
m) Rlieinw. Eep. vol. XXVII. p. 236ss. XXXV. ISSss. Ev. K. Z. 1S39. N. 63s. 87. 1S40. N. 14s.
51s. A. K. Z. 1840. p. 66. M. II. I/udticalker, Protest in Veranlassnng d. neucston kirehl. Ereign
ill Ilamb. limb. 1S39. IL Schleiden. d. prot. K. ii. d. synib. B. zuni'ichst in Bpz. a. llaiiib. Iliiib. 1840.
n) Berl. K. Z. 1S40. N. 76. 82. 85. 91. F. W. Krummacher : Paiilus keiu Mann nach d. Sinne
unserer Zeit. 2 ed. Brem. 1840. Tlieol. Eeplik an Paniel. Elbrf. 1840. Dcr Sclieinbeil. Kationalism.
vor d. Eichterstuhle d. II. S. Ibid. 1841. J. Gildemeister, Blendwerke d. vulgaren Eational. z. Be-
seitigung d. Paul. Anathema. Berl. 1S41.— i^. W. Paniel: 3 Sontagspr. 2 ed. Berl. 1840. Unver-
holene Beurth. d. sogen. theol. Eeplik. Berl. 1840. W. E. Wther, die Verfluchungen. 2 ed. Berl.
1S40. Bremisches Magazin f. ev. Walirh. v. Paniel, Eothe, Weber. 1841ss. 3 P.— Bekenntniss Brem.
Pastoren in Sacbsen d. Walirh. Berl. 1840. Ehcinw. Eep. vol. XLII. p. 97. Mallet, fUr Stephani
Gemeinde. Br. 1S50.
o) R. Dulon, d. Geltung d. Bekenntnisschr. in d. ref. K. Magdob. 1847.
p) Vom Kampfe d. V<ilkerfieih. e. Lehrb. fursdcutsche Volk. Br. 1849s. 2 II. 5 ed. 1S51. Die reC
K., II. Mallet u. Ich. Br. (1850.) isr^l. Der Wecker, ein Sonntagsbl. s. Sept 1850.
q) Brl. KZ. 1850. N. 34. 45. 59.
/•) Gutiichten d. theol. Fak. d. Univ. Ileidelb. u. Dulon. with Praef. by Schenkel. Ileidelb. 1S52.
the other side: Dulon, d. Gutachten d. vicr. heid. Theologen. Br. 1852.
CHAP. V. EVAXG. CHUECII TILL 1S53. § 452. DULOX. SINTKNIS. 5G5
that his course led to agitation, and was dangerous to public safety, and he
was forbidden the performance of any duties as a preacher or an instructor
within the bounds of the republic, (.v) Even if this proceeding be regarded
as of questionable propriety according to the legal ordinances tlien in
force, (0 it "vvas certainly the natural result of the revolution wliich had then
taken place in i)ublic atfairs. 7. In M(u/</chiir(/, when a work of art was ex-
hibited, .SinUnii, tiie pastor of the Church of the Holy Ghost, maintained in
a public journal that the worship of Christ was a superstition not taught in
the gospels (1840). This was generally regarded as a gross imi)ropriety, but
a few distinguished persons in their zeal denounced it in the pulpit as a trea-
son against the Church. When the consistory required that Sintcnis should
acknowledge his views to be inconsistent with his ollice in the Church, and
promise that he would in future preach nothing which should not, as far as
he could ascertnin from the authorized creeds, be consistent with the doc-
trines of the Bible, under penalty of a suspension from his office, the city
thought that Protestant freedom of instruction was impaired, and that the
whole was intended to place exclusive power in the hands of the pietistic
party. The ecclesiastical sujierintendents and the magistrates therefore
brought a complaint against the consistory before the Bureau of Public Wor-
sliip, on the ground that it had treated human enactments as if they were of
equal authority with the sacred Scriptures, and that consequently the Pro-
testantism of Magdeburg, once so dearly purchased, was in peril. But when
this department censured the conduct of Sintenis as a pastoral indiscretion,
and admonished those who were zealous for orthodoxy to abstain from every
tiling inconsistent with existing rules, the excitement was allayed. («) — In
all parts of Germany it was only needful that some inflammatory word
should be uttered to produce ;i local explosion. The old Protestantism in its
renovated form, had in its favor the Avritten law, the religious enthusiasm of
the people, and sometimes also the protection of eminent civil authorities,
while the new Protestantism had the usages of almost a century, the mod-
ern improvements in science, the revolutionary principles started at the
Reformation, and generally, where freedom of conscience was threatened, the
masses of the third estate, who rose in defence of such freedom. The ortho-
dox style of preaching had become so strange in particular cities, that some
pastors who used it fell out with their congregations and were dismissed from
them, (c) and sometimes a city otherwise diligent in the practice of religion
and in its works of charity, protested in a legal form against the Apostles'
Creed, on account of its antiquated character, (ir) In the principality of
s) BrI. KZ. 1852. N. 20. 21. A. KZ. ISiJS. N. TO.
t) Dittenberfjer, Votuin in d. tlieol Fac. d. U. Iloidclb. u. D. Ildlb. 1S52. On the other sido:
Schenkd, d. Schntzplliclit d. Staats gegen d. ev. K. Ileidelb. 1852.
«) Ev. K. Z. 1840. N. 208. 43. 54.s. 6Ts. A. K. Z. 1S40. N. Glss. (Thetine) Urkundcn ii. d. Vi-r-
falircn d. Consist, zii Mnprd. gcfrcn Sintenis, v. e. Freiuide d. Wahrheit. Lps. lS4i). Miulioihin^'en ii. d.
VeranL d. Icirchl. Aufrcg. zu Magd. Darinst 1S41. — Der Biscliof Driiseke u. s. actjalir. Wiikcn ini
Preuss. Stnat v. G. v. C. {Kijnig.) Bergen. 1840.
V) Tholiicl; Liter. Anzeiger. 1885. N. 47. Acta hist. ecc. IS-'iS. p. 441ss. Klieinw. l!op. vol. V.
p. 129s?. vol. XVIIL p. 2Sss. l.Sls-s.
w) Brl. KZ. 1844. N. 28. 1845. N. 23. Kv. KZ. 1844. \. 40. "4. Rudelhauh, ii. d. Bu.liiit. d. Ap
pynib. Mit I?ez. a. d. Leipziger Confessionswiiren. Hal. 1S44.
566 MODERN CHURCH HISTORY. PER. VI. A. D. 1G4S-1853.
Lippe, five preachers, who had demanded the re-introdnction of tlie Heidel-
berg Catechism, instead of the liberal catechism which had been used for a
generation past, and liad protested (1844) against the spurious official oath
respecting tlie creed wliich had for some time been publicly administered,
and against tlie limitation of the ecclesiastical power of the ke^s, were sum-
moned before the consistory as ecclesiastical demagogues, and after humbling
themselves, tbey were admonished carefully to observe the regulations of the
Church. Private members were also informed that it did not belong to
them, with their limited knowledge of such subjects, to give a judgment
respecting them. (.?')
§ 453. Prussia, the Union and the Agenda till 1840. Cont. from § 414.
J. Jiicohfon, Gesch. d. Quellen d. ev. KReclits d. Prov. Preussen n. Pos. Konij.'sb. 1S39.
T. Mulder, Gesch d. ev. KVerf. d. Mark Brandenb. Weini. \i,i6.—JSdcl-el, Ireneon. Brl. lS21ss. 2
vol8. K. F. Gaupp, d. Union d. dentscben K. Brsl. 1S4.3. K. Semi.sch, u. d. UDionsversucbe bcs. in
Preassen. Greifsw. 1S5'2. C. J. 2fitzsch, Uikundenb. d. ev. Union. Bonn. 1S53.
Under Frederic II., Prussia had become, in consequence of its natural
position, the most prominent of the Protestant powers. Frederic William
II. (1797-1840), having found consolation under his severe losses in the sta-
ble word of God, Avished, after his government had become re-established,
and he had become rather jealous of its free development, that the Church
might be thoroughly regenerated. Though he felt some dislike to the unsta-
ble character of Protestant freedom, and especially to the high-wrought spirit
of Pietism, he was sincerely attached to Luther's honest and steadfast faith,
and with pious conscientiousness, under the influence of the writings of the
reformers, sometimes conducted the aflaira of the Church with his own
hands. He was, however, generally assisted by the gentle Altenstein, his
minister for public worship, with whose preferences for the Hegelian phi-
losophy in the Church and in the schools he was often displeased, but whom
he never would quite abandon, (a) When the civil power had absorbed all
authorities peculiarly ecclesiastical (1800), the king established (1817) pro-
vincial consistories, whose duties Avere confined to matters exclusively spirit-
ual, and did not include the location of clergymen ; district and provincial
synods, composed only of clergymen, and restricted within a narrow circle
of duties, but intended to be an introduction to an impei'ial synod ; {I) and a
ministry for public worship, which was to be the organ through which the royal
authority was exercised over the Church. The oath which the clergymen
were to take, bound them to be the servants of the state as AveU as of the
Church. As Protestantism gradually developed itself, the contrast between
the two Churches became less and less prominent before the minds of the
people, and other antagonisms of far greater importance than those between
Luther and Zwingle appeared in each. Hence, when the king sent forth a
a-) Urkunden z. Beurth. d. kirchl. Verb, im F. Lippe. Lps. 1S45. Ev. K. Z. 1842. N. 100. iai3. N.
28. 3T. 72. 1S44. N. 12. Co. 1S45. N. 30ss. 92. 1S4G. X. 9s. 33. 53. 77s. 97. 1S51. N. 75s.
a) Eijlert, Cliar-icteraiige a. d. Leben Fried. Wilh. III. Magdeb. 1843-6. esp. 3. vol. [Life and
Opinions of Fred. Will. III. from the Germ, of Eylert, by J. Birch, Lend. 1844. 8.]
V) Acts in Wdclder, theol. Isachrjcbten ISIT. Sclileiermacher, u. d. einzuricht. SynodalverC
Brl. 1S17. A. KZ. 1828. N. 44.
CHAP. V. EVANG. CHURCH TILL 1853. § -153. TKUSSLV. UNION. 567
call for a voluntar}' union at the Jubilee of the Keforniation, (c) the union of
an evangelical Cluirch foil into liis hands as the ripe fruit of the age. No
attempt to produce uniformity by artificial creeds was therefore necessarj'.
On the one hand, an internal union was effected by the conviction that tho.se
controversies which had now ceased, or which still continued, were not
inconsistent with Christian love and follow.ship ; and on the other, all that
was needful to an external union was accomplished by an agreement respect-
ing a constitution, church property, and ordinary usages. It was also con-
cluded that the Lord's Supper should be celebrated in the manner proposed
by the Synod of Berlin, by a mere breaking of the bread and a faithful reci-
tation of the words used in the original institution. But while this work
was in process of cheerful accomjilishment in the several ecclesiastical corpo-
rations, sometimes by public enactments and sometimes as tlie government
directed, by a i)ractical accei)tance of the breaking of bread and an ac-
knowledgment of tlie authorities of the united Cliurch, it was considerably
disturbed by the introduction of the Agenda. The development which had
taken place in the principles of Protestantism, and the modes of speech
occasioned by the new scientific and literary education of the people, ren-
dered some alteration of the language of the Church indispensable. New
liturgies were therefore introduced into some established churches without
attracting much attention. A common form of worship seemed to become
necessary by the union. The theological commission appointed for coinpo.s-
mg such an instrument in Prussia accomplished nothing. The king then pub-
lished an Agenda which had been adopted by his cabinet (1822) for the use
of the court church, gave orders that it should be introduced into the garri-
son churches of his kingdom, and recommended it to all the congregations
of the realm, instead of the conflicting and arbitrary forms which had pre-
viously been used in the different jirovinces. (d) Objections against it were
urged by some who fancied that it ])artook too much of an old ecclesiastical,
and even of a Catholic spirit, and b}' others who complained that it was not
suflSciently orthodox, and was too much reformed. Some, also, were displeased
with a heterogeneous political element which they discovered in it. But no
general opposition to it (t) was apparent until the government took some
steps to draw over the churches by various temptations or by coercion, and
some authors contended that a strict conformity to the liturgy should be re-
quired by a law on the territorial system. (/) In the midst of this cdnfusion
no synodal constitution was carried into effect, for even the victorious politi-
cal party took no pleasure in a measure which so forcibly reminded them of
the promised representative system. It was only in Westphalia and the
Khenish provinces that a synodal form on the basis of ancient usages was
introduced (1835), but even there the system left as much to be desired as it
c) Sept 27, 1817, in Nitsxch, p. 1258.
(1) Kirchen-Agenda f. d. prot Hof- u. Domk. in Bcrl. BrI. and ofc A. KZ. 1S2>. N. 17. C3.
e) {Schleievmacher) Ue. d. lit. Kccht ev. Landesfiirsten, v. Pacif. Siiicerus. Gott. 1321. Acten-
stuckc, betr. d. Pr. K. A. ed. by Falck, Kiel, 1S27.
/) AiiguHti, Kritik d. Preubs. A. Frkf. 1S2.3. and Erkliir. ii. d. Majcstutsreclit in kirohl. Dingen. F.
1825. ni. Naclitr. Bonn. 1820. M<irheineK-e, ii. d. walire Sti-Ilo d. lit. llcclits. Brl. 1S25. C. F. v.
Ammon, d. Einfuli. d. BrL A. gescliichtl. u. kirchl. beleuclitot, Drsd. 1S25.
568 MODERN CHURCH HISTORY. RER. VI. A. D. 164S-1S58.
actually fulfilled, ((j) The appointment of general superintendents (1829),
"with means at command for a very extensive sphere of personal influence,
Tvas looked upon as a restoration of the titular hishops to their former pre-
latical position, and hence as the commencement of a Protestant ei)i?co-
pacy. (//) Tlie king showed a great predilection for the Agenda as a work
of his own, and he even wrote a very modest defence of it with his own
hand. (/) But this difficult controversy was finally settled principally by an
arrangement proposed by the Bishop N^eander, according to which a new
revision of the liturgy Avas to be made by the ecclesiastical authorities, with
special reference to the most important objections (1829). As this presented
to the worshi[»pers a choice of several forms, and paid respect to provincial
usages, and as the rights of the Church were preserved and were duly hon-
ored by the government, it was accepted without difficulty. Accordingly,
since 1830, the Agenda has possessed the authority of law, and but one evan-
gelical national Church has been known in Prussia. (Z) In all the other estab-
lished churches of Germany the royal appeal was favorably received, and was
carried into execution by means of enactments in the synods or the congrega-
tions. In Xussan (1817), this was accomplished by a formal recognition of a
previous unanimity between the two parties in the essential articles of their
creeds. (?) In Bavai'ia on the Pkine, it was efifected (1818) by a general vote
on an edict which proposed that the evangelical Church should properly
respect the symbolical books containing the ordinary Protestant confessions,
but should have no authoritative rule of faith but the Holy Scriptures. In
Baden, the same result was secured by declaring (1821) that the Augsburg
Confession, together with the Lutheran and Heidelberg Catechisms, should
be regarded as an authoritative rule of faith only as far as a free investigation
should discover their consistency with the Scriptures, the only sure source of
Christian truth, and as far as the pure principles of evangelical Protestantism
were found in them. It was also agreed that the Lord's Supper should be
celebrated there in the form which had been accepted by Melancthon (p.
407). (m) "Wherever the union was not then effected, it was on account of
some local difficulties in the respective congregations. In those national
churches within the bounds of which very little more than a single Pro-
testant Church existed, as e. g., the Lutherans in the states of the German
Confederacy, and the Eeformed. in Switzerland and the Netherlands, there
was no necessity or object of such a Union, but even there it was accepted
as an ideal, and was recognized wherever an individual case required it.
The principal remonstrance against it was from a few Supernaturalists who
possessed no doctrinal agreement among themselves, (h)
g) Acta-hist ecc. 1S35. p. 3T5s. 18-36. p. 4o0ss. Yerhandll. d. 2 rliein. Prov. Synodal-Versamml.
Barmen. 1S3S.
!i) Augusti, Beitrr. z. Gesch. u. Slatistik d. ev. Kirche, p. TSSss.
i) Lutber in Beziehung a. d. Preuss. KAgende. Brl. 1827.
k) A. KZ. 1S29. N. 140. 1830. N. 93. Eyleii, u. Worth u. Wirkung d. Agende uach d. Ecsiiltato
e. zehnj;.br. Erfahrung. Potsd. 1830.
I) Archiv f. alte u. neue KGesch. vol. IV. p. lS9ss. m) Kitzsch, p. 134s.
n) Tlttmann, u. Vereinigung. Lps. 1818. Sleudel, u. Vereinigung. Tub. 1821.
CHAP. V. EVAXG. CHURCH TILL 1S53. § 154. UXIOX. LUTHKIIAXI^M. 5G9
§ 454. Luthcranism as a Sect tutdcr Frederic Willidiu III.
The spirit of orthodoxy which had now been once more awakened, per-
ceived tliat it would soon lose its principal power, if those portions of the
SA-mbolical books in which the different churches opposed and condemned
each other Avere no longer binding upon the people. So strong, indeed, was
the feeling now aroused, that in men of a reckless spirit it resembled Luther's
horror at all fellowship with tlie Reformed Clnu-ch. That which in other
places was a conscientious conviction in opposition .to the Union, or a theo-
logical opposition, (ii) in Prussia necessarily came into collision with the lively
interest which the government took in the united and uniform Church.
When the Union and the Agenda were accepted at Breslau (1830), Dr. Schci-
hel remained the pastor of a church which rejected tlie Union as a work of
luditferenlism, a compact between Christ and Belial and the Agenda, as a
part of the same scheme. After many elforts at accommodation, he was
suspended li'om the ministr}', and when he insisted upon a final decision, ho
was dismissed (1832). (b) Guericle announced that he had returned to the
old Lutheran Church, from which ho had unconsciously and involuntarily
been removed, and he now obtained a secret installation for himself as the
pastor of a congregation in and near Halle (1834). After many disturbances
of divine worship in his house by the police, he was deprived of his profes-
sorship on account of a rash attack which he made upon an order issued by
the government (1835). (c) A few pastors connected with the established