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The International
Critical Commentary
On the Holy Scriptures of the Old and
New Testaments
EDITORS' PREFACE
THERE are now before the public many Commentaries,
written by British and American divines, of a popular
or homiletical character. The Cambridge Bible for
Schools, the Handbooks for Bible Classes and Private Students,
The Speaker' s Commentary, The Popular Commentary (Schaff),
The Expositor's Bible, and other similar series, have their
special place and importance. But they do not enter into the
field of Critical Biblical scholarship occupied by such series of
Commentaries as the Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch ziim
A. T. ; De Wette's Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum
N. T. ; Meyer's Kritisch-exegetischer Komtnentar ; Keil and
Delitzsch's Biblischer Commentar i'lber das A. T ; Lange's
Theologisch-homiletisches Bibelwerk ; Nowack's Handkommentar
zum A. T. ; Holtzmann's Handkommentar zum N. T Several
of these have been translated, edited, and in some cases enlarged
and adapted, for the English-speaking public ; others are in
process of translation. But no corresponding series by British
or American divines has hitherto been produced. The way has
been prepared by special Commentaries by Cheyne, Ellicott,
Kalisch, Lightfoot, Perowne, Westcott, and others ; and the
time has come, in the judgment of the projectors of this enter-
prise, when it is practicable to combine British and American
scholars in the production of a critical, comprehensive
Commentary that will be abreast of modern biblical scholarship,
and in a measure lead its van.
The International Critical Commentary
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons of New York, and Messrs.
T. & T. Clark of Edinburgh, propose to publish such a series
of Commentaries on the Old and New Testaments, under the
editorship of Prof. C. A. Briggs, D.D., D.Litt., in America, and
of Prof. S. R. Driver, D.D., D.Litt., for the Old Testament, and
the Rev. Alfred Plummer, D.D., for the New Testament, in
Great Britain.
The Commentaries will be international and inter-confessional,
and will be free from polemical and ecclesiastical bias. They
will be based upon a thorough critical study of the original texts
of the Bible, and upon critical methods of interpretation. They
are designed chiefly for students and clergymen, and will be
written in a compact style. Each book will be preceded by an
Introduction, stating the results of criticism upon it, and discuss-
ing impartially the questions still remaining open. The details
of criticism will appear in their proper place in the body of the
Commentary. Each section of the Text will be introduced
with a paraphrase, or summary of contents. Technical details
of textual and philological criticism will, as a rule, be kept
distinct from matter of a more general character ; and in the
Old Testament the exegetical notes will be arranged, as far as
possible, so as to be serviceable to students not acquainted with
Hebrew. The History of Interpretation of the Books will be
dealt with, when necessary, in the Introductions, with critical
notices of the most important literature of the subject. Historical
and Archaeological questions, as well as questions of Biblical
Theology, are included in the plan of the Commentaries, but
not Practical or Homiletical Exegesis. The Volumes will con-
stitute a uniform series.
The International Critical Commentary
ARRANGEMENT OF VOLUMES AND AUTHORS
THE OLD TESTAMENT
GENESIS. The Rev. John Skinner, D.D., Professor of Old Testament
Language and Literature, College of Presbyterian Church of England,
Cambridge, England.
EXODUS. The Rev. A. R. S. Kennedy, D.D., Professor of Hebrew,
University of Edinburgh.
LEVITICUS. J. F. Stenning, M.A., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford.
NUMBERS. The Rev. G. Buchanan Gray, D.D., Professor of Hebrew,
Mansfield College, Oxford. \_Now Ready.
DEUTERONOMY. The Rev. S. R. Driver, D.D., D.Litt., Regius Pro-
fessor of Hebrew, Oxford. \N(yw Ready.
JOSHUA. The Rev. George Adam Smith. D.D., LL.D., Professor of
Hebrew, United Free Church College, Glasgow.
JUDGES. The Rev. George Moore, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Theol-
ogy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. \^Now Ready.
SAMUEL. The Rev. H. P. Smith, D.D., Professor of Old Testament
Literature and History of Religion, Meadville, Pa. \Now Ready.
KINGS. The Rev. Francis Brown, D.D., D.Litt., LL.D., Professor
of Hebrew and Cognate Languages, Union Theological Seminary, New
York City.
CHRONICLES. The Rev. Edward L. Curtis, D.D., Professor of
Hebrew, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
EZRA AND NEHEMIAH. The Rev. L.W. BATTEN, Ph.D., D.D., Rector
of St. Mark's Church, New York City, sometime Professor of Hebrew,
P. E. Divinity School, Philadelphia.
PSALMS. The Rev. Chas. A. Briggs, D.D., D.Litt., Graduate Pro-
fessor of Theological Encyclopaedia and Symbolics, Union Theological
Seminary, New York. \2 vols. Now Read'"
PROVERBS. The Rev. C. H. Toy, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Hebrew,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. \^Now Ready.
JOB. The Rev. S. R. Driver, D.D., D.Litt., Regius Professor of He-
brew, Oxford.
The International Critical Commentary
ISAIAH. Chaps. I-XXXIX. The Rev. G. BUCHANAN Gray, D.D.,
Professor of Hebrew, Mansfield College, Oxford.
ISAIAH. Chaps. XL-LXVI. The Rev. S. R. Driver, D.D., D.Litt.,
Regius Professor of Hebrew, Oxford.
JEREMIAH. The Rev. A. F. Kirkpatrick, D.D., Dean of Ely, sometime
Regius Professor of Hebrew, Cambridge, England.
EZEKIEL. The Rev. G. A. Cooke, M.A., sometime Fellow Magdalen
College, and the Rev. Charles F. Burney, D.Litt., Fellow and Lecturer
in Hebrew, St. John's College, Oxford.
DANIEL. The Rev. John P. Peters, Ph.D., D.D., sometime Professor
of Hebrew, P. E. Divinity School, Philadelphia, now Rector of St.
Michael's Church, New York City.
AMOS AND HOSEA. W. R. Harper, Ph.D., LL.D., sometime Presi-
dent of the University of Chicago, Illinois. \^Now Ready.
MICAH TO HAGGAI. Prof. JoHN P. SMITH, University of Chicago;
Prof. Charles P. Fagnani, D.D., Union Theological Seminary, New
York; W. Hayes Ward, D.D., LL.D., Editor of The Independent, New
York ; Prof. Julius A. Bewer. Union Theological Seminary, New York,
and Prof. H. G. Mitchell, D.D., Boston University.
ZECHARIAH TO JONAH. Prof. H. G. Mitchell, D.D., Prof. John
P. Smith and Prof. J. A. Bewer.
ESTHER. The Rev. L. B. Baton, Ph.D., Professor of Hebrew, Hart-
ford Theological Seminary. [/« Press.
ECCLESIASTES. Prof. George A. Barton, Ph.D., Professor of Bibli-
cal Literature, Bryn Mawr College, Pa. [Now Ready.
RUTH, SONG OF SONGS AND LAMENTATIONS. Rev. Charles A.
Briggs, D.D., D.Litt., Professor of Theological Encyclopaedia and Sym-
bolics, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
THE NEW TESTAMENT
ST. MATTHEW. The Rev. WiLLOUGHBY C. Allen, M.A., Fellow and
Lecturer in Theology and Hebrew, Exeter College, Oxford. [Now Ready.
ST. MARK. Rev. E. P. Gould, D.D., sometime Professor of New Testa-
ment Literature, P. E. Divinity School, Philadelphia. [Nmu Ready.
ST. LUKE. The Rev. Alfred Plummer, D.D., sometime Master of
University College, Durham. [Now Ready.
The International Critical Commentary
ST. JOHN. The Very Rev. John Henry Bernard, D.D., Dean of St.
Patrick's and Lecturer in Divinity, University of Dublin.
HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS. The Rev. Wiluam Sanday, D.D.,
LL.D., Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity, Oxford, ana the Rev. WiL-
LOUGHBY C. Allen, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer in Divinity and Hebrew,
Exeter College, Oxford.
ACTS. The Rev. C. H. Turner, D.D., Fellow of Magdalen College,
Oxford, and the Rev. H. N. Bate, M.A., Examining Chaplain to the
Bishop of London.
ROMANS. The Rev. William Sanday, D.D., LL.D., Lady Margaret
Professor of Divinity and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford, and the Rev.
A. C. Headlam, M.A., D.D., Principal of King's College, London.
\_A^ow Ready.
CORINTHIANS. The Right Rev. Arch. Robertson, D.D., LL.D., Lord
Bishop of Exeter, and Dawson Walker, D.D., Theological Tutor in the
University of Durham.
GALATIANS. The Rev. Ernest D. Burton, D.D., Professor of New
Testament Literature, University of Chicago.
EPHESIANS AND COLOSSIANS. The Rev. T. K. Abbott, B.D.,
D.Litt., sometime Professor of Biblical Greek, Trinity College, Dublin, now
Librarian of the same. [A^t^t:^ Ready.
PHILIPPIANS AND PHILEMON. The Rev. Marvin R. Vincent,
D. D., Professor of Biblical Literature, Union Theological Seminary, New
York City. [N'ozv Ready.
THESSALONIANS. The Rev. James E. Frame, M.A., Professor of
Biblical Theology, Union Theological Seminary, New York.
THE PASTORAL EPISTLES. The Rev. Walter LocK, D.D., Warden
of Keble College and Professor of Exegesis, Oxford.
HEBREWS. The Rev. A. Nairne, M.A., Professor of Hebrew in King's
College, London.
ST. JAMES. The Rev. James H. Ropes, D.D., Bussey Professor of New
Testament Criticism in Harvard University.
PETER AND JUDE. The Rev. Charles Bigg, D.D., Regius Professor
of Ecclesiastical History and Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. [^Nazv Ready.
THE EPISTLES OF ST. JOHN. The Rev. E. A. Brooke, B.D., Fellow
and Divinity Lecturer in King's College, Cambridge.
REVELATION. The Rev. Robert H. Charles, M.A., D.D., Professor
of Biblical Greek in the University of Dublin.
THE BOOK OF ESTHER
The International Critical Commentary
A
CRITICAL AND EXEGETICAL
COMMENTARY
ON
THE BOOK OF ESTHER
BY
LEWIS BAYLES PATON, Ph.D., D.D.
PROFESSOR OF OLD TESTAMENT EXEGESIS AND CRITICISM
HARTFORD THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, HARTFORD, CONN.
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1908
,3.5
Copyright, 1908, by
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
Published September, 1908
PREFACE
THE Book of Esther presents no complicated problems of
documentary analysis, such as are found in most of the
other historical books of the Old Testament. With the
possible exception of the concluding verses in g^'-io', its unity is
recognized by all schools of criticism. It also presents no difficult
problems of dating, such as are found in the prophetical books.
There is general agreement that it belongs to the Greek period,
and probably to the latter part of that period. Questions of com-
position and age, accordingly, can be dismissed in this case far
more rapidly than in other commentaries of the series. On the
other hand, the text of the book raises a number of problems that
have no parallels in the criticism of the rest of the Old Testament.
Beginning with the Greek translation, and continuing through the
Old Latin, Vulgate, Josephus, and Peshitto down to the Talmud
and Targums, the versions of Esther disclose a number of re-
markable additions to the Massoretic text that have no analogies
in the versions of other books. These are found in full in none of
the commentaries and are not easily accessible to the student, yet
they are important both for the history of the text and for the
history of exegesis.
This being the case, it is proper that a critical commentary
should present these variations completely, and should discuss
their textual and exegetical value. In preparing my apparatus,
I soon discovered that ordinary methods of recording readings
were inadequate on account of the extraordinary number of the
variants. After a number of experiments I found that the only
practical way was to have a separate large card for every word in
the Massoretic text, and on this to record the alternate readings
of the versions and recensions. The numerous additions could
then be inserted on other cards whenever they interrupted the
281512
VI PREFACE
Massoretic text. By this method I have secured, I bchcve, both
completeness and accuracy. I have taken the textus receptus of
Van der Hooght (1705) as the standard of comparison, and all
departures from it in recensions, Mss., printed editions, or ancient
versions I have recorded in the critical notes. Only minor varia-
tions of vocalization or accentuation, vi^hich do not affect the inter-
pretation, and which for the most part represent only the notions
of particular punctuators or schools of punctuators, I have not
thought it worth while to insert. Variants in the versions which
represent the same Hebrew word I have not included. To have
recorded all the cases of this sort would have been useless and would
have swelled the volume to an enormous size.
How to treat the insertions of the versions has been a puzzling
question. Substitutions of other readings for those of the Masso-
retic text should obviously be given in the original Greek, Latin,
or Aramaic, in order that students may judge of their textual value ;
but the long additions of the versions are not translations from
Hebrew, and, therefore, no good reason appears why they should
be inserted in the original languages. For the ordinary reader a
translation is more serviceable, and the specialist will have no
difficulty in referring to the originals whenever this is necessary.
Accordingly, I have given all the additions in English, making in
each case a new translation from the best critical editions. Any
one who is curious to see the originals and the textual variants in
the Greek will find them in my article, "A Text-Critical Apparatus
to the Book of Esther," in Old Testament and Semitic Studies in
Memory of W. R. Harper (1908), ii. pp. 1-52. In the revision of
this article I had the valuable help of Professor G. F. Moore of
Harvard University, one of the editors of the Memorial Volume,
and his suggestions in connection with this preliminary piece of
work have been no small help in the preparation of the commen-
tary. Many of the additions of the Midrashim are similar in
character to those of the Targumim, and it would have been inter-
esting to have included them also in this volume; but, with the
limits of space imposed upon me, this was impossible. I hope
presently to publish them in a volume entitled "The Story of
Esther in the Bible and in Later Tradition."
PREFACE Vll
Where to place the additions of the versions in the commentary
has also been a problem. As textual amplifications, they seem to
belong with the other textual apparatus in the critical notes. As
secondary elements that interrupt the progress of the Hebrew text,
they might conveniently be relegated to footnotes or appendixes;
and, by using small type, much space might be saved for other
matters. Practically, ho\\iever, these additions are commen-
taries on the Hebrew text, and are interesting and valuable only as
they are read in the same connection in which they were placed by
the ancient versions. Accordingly, I have decided to insert them
in square brackets in my translation of the Hebrew text at the
same points where they are inserted in the originals. Thus they
can be read in the way in which they were meant to be read by
their authors. Let no one suppose that the matter in brackets is
regarded as an integral part of the text. It is only the earliest ex-
tant commentary that I have interwoven with the text in the same
manner as my own annotations. The Hebrew original is dis-
criminated from the amplifications by the fact that its translation
is given in italics. Ordinarily I have inserted the additions with-
out note or comment, since a commentary on them would have
carried the volume beyond the prescribed limits; but whenever
the versions seem to preserve a reading that has been lost by the
Hebrew, I have called attention to this fact.
In spite of the smallness of the Book of Esther its bibliography
is exceedingly copious. Its quasi-legal character gave it a large
place in the discussions of the doctors of the Talmud. It has two
Targums and at least eight Midrashes, and all of these have been
made the basis of numerous super-commentaries and discussions.
More Jewish commentaries have been written upon it than upon
any other book except the Law, and these in their turn have been
explained by later scholars. The problem of its canonicity at-
tracted much attention in the early Christian centuries, and the
additions of the Greek text brought it into the discussion of the
canonicity of the Apocrypha. In modern times its historical diffi-
culties have called forth a host of treatises attacking or defending
its credibiHty, and within the last few years the " Panbabylonisten "
have deluged us with literature endeavouring to prove the Baby-
VllI PREFACE
Ionian origin of Purim. My bibliography contains upward of 700
titles of books and articles on Esther. The more important half
of these I have found in the admirable library of Hartford Theolog-
ical Seminary, and my hearty thanks are due to Dr. Charles S.
Thayer, the librarian, and to Mr. M. H. Ananikian, the assistant
librarian, for the great help that they have given me in hunting
out these books and in putting them at my disposal for long periods
of time. The remaining works, with the exception of about fifty,
I have found in the libraries of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton Uni-
versities, and of Harvard, Princeton, Union, and the New York
Jewish Theological Seminaries. The rich collection of the Jewish
Theological Seminary in particular contains almost no gaps in the
series of Jewish commentaries. To the librarians of all these insti-
tutions I wish to express my gratitude for the assistance they have
given me and for the books they have so willingly put at my dis-
posal. As a result of my search I have reached the conclusion
that, with the exception of MSS., all the books that a student of the
Old Testament needs can now be found in American libraries
quite as well as in those of Europe, and that the conditions
attached to their use are much less strict on this side of the Atlantic
than on the other. In subsequent references it will be understood
that I have had personal access to the literature mentioned except
in cases where I indicate the contrary.
LEWIS BAYLES PATON.
Hartford Theological Seminary.
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK OF ESTHER . .
I. PLACE OF ESTHER IN THE OLD TESTAMENT
§ I. Place in the Hebrew Bible
§ 2. Place in the Greek Version
II. THE TEXT OF ESTHER
§ 7
§ 8
§ 9
§ lo
§11
§ 12
§ 13
§ 14
§15
§i6
§ 17
§18
§ 19
§ 20.
, descendants of the TIBERIAN MASSORETIC TEXT
Mss. WITH Tiberian Vocalization 5
The Printed Editions 10
The Massora 12
Citations in Jewish Commentaries 13
other descendants of the text of the sopherim
Mss. WITH Babylonian Vocalization 14
The Syriac Peshitto 16
The First Targum 18
The Second Targum 21
The Latin Version of Jerome 24
Citations in the Talmud 28
c. other descendants of the original text
The Greek Version 29
The Unrevised Greek Text 31
The Recension of Origen 34
The Recension of Hesychius 36
The Recension of Lucian 37
Josephus 39
The Old Latin Version 40
Origin of the Additions in Greek 41
ix
CONTENTS
III. HIGHER CRITICISM
PAGE
§ 21. Outline of the Book . . 47
§ 22. Identity of Ahasuerus 51
§ 23. Purpose of the Book 54
§ 24. Independence of 920-10' 57
§ 25. Age of the Book 60
§ 26. Authorship 63
§ 27. Historical Character 64
§ 28. Origin of the Feast of Purim 77
IV. canonicity
§ 29. Omission of the Name of God 94
§ 30. Moral Teaching of the Book 96
§ 31. Estimate of the Church 96
v. interpretation
Earliest Jewish Exegesis 97
Earliest Christian Exegesis loi
The Targums and Midrashes loi
Other MedIvEval Jewish Commentaries .... 104
Medieval Christian Interpretation 107
The Reformation Period 107
The Post-Reformation Period no
The Modern Critical Period in
COMMENTARY 119
INDEXES 309
I. Hebrew 309
II. Names of Authors and Books 312
III. Subjects 321
IV. Biblical Passages 335
ABBREVIATIONS
I. TEXTS AND VERSIONS
S = Codex Sinaiticus.
A = Codex Alexandrinus.
Aid. = The Aldine text of <S.
AV. = Authorized Version.
B = Codex Vaticanus.
Ba. = Baer, Quinqiie Volumina.
Br. = Edition, Brescia, 1492.
B' = Bomberg Bible, 1516-17.
B^ = Bomberg Bible, 1526.
BT. = Babylonian Talmud.
C = Complutensian Polyglot.
(6 = Greek Version, except L.
G = Ginsburg, Heb. Bible.
H = Hesychian recension of (&.
^ = Hebrew consonantal text.
3 = Latin version of Jerome.
Jos. = Josephus, Ant. xi.
JT. = Jerusalem Talmud.
K = Kennicott, Var. Led.
L = Lucianic recension of (&.
E = Old Latin version,
m*^ = Latin, Codex Corbeiensis.
C^ = Latin, Codex Pechianus.
M = Michaelis, Bib. Heb.
M = Massoretic Hebrew text.
Mas.= Massora.
N = Codex Basiliano-Vaticanus.
N' = Hagiographa, Naples, i486.
N^ = Bible, Naples, 1491-93.
NT. = New Testament.
O = Origenic recension of (&.
Oc. = Occidental MSS.
Or. = Oriental MSS.
OT. = Old Testament.
Q = Qere, or variants of fH.
R = De Rossi, Var. Led.
RV. = Revised Version.
5 = Bible, Soncino, 1488.
6 = Syriac version.
&* = Syriac, Codex Ambrosianus.
&!- = Syriac, London Polyglot.
§M = Syriac, Mosul edition.
0U = Syriac, Urumia edition.
(5' = First Targum.
JT" = Second Targum.
Vrss.= Ancient versions.
Xll
ABBREVIATIONS
CURSIVE MSS.
(according to holmes and parsons)
19 = Rome, Chigi R vi. 38.
44 = Zittau, A I. I.
52 = Florence, Laur. Acq. 44.
55 = Rome, Vat. Reg. Gr. i.
64 = Paris, Nat. Reg. Gr. 2.
68 = Venice, St. Mark's Gr. 5.
71 = Paris, Nat. Reg. Gr. i.
74 = Florence, Laur. Acq. 700 (49).
76 = Paris, Nat. Reg. Gr. 4.
93 = London, B. M. Reg. i. D. 2.
106 = Ferrara, Bibl.
187.
107 = Ferrara, Bibl.
Comm. Gr.
Comm. Gr.
108 = Rome, Vat. Gr. 330.
120 = Venice, St. Mark's Gr. 4.
236 = Rome, Vat. Gr. 331.
243 = Venice, St. Mark's Gr. 16.
248 = Rome, Vat. Gr. 346.
249 = Rome, Vat. Pius i.
II. BOOKS OF THE OLD TESTAMENT AND APOCRYPHA
Ad. Est. = The Rest of the Book of
Esther.
= Amos.
Am.
I, 2 Ch.
Ct.
Dn.
Dt.
= I, 2 Chronicles.
^ Canticles = The Song of
Songs.
= Daniel.
^ Deuteronomy.
Ec.
= Ecclesiastes.
Ecclus.
= Ecclesiasticus
Est.
= Esther.
Ex.
= Exodus.
Ez.
= Ezekiel.
Ezr.
^ Ezra.
Gn.
= Genesis.
Hb.
= Habakkuk.
Hg.
= Haggai.
Ho.
= Hosea.
Is.
= Isaiah.
Jb.
= Job.
Je.
= Jeremiah.
Jo.
= Joel.
Jon.
Jos.
Ju.
Jud.
1, 2K.
La.
Lv.
Mai.
I, 2 Mac.
Mi.
Na.
Ne.
Nu.
Jonah.
Joshua.
Judges.
Judith.
I, 2 Kings.
Lamentations.
Leviticus.
Malachi.
I, 2 Maccabees.
Micah.
Nahum.
Nehemiah.
Numbers.
Ob. = Obadiah.
Pr.
Ps.
Ru.
I, 2 S.
Tob.
Zc.
Zp.
Proverbs.
Psalms.
Ruth.
I, 2 Samuel.
Tobit.
Zechariah.
Zephaniah.
ABBREVIATIONS
XUl
III. AUTHORS AND WRITINGS
Ad.
= W. F. Adeney.
ET.
= Expository Times.
AJSL.
= American Journal of
Ew.
= H. Ewald.
Semitic Languages.
Exp.
= Expositor.
And.
= L. E. T. Andre.
AZ.
= Zeitschrift filr Agyp-
Frit.
= O. F. Fritzsche.
tologie.
Gem.
= The Gemara.
Bar.
= R. A. F. Barrett.
Ges.
= W. Gesenius.
Baud.
= W. W. Baudissin.
GGA.
= Gottingsche Gelehrte
Bau.
= G. L. Bauer.
Anzeigen.
Baum.
= M. Baumgarten.
GGN.
= Gottingsche Gelehrte
BDB.
= Brown, Driver, Briggs,
Nachrichten.
Heb.-Eng. Lexicon.
Gins.
= C. D. Ginsburg.
Bell.
= R. Bellarmin.
Grot.
= H. Grotius.
Bert.
= E. Bertheau.
Hav.
= H. C. A. Havernick.
Biss.
= E. C. Bissell.
HDB.
= Hastings' Dictionary
Bot.
= F. Bottcher.
of the Bible.
Bon.
= O. Bonart.
Hen.
= M. Henry.
Bux.
= J. Buxtorf.
Her.
= Herodotus.
BW.
= Biblical World.
Hew.
= J. Hewlett.
Caj.
= T. deV. Cajetan.
HM.
= OT. and Semitic Stud-
Cal.
= A. Calovius.
ies in Memory oj
Calm.
= A. Calmet.
W. R. Harper.
Calv.
= J. Calvin.
HP.
= Holmes and Parsons.
Carp.
= J. G. Carpzov.
IE.
= Ibn Ezra.
Cas.
= P. Cassel.
IM.
= Ibn Melech.
Che.
= T. K. Cheyne.
Cler.
= J. Clericus.
J A.
= Journal Asiatigue.
Corn.
= C. H. Cornill.
JAOS.
= Jour7tal of the A meri-
Crit. Sac.
= Critici Sacri.
can Oriental Society.
JBL.
= Journal of Biblical
Dav.
= A. B. Davidson.
Literature.
Del.
= Friedrich Delitzsch.