liberte des cultes, plaidee par Odillon Bat-rot. Par. 1843. {A. Mader) Die prot K. Fr. 17S7-1S46. ed.
by Gicseler, Lps. 1S48. 2 vols.
k) Brl. KZ. 1S4S. N. 75. 89. 90. 9S. 102.— 76. 95. 1S49. 2f. 7.
V) Brl. KZ. lSo2. N. 28. A. KZ. 1853. N. 143. ?«) Organ: Archive da Christianisme.
n) Alienor de Gasparin, Lcs lutOrets generaus du Protest, franc. Par. 1843. Essen. 1843.
CHAP. V. KVAXG. CUUr.CII TILL 1S53. § -103. FRANCK. ITALY. 609
independent in government and worship ; but they now resolved to maintain
unity by means of a biennial synod, and a synodal commission for the inter-
vening period, (o) But even in the Reformed National Church there are two
opi)0>ite parties : the Evangelical, under Ad. Monod, agreeing in doctrine
with the Separatists, and anxious to preserve, as far as possible, the old con-
fe.-ision and tlie old customs; (p) and the Liberal under Coquerel, rejecting
every creed e.xccjjt the S(^riptures as the word of God, and before the altar
of the Lord. The number of ministers in each of these parties is nearlj' the
same ; they remain united, and both are rich in works of pious charity. (7)
The theological faculty at Strasbourg maintains an intimate fellowship with
German science, and the other at Montauban, with a clergy trained by
rhetorical rules and with a practical spirit, is conversant princii)ally with de-
votional subjects. (/•) By its acquisition of territory in 1815, and by its Con-
stitution of 1842, Genera lost its Protestant independence, (v) Li Italy, an
evangelical public worship was needed only for foreigners residing there.
The policy of the governments of Milan and Florence did not lead them to
oppose the formation of particular congregations. A regard for England,
Prussia, and America, disposed Naples and the ecclesiastical states to tolerate
Protestant chapels; and after the old prophecy had been twice fultilk'd, Ger-
man Protestantism found an abode in the Capitol. (/) "When the national
desires of the Italians began to come in conflict with the hierarchy, an incli-
nation towards Protestantism showed itself here and tliere under English
influence, and the pope found himself threatened by a host of reforming
sph"its and Italian Bibles. After the re-establishment of the legitimate au-
thorities, the revolutionary religion was put down, and many a victim was
sacrificed in the prisons. ('/) But when the Madiai family in Florence were
condemned (June, 1852) to an imprisonment for several years, on a charge
of endeavoring to make proselytes to Protestantism by reading the Bible, the
zeal of their Protestant friends in England became powerfully excited against
this anachronism. In opi)Osition to the deputation of the Evangelical Alli-
ance, and the intercession of the King of Prussia and the English govern-
ment, the Grand Duke asserted the independence of his judicial courts, and
liis obligation to protect the religion of the state; but so menacing became
the popular excitement in England in support of the ministry, that the Tus-
can government thought it best to get rid of their troublesome prisoners by
sending them out of the country (March, 1853). (r) In consequence of this
affair, an association was formed in Hamburg (Aug. 1853), under the presi-
o) Union des 6gl. cvang. tie France. Par. 1S50. //. I/cUmar, Entst. d. Unionskirche in Fr.
(Zeilscli. f. hist Th. 1851. H. 3.)
])) Adoljihe MoiiocI, p'liiniuoi je dcnieure dans I'cgl. 6tablie. Par. 1S49.
q) A. Damman, d. prot. K. in Fr. (Zeitsch. f. liist. Tli. 1850. H. 1.) E. S. u. d. rel. Zust. Fr.
(Gelzer, prot. Monatsch. 1S53. Aug.-Oct.)
»■) E. lieuss, d. wiss. TlieoL untcr d. fr. Prot. (Stud. u. Krit. 1844. H. 1.)
«) Comp. Ilrl. KZ. 1842. N. 20. A. KZ. 1853. N. 149. E. Cunitz in d. Jen. L. Z. 184-3. N. 242ss.
t) mehulu-'h Britfe, vol. II. p. 40G. Fleck, wiss. Reise Lps. 1S35. vol. II. 1. p. ]24ss. Ji. Baird,
Sketches of Protestantism in Italy, past and present. Boston. 1S4C. 12.
11) Brl. KZ. 1S49 N. T3. 96. 1850. N. 21. Ev. KZ. 1852. N. 93. A. D. Z. 1853. N. 264.
v) Ev. KZ. 1S5'2. N. 102. Brl. KZ. 1863. N. 16.— Hist. pol. Bll. 1S53. vol. XXXI. p. 7S3ss. [Story
of the Madiai. N. York. 1853. Amer. and For. Chr. Union, vol. III. p. 307ss. vol. IV. p. 65ss,]
39
610 MODKRN CnUIICII niSTOllV. PKR. VI. A. D. 1C4S-1S53.
(Icncy of Lord Shaftesbury, with an executive committee in London, to assist
by every means sanctioned by the gospel all wlio might sufter persecution for
their confession of Christ, or for reading and distributing the Holy Scrip-
tures, (w)
§ 464. Old and Xew Sects.
L The WalJenses, "who were connected with the Hussites by fraternal
ties, recognized finally in the Reformation (Synod of Angrogra, 1532) the
very objects which their ancestors had been obscurely seeking, (a) They
were therefore exterminated in France, with the exception of some remnants
living in the High Alps of Dauphine, but they have been preserved under a
synodal system of pastors and elders in three Alpine valleys in Piedmont.
Here they came sometimes under the influence of distinguished persons be-
longing to the Genevan Church, though generally they retained the character
of great pious simplicity. They have been much oppressed by their own
authoriti&s, but since the time of Cromwell, they have received pecuniary aid
from the English government. Napoleon favored them, but after the restora-
tion they were thrown back under their former oppressions, and confined to
the narrow valleys of their ancestors, (h) The flag of liberty on the throne
of Piedmont opened to them the whole country (Feb., 1848j, the inclination
generally felt toward Protestantism found among them a primitive legal form,
and a great Waldensian church was dedicated with much solemnity in the
city of Turin itself (1853). (c) 2. Among the Mennonites in Holland, the
Arminian party obtained the ascendency, and when the difterent factions of
the Gross became united, all distinct creeds were abandoned (1800). {d) The
Baptists of England and North America had their origin principally among
the Independents (since 1630). The largest portion adhere strictly to Cal-
vinistic orthodoxy and discipline, but a part are Arminians (General Bap-
tists), and some have no ecclesiastical discipline. Some minor communities
among them have originated, in some instances, from their adoption of the
Jewish Sabbath (Sabbatarians) ; in others, from their inculcating opposi-
tion to the slave-trade as a religious duty (Emancipationists) ; and still in oth-
ers, from the principle of abstinence from all controversies on the ordinary
orthodox doctrines (Christians), (e) In Germany, persons sometimes became
Anabaptists from pietistic scruples, or from some religious extravagances, and
a few small congregations have here and there been baptized by the English
missionary Oncken, of Hamburg (since 1834). (/) In Denmark, they were
V-) A. KZ. 1853. N. 175.ss.
a) I/erzog. nim. Waldenser. p. 333ss.
I) W. Dieterici, d. Wald. u. ihr Verb. z. Trenss. Staat, BrI. 1531. Mnyerhnff, d. W. in unscrn
Tagen. Brl. 1834. Fleck, Reise. vol. II, 1. p. 21ss. [£". Henderson, Tuur in tbe Valleys of Tiud-
mont, in 1844. Lond. 1845. 8.]
c) J. II. Weisa, d. KVerf. d. Pieni. W. Zur. 1844. Brl. KZ. 1848. N. 21. 77. A. KZ. 1853. N. 173.
d) Fliedner. CoUectenreise. vol. I. p. 133ss.
<>) Bavkux, II. of the English-American Baptists. Boston, 1772-84. 2 vols. [D. Douglas, II. of
Bapt. Churches in the North of Engl. Lond. 1840. 8 ] A. F. Cox and J. Uohy, (p. 663.) Archiv. f.
KG. vol. II. p. 570ss. KHist. Archiv. 1824. St 3. Ev. KZ. 1832. N. 95. 1839. N. 91ss.
/) Pupikofer, d. neuer K. in der Sohweiz. St Gall. 1834. C. Gruneisen, Abrlss e. Gesch. d. rel.
Gsincinschaften in Wiirtemb. m. bes. Rucks, a. d. neuen Tiiufgcsinnten. (Zeitsch. f. hist Th. 1841.
H. 1.) Brl. KZ. 1840. N. 74. 1841. N. 79. 87. 1851. N. 34. 37.
CHAP. V. EVANG. CIIUUCII TILL 1^3. §401 UNIT. PLYMOUTH HliKTIL Gil
at first punished by fine and imprisonment ; but wben tlii.s course was found
to be ineffectual, tlie\' were allowed to have a single coiigreiration in Frederi-
eia (1842). It was, however, found impossible to confine them within this
limit, (fj) 3. As Cnitariaiuxm could be propagated simply as an opinion, it
had less occasion to he extended as a sect. In Transylvania, the Unitarians
have maintained a well constructed ecclesiastical system, and have developed
their views in consi.-;tency with their supernaturalist concessions. (/<) In Eng-
land they lived legally subject to the axe of the executioner, and although the
laws against them had long since ceased to be enforced, even in 1792, Parliament
refused formally to abolish the statutes against them, and it was not till 1813
that they were finally tolerated by law. Lindscrj (d. 1808), whose gentle
spirit led hira voluntarily to withdraw from a congregation connected with
the Established Church (1773), and the natural philosopher Priestley iown^QA.
a few Unitarian congregations, and an academy for free theological inquiry.(r)
"When Priestley was obliged to retire to America before the storm of the pop-
ular will (1794), he there encountered every kind of opposition. But after
his death ( 1804), a kind of Rationalism began to spread in opposition to the
prevalent sentiment of the people there, and found a peculiarly fiivorable
home in the general isolation and freedom of the churches. Several hundred
congregations among the Independents and Baptists have embraced it, and
for some time it has had the ascendency in the State of Massachusetts, (k)
In England, the greater part of the Presbyterian and General Baptist congre-
gations have adoj^ted tlie same sentiments. When they thus denied the doe-
trine of a Triune, incarnate God, the orthodox Dissenters maintained that
they had forfeited their right to all ecclesiastical property derived from foun-
dations established for the promotion of the Christian faith. This view was
sustained by the civil courts, and many congregations were deprived of their
former splendor m public worship, until by a new law (Dissenters' Chapel
Bill, 1844), which gave a legal title to such as had enjoyed immemorial pos-
session of the fund, a termination Avas given to this scandal. (/) 4. The
PbjiuoHth Brethren^ a society founded by Darby, an English clergyman, and
propagated from Plymouth to the Canton of V'aud (1840), felt constrained to
abandon the Protestant Church, on the ground that it also had become a
Babylon, but they remained strictly Calvinistic in doctrine, and were diligent
in religious labors. Piegarding themselves as the elect children, and there-
fore universally the priests of God, they relied on the promise of our Lord
(Matth. 18, 20), dispensed with a regular clergy, and in small domestic
churches waited for the approaching second advent of Christ, {in) 5. A
a) Brl. KZ. 1843. N. 9. 184a N. 13. 80. 1S4T. N. 12.
ft) (G. ilarl-OH,) gumma Theol. univ. fee Unitarios. Claudiopoli, 17^7. Arcliiv f. KGesch. vol.
IV. St L
t) Th. Bfhham, Memoirs of Lindsey. Lend. 1820. Memoirs of J. rriefttley, (by liimsolf and his
son.)- Lend. ISOGs. 2 vols. H'. Turner, Lives of Eminent Unitarians, Lond. 1840ss. 2 vols.
k) M'.ilrU, nst rel. Gescli. voL Y. p. 175. VII, 347ss. Archiv f. KG. vol. I. p. 88. IV, 14!)»s. Ev.
KZ. 1830. N. 13. 1881. N. 40.
I) J. Marclu Hist of the Pres. and Gen. Baptist Churches in the West of Engl. Lond. 1885. K
A. CreJner, kirchl. Zust inde. (Hcidlb. Jahrb. Is46. 11. 1.)
»n) J.J. Ilerzog, les Freres do Plymouth et John Durby. Laus. 1845. Ev. KZ. 1844. N. 28. 28.
BrL KZ. 1S51. N. 90. [C. F. Leopold, in the Stud. u. Krit 1848. H. 4.]
612 MODERN CHUECH IIISTOKY. TFAl. VI. A. D. 1643-1S03.
romance founded on the story tliat the ton tribes of Israel had been driven
to America, and been converted under the personal ministry of our Lord
there, was turned into a holy book which Joseph Smith (b. 1805) claimed to
have discovered by revelation, and found to be an historical record by Mor-
mon, an old prophet among that people. Professing to be himself an inspired
prophet, he collected around him an active host, which were driven from a
number of places, but at last commenced the erection of a city and a splen-
did temple in the State of Illinois. Their pious claims upon the property of
their neighbors soon armed a multitude of fanatics against them, by whom
their temple was destroyed and their prophet was slain (1844). During two
subsequent years, and in the midst of indescribable troubles, the Mormons
went through the wilderness and across the Kocky Mountains to the great
ocean, and founded on the Salt Lake (Utah Territory) a city and a flourishing
state, which is preparing to take its place under the starry banner of the United
States. From this point their messengers are going forth, full of faith in old
and new prophecies, into aE parts of the world, to baptize the Latter-Day-
Saints and to assemble them in their new Zion on the Salt Lake. Their
Catechism has an evangelical and almost an orthodox tone ; they take some
pains to deny the limited polygamy which is practised among them, and theii
community of goods is limited to one tenth of all property and annual rents,
to be used for objects of common utility. The purpose of their theocratic
government is to estabhsh a firm social and military system, and it otfers
those who have come to them, especially from Scotland and Scandinavia, the
prospect at least of a temporal kingdom, {n)
§ 465. MissiorMvy and BihJe Societies.
The ordinary Annual Eeports, esp. of the London, Edinburgh, Basle, Halle, and Berlin Bible So-
cieties. For a Gen. View: Knapp, Abriss e. prot. Missinnsgeseh. (Hall. Jahresb. 1S16. St 66.)
Fortschritte d. ev. Missionsw. im 1. Vicrtel d. 19. Jahrli. Bas. 1S26. F. Lucke, Missionsstudien.
Giitt 1841. F. W. Klumpp, d. ev. Missionswesen, s. weltgosch. u. nation. Bedeut. Stuttg. 1S41. J.
Wiggers, (p. 510.) J. II. Bremer, d. Missionswesen d. ev. K. Statistik. Haiiib. 1S47-51. I. vol. 1. 2 H.
K. J. NiUsch^ d. Wirk. d. ev. Chr. auf kulturlose Vijlker. Brl. 1S52. Conip. Wiseman?!, d. Un-
fruchtbark. d. v. Protestanten unternommen. Miss. Augsb. ISZb.—J. Ouen, Hist of the Orig. and first
ten }-ears of the Bible Soc. Lond. 1S16. 3 vols. Lps. 1S24. Archiv. f. KG. vol. 11. p. 229ss. Ill, Hiss.
A. KZ. 1S25. N. 123. 182S. N. 25. 1S29. N. 86. [F. Schobert, Present State of Christianity, and of the
Miss. E.stablishments. Lond. 1823. 12. J. 0. Choules, Hist of Missions. Boston, 1838. 2 vols. B. &
Edwards, Miss. Gazetteer. Bost. 1S82. 12. C. Williams, Miss. Gaz. Lond. 1S2S. 12. J. Tracy, H. of
the Am. Board. Boston, 1833. 12.]
In the spirit of the present age, which accomplishes great enterprises by
means of private voluntary associations, the extension of Christianity has
become a popular cause. Boards for missionary societies, each of which is
peculiar and distinct in its character, were organized at London in 1795, («)
at Edinburgh in 1796, at Boston in 1810, at Basle in 1816, (h) at New York
n) Book of Mormon. Book of Covenants. The former work has been several times printed since
1S30, even in German. Pratt, e. Stinime d. Warnung u. Beleh. f. alle Viilker. from the Engl. Hamb.
ISoZ.— Turner, Mormouism in all A^es. N. York. 1843. Casiocll, The Prophet of the 19th Cent
Lond. 1842. Raumer, (p. 601.) vol. II. p. 154ss. Brl. KZ. 1851. N. 69. 1852. N. 100. 1853. N. 6. 42. 45.
A. KZ. 1853. N. 8s9.
a) W. Ellis, Hist of the Lond. Miss. Soc. Lond. 1844. vol. 1 â–
V) W. Hoffmann, Eilf Jahre in d. Miss. Stuttg. 1S53.
CHAP. V. EVAXG. CHURCH TILL 1S53. § 465. MISS, .t IJIBLE SOCIKTIES. G13
in 1820, at Berlin in 1823, at Barmen in 1828, and at Dresden in 1836.
Wherever Protestants were found, auxiliaries to these societies were formed,
and about five millions of dollars are annually collected for the education and
support of five thousand native and foreign laborers in tbe missions of nearly
fifteen hundred stations on the globe. Every party in the Church, especially
in England and America, contributes of its money and its prayers, under tlie
conviction that the more a Christian gives for objects abroad, the more he
will have of si)iritual blessings in his own heart. The English missions aim
to make their converts thoroughly English, but the American missionaries
avow that they wish to become national pastors, wherever they may be sta-
tioned. In consequence of the peculiar organization of the London Society,
it was obliged to confine its attention to the simple proclamation of Chri.-^-
tianity, and to leave the ecclesiastical connection to be determined by the
converts, or rather by the missionaries themselves. The Church Missionary
Society recognized indeed only the system of Christian faith professed by tlic
Episcopal Church, but it ein])loyed even German missionaries, and allowed
them to manage their ecclesiastical •aftairs in tlieir own way. The diflicnlties
experienced by Rhenins (d. 1838), so remarkable for his powerful faith, and
who was the first tliat fell out with the society, sprung entirely from his de-
cided literary tendencies, (c) The North German Missionary Society (183^)
was much endangered by its controversy about the Lutheran and the Re-
formed Confession^, but with respect to missionary operations it always per-
ceived the necessity of a union. ('/) The mis.-^ionary societies of all countries
where tlie German language was spoken, were united (184G) into one gen-
eral body, that concert in missionary operations might be secured by
means of periodical general assemblies and a central Board, whose location
might be changed according to circumstances. (?) But when the Dresden
mission was transferred to Leipsic (1847), it placed itself decidedly on the
gi'ound (if tlie Lutheran Confession, and the Bavarian Lutherans pronounced
all contributions to the society of Nuremberg sinful, until it received a
Lutheran name and character (1852). (/) As most of the missions were
commenced under the management of what was called the Methodistic party
and the Moravians, it was found that none but those of a kindred spirit
would enter heartily into the work of conducting them. Gradually, there-
fore, a certain degree of coolness with regard to them sprung up among the
Rationalists, (y) Although the doctrines of many of the missionaries may
have reminded one more of the Formula of Concord than of the gospel,
there were certainly some missionaries, as e. (/., those who proceeded from
the school of the sincere Jaenike of Berlin (since 1800), whose virtues and
sacrifices remind us of apostolic times. Qt) Not only ministers with a regu-
c) li/ieinirald, Kep. vol. XXIV. p. 1848S.
d) I'vc-port (.f the Nortld. Miss. G. Ilamb. 1839. A. KZ. 1S4T. N. 152. Allg. Missionszeitiiiig, e.l. by
Brauer, llaiiib. Ii4.'jss.
t) Brl. KZ. 1S47. N. 70.
/) L. A. Petri, <I. Miss. u. d. K. Ilann. 1841. K. Graul. <l. ev. luth. M. zu Dresden an die liitli
K. Lps. 1S45. Kv. liith. Mis.sionsbl. Dr. u. Lp<!. s. lS4r>ss.
O) Rokr, I'red. BIbl. vol. XII. II. 4. Notizenbl. and oft. A. KZ. 1830. N. 83s.
/() Ev. KZ. 1S31. N. 90.
611 MODEEN CIIUKCII HISTORY. PEE. VI. A. D. ie4S-1863w
lar education, but in some cases mechanics of an elevated religions spirit,
yvere sent forth. Their princip; 1 influence has been exerted by means of
popular schools, and generally none have been admitted to baptism until
their fidelity has been proved. — When the Pietists of Halle had begun (1712)
to provide cheap Bibles, (0 this attempt to supply those -vvlio in different
places were found destitute of the word of God, suggested to some benevo-
lent people in England the idea of supplying every nation on earth with the
Holy Scriptures in their own language. The British and Foreign Bible Society
at London was the first and the most important of all these enterprises. The
single penny of the poor soon became a million, and innumerable Bibles are
now distributed in more than a hundred languages. That the whole power
of all parties may be combined for tlie accomplishment of this object, nothing
is printed by this society but the word of God, in a faithful, and, when it is
possible, in an ecclesiastical translation, without note or comment. The rela-
tions of the English society to foreign societies were disturbed by its resolu-
tion to withdraw from all co-operation in the cii'culation of the Apocrypha
(1827) ; but although the difficulty was nearly settled by mutual conces-
sions, (l) it was made the subject of controversy in the orthodox party in
Germany, because those who maintained the divine authority of the Scrip-
tures were against, while those who regarded them as merely traditionary
records were in favor of the Apocrypha, and the practical interest might
therefore be so explained as to be on either side. (I) The proposition in Lon-
don, to banish from the society all who did not believe in a Triune God, was
voted down with great unanimity (1831), but its advocates withdrew, and
formed a separate society. (///)
§ 466. Spread of Christianity.
In consequence of the revolutionary wars in the south of Europe and
America, the dominion of the seas had fallen into the hands of Protestant pow-
ers, and all the shores of the earth were open to their missions. Hence,
when peace was concluded, the gospel was proclaimed in all parts of the
world Avith more power than ever before, and with a powerful popular sym-
pathy in its favor. In the South Sea Islands., even among the milder tribes,
Christianity had to contend with the most licentious practices, and the terri-
ble sanctity of the Tabu. At Tahiti, the dissenting missionaries, since 1797,
never despaired even in the most hopeless seasons, and have finally obtained
possession of the native children. King Pamare II. learned to read and
write ; an insurrection in favor of the old religion was quelled after a san-
guinary struggle (Nov. 12th, 1815), and the magic work of the first printing
press was hailed (1817) with the most joyful anticipations. At the Sand-
wich Islands, king Riho-riho had already destroyed the old gods when the
American missionaries first landed on his shores (1820). {a) Since that time,
most of the Society and Sandwich Islands, as they coiild not escape the viceg
i) A. n. Niemeyer, Gescb. d. Canstein. Bibelanst Hal. 1827. K) A. KZ. 182T. N. 12. 1830. N. 29,
I) Brl. KZ. 1S53. N. 43. m) Ev. KZ. 1831. N. 63s. 1S82. N. 34. 05.
a) E. Provt, Mem. of the Life of J. Williams. Lond. 1S43. W. J. Bessei; J. W. d. Apostel d.
Pudsee. Brl. 2 cd. 1S4T.
CHART. EVANG. CHURCH TILL 1353. § 466. KAST INDIES. G15
of civilization, have accepted also of the virtues of a Puritanic form of
Christianity, and submitted tliemselves to the theocratic government of the
missionaries ; (b) but tlie English missionaries have been driven from the
Marquesas, and the evangelical churches of Tahiti have been Avasted by
French shi[)s of war with Catliolic priests (since 1842). (r) The old land of
wonders, the land of Bralinia, had now become subject to the merchants of
England. The East India Company has sometimes favored Bralimiiiism be-
cause it believed tliat the security of its dominion might be jtronu^ted by the
jealousies of the Brahmins and tlie Mussulmen. But public 0|)inion in Eng-
land demanded that the government should act in consistency with the
Christian religion, and accordingly, in 1829, the suttees ceased to receive the
protection of tlie laws, and in 1881, all offices ojjen to any natives wore made
free to Cliristian Hindoos. The system of caste still presents very great
obstacles; the manner in which the Brahmins liave been educated enables
them to propose objections ('/) which an uneducated missionary finds it hard
to answer ; the number of converts is small, and the missionaries' native
helpers have very little influence with those whom they have forsaken. The
Anglican Church is the only body which has laid the basis of un external
polity there. The diocese of Calcutta has been established (1815), and the
suflragaTis of Bombay and Madras have been since attached to it (1833).
But tlie foundations of the old temples have been powerfully shaken by the
quiet influence of Christian dominion and improvements, by tlie schools, a
free press, and trials by jury. In the promotion of these objects, Bishop
Heher (d. 1826) spent tlie brief day of his administration in his immense dio-
cese laboring principally for the Cliristian education of the people. (<?) Bishop
Wihon has declared all distinctions of caste abolished among guch as profess
the Christian religion (1833), since the gospel lias placed all men of every
nation and condition on the same footing. (./') On the other hand, the great