paratus Milo contra ilium, ut non satis fere esset paratus.
Semper ille, et quantum interesset P. Clodii, 11 se perire,
et quanto illi odio 12 esset, et quantum ille auderet, co-
gitabat. Quamobrem, vitam suam, quam maximis praemiis
propositam et paene addictam 13 sciebat, nunquam in pericu-
lum sine praesidio et sine custodia projiciebat. Adde casus,
adde incertos exitus pugnarum, Martemque communem 14 ,
qui sa?pe spoliantem jam et exsultantem evertit, et perculit
ab abjecto 15 . Adde inscitiam 16 pransi, poti, oscitantis 17 ducis;
qui quum a tergo hostem interclusum reliquisset, 18 nihil de
5. Kugarum] For nugatorum,'
triflers. Att. vi.3. Amicoshabet meras
nugas, JMontinium, Scaptium.
6. Pueros symphoniacos'] Choris-
ters, singing-boys, ovufwiaKoi ; from
avfKfxovia, a harmony of mingled
sounds.
7. Exoletos'] Propr. ' adult ;' hence
1 pueri meritorii dicuntur adults jam
atatis.' Forcel.
Q.Lupas] Intimating a greater degree
of immodesty than ' scorta' who at
least wore clothes. Hor. ' Cum tibi
testiti facies scorti placet, haeres.'
9. Virum a viro] The Roman sol-
diers were permitted, when going on
a dangerous service, to choose their
comrades. Liv. ix. 39.
10. Mulier] So Horn. 'AxaiSec,
*k tr' 'Axaioi. Virg. Overe Phrygian!
neque enim Phryges.
11. Interesset P. Clodii] i. e. Esset
inter rem P. Clodii. For Milone
interfecto, hoc assequebatur, nonmodo
ut praetor esset non eo consule, &c.'
Supr. 12.
12. Quanto illi odio] Ille, erat, ut
odisset, primum defensorera salutis
meae, &c. Supr. 12.
13. Propositam et pane addictam]
The allusion is to a sale, where an
object is first set up and then knocked
down, assigned to, the highest bid-
der.
14. ftlartem communem] Iliad, xviii.
308.
Ewoq tvvaXioc, cat rbv Kravtovra
/cartcra.
15. Ab abjecto] The instrumenta-
lity of.
16 Inscitiam] Stultitiam. Lamb.
1 T.Oscitant is] Yawning sluggish.
Ter. Andr. i. 2. ' Sperantes jam amo-
to metu interea oscitantes opprimi' ;
where Donatus: * Oscitatio' est animi
otium et securitas ; dictum ab ' ore
ciendo.'
18. Qui reliquisset] Clodius thought
every thing safe, when Milo had pass-
ed him, and was separated from his
party, forgetting the famous gladiators,
Eudamus and Birrhia, in the rear of
INIilo's retinue ; from the latter of
whom, as Ascon.relates,Clod. received
a dangerous wound in the shoulder.
Introd. 4.
PRO T. ANNIO MILONE, Cap. 22.
123
ejus extremis comitibus cogitavit : in quos incensos ira, vitam-
que domini desperantes quum incidisset, haesit in iis pcenis,
quas 19 ab eo servi fideles pro domini vita expetiverunt. Cur
igitur 20 eos manumisit ? Metuebat scilicet, ne indicarent ;
ne dolorem perferre non possent ; ne tormentis cogerentur,
occisum esse a servis Milonis in Appia via P. Clodium confi-
teri. Quid opus est tortore? quid quaeris? Occideritne ?
Occidit. Jure, an injuria? Nihil ad tortorem ? Facti enim
in eculeo 21 quaestio est, juris in judicio.
XXII. Quod igitur in causa quaerendum est, id agamus
bic : quod tormentis invenire vis, id fatemur. Manu vero
cur miserit, si id potius quaeris, quam cur parum amplis aflfe-
cerit praemiis, nescis inimici 1 factum reprehendere. Dixit
enim hie idem, qui omnia semper constanter et fortiter, M.
Cato, dixitque in turbulenta concione, quae tamen hujus auc-
toritate placata est, 2 non libertate solum, sed etiam 3 omnibus
19. Paznis, quas] A Euphemism. So
supr. 10/ fecerunt id, &c.' where vid. n.
20. Cur igitur, &c] Having ad-
mitted the fatal interference of the
slaves, Cic. might fairly be asked to
submit them to examination, as they
must be aware of the facts of the case.
He replies that it was useless. These
facts were acknowledged Milo slew
Clodius; and farther than this the
testimony of slaves could not go. But
here it is obvious to remark, that while
Milo admitted he had slain Clodius,
he urged that he had done so under
peculiar circumstances ; namely, in
self-defence. Now to the existence
of these peculiar circumstances it was
surely competent for the slaves to de-
pose ; but this question of fact Cic.
artfully confounds with the question
'jure, an injuria.' Vid. supr. c. 2.n.20.
This reply about the slaves (c 22.)
is introduced between the uinth and last
argument.
21. Eculeo] ' Equuleus' is 1. a foal,
young horse. Liv. xxiii. 31. Bos equu-
leum peperit. 2. An instrument of
torture made like a horse ; ' in qua
sontes distendebantur, et torqueban-
tur.' Forcel. From the expression of
Curtius, however, vi. 6. ' in equuleum
impoiiti,' it would appear that the vic-
tim was seated on the machine ;
whence some have thought that the
torture consisted in being obliged to
sit upon a sharp pointed seat which
was forced by pressure into the bo-
dy.
Sect. XXII. 1. Nescis inimici,
$c] Because you fix your censure
on that point of his conduct which
is deserving of the highest praise ;
whereas the proper complaint would
be a charge of ingratitude for in-
adequately rewarding conduct so me-
ritorious. And this the assertion of Ca-
to is sufficient to prove (dixitenim M.
Cato).
2. Qua placata est~\ Virg. ' Ac
veluti magno in populo cum saepe
coorta est Seditio, &c.' We may sup-
pose that in some of the numerous
turbulent assemblies which preceded
this trial, the Clodians, wishing to
have the authority of Cato on their
side, had called on him to censure
Milo for manumitting his slaves. His
resolute reply, while it frustrated their
hopes, had the effect of calming their
turbulence.
3. Non libertate solum, sed etiam]
Therefore Milo was obnoxious to the
charge of illiberality ; which his oppo-
nents did not see.
124
M. T. CICERONIS ORATIO
praemiis dignissimos fuisse, qui domini caput defendissent.
Quod enim praemium satis magnum est tarn benevolis, tarn
bonis, tarn fidelibus servis, propter quos 4 vivit ? Etsi id 5 qui-
dem non tanti est, quam quod propter eosdem non sanguine
et vulneribus suis crudelissimi inimici nientem oculosque sa-
tiavit. Quos nisi manumisisset, tormentis etiam dedendi
fuerunt, 6 conservatores domini, ultores sceleris, defensores ne-
eis. Hie vero nihil habet in his malis, quod minus moleste
f erat, 7 quam, etiam si quid ipsi accidat, 8 esse tamen illis meri-
tum praemium persolutum. Sed quaestiones urgent Milonem,
qua? sunt habitae 9 nunc in atrio Libertatis. Quibusnam de
servis 10 ? Rogas? De P. Clodii. Quis eos postulavit? Ap-
pius. Quis produxit ? Appius. 11 Unde? Ab Appio. 12 Dii
boni 13 ! quid potest agi severius ? De servis nulla lege quaes-
tio est in dominos, nisi de incestu, 1 * ut fuit in Clodium. 15
Proxime deos accessit 16 Clodius, propius quam turn, quum ad
4. Propter quos] By whose instru-
mentality. ' Propter' here imports
the efficient cause, for which ' per' is
more common. Inf. 30. ' Lugere eum
solum propter quem ceterilaetarentur.
5. Esti id, c\c] Though a brave
man despises death, yet he shuns to
gratify his foes by the manner of it.
6. Fuerunt] Al. fuissent. " With
the participle of the future in rus and
passive in dus, the indicative of sum in
the past time is much more commonly
used than the subj." Zumpt's L.
Gram. p. 295. Supr. 11. n. 7.
7. Minus moleste ferat] A ' Litotes'
for ' yields more satisfaction.'
8. Si quid ipsi accidat] Manil.
20.n.l.
9. Qua sunt habite] This should
mean ' are held ;' 'are over ;' but it
is sometimes in a pi-esent sense ; ' are
[being] held.' So Comitia habita'
and the like.
10. Quibusnam de servis] When
Appius could not procure the slaves
of Milo for examination, he had re-
course to those of P. Clodius. Cic.
shews the fairness that may be expect-
ed from slaves drilled by the accuser.
Inf. Quid hac qurestione dici potest
integrius 1 quid incorruptius ?
11. Quis Appius] Vid. Quint, ix.
3, respecting this figure.
12. Unde? ab Appio] Ulpian. re-
fert, ' ad quaestionem non provocan-
dos eos, quos accusator de domo sua
produxit.'
13. Dii boni, $c] This exclamation
is not ironical. It was a real hardship
that the slaves of Clodius should be
subjected to the torture ostensibly
against their master, but really against
Milo ; from which they were protected
' more majorum' as Cic. (Dejot. 1.)
says ; by a decree of the senate, as
Tacitus. Ann. ii. 30.
14. Nisi de incestu~] The reason of
this exception was the impossibility of
detecting the crime by the ordinary
means. If proved at all, it should be
proved by slaves. It would appear
that the exception was afterwards done
away with. Vid. Abram. note.
15. Utfuit in Clodium.] The menti-
on of incest, under which was included
every species of sacrilege, permits Cic.
to return to his favourite charge against
Clodius, the violation of the rites of the
Bona Dea.
16. Proxime deos accessit] Because
he is put on a par with them in the
mode of examination touching his
PRO T. ANNIO MILONE, Cap. 23.
125
ipsos penetrarat; cujus demorte, tanquam de caeremoniis 17 vi-
olatis quaeritur. Sed tamen 18 majores nostri in dominum de
servo quaeri noluerunt, non quia non posset verum inveniri,
sed quia videbatur indignum, et dominis morte ipsa tristius.
In reum de servis accusatoris quum quaeritur, verum invenin
potest? Age vero, quae erat, aut qualis quaestio ? Heus tu,
Rufio, verbi causa, 19 cave sis mentiare. Clodius insidias fecit
Miloni. 20 Fecit. Certa crux. 21 Nullas fecit. Sperata liber-
tas. Quid hac quaestione certius ? Subito arrepti 22 in quaes-
tionem, tamen separantur a ceteris, et in areas 23 conjiciun-
tur, ne quis cum iis colloqui possit. Hi centum dies 24 penes
accusatorem 25 quum fuissent, ab eo ipso accusatore produti
sunt. Quid hac quaestione dici potest integrius ? quid in-
corruptius ?
XXIII. Quod si nondum 1 satis cernitis, quum res ipsa tot
death. The violation of their myste-
ries demands the inquisition. The
death of Clodius has called for the
same. This is a nearer approach to
divinity than was even his famous ad-
venture at Caesar's house.
17. Ceeremoniis] Val. Max. (i. 1.)
derives this word from Caere, the name
of a town in Etruria, to which he says
the Romans in the Gallic war confided
their sacred rites, and received them
again in safety. Rather because the
Roman rites were mainly Etrurian, if
we do not prefer to take it from ' cae-
lum.' qu. ' caelimonia,' as * caeruleus,'
qu. caeluleus.'
18. Sed tamen fyc] Were the slaves
of Milo examined against Milo, the
truth might easily be elicited ; for it
was not the difficulty of arriving at the
truth, but the indignity of the proceed-
ing that dictated the rejection of such
testimony ; but where the slaves of
the accuser are questioned against the
arraigned, of Appius against Milo, is
truth to be expected t He illustrates
this by giving a specimen of the mode
of examination. ' Age vero, &c.'
19. Verbi causa] Al. Ubi Cascal
and for Rufio, Ruscio.
20. Clodius Miloni] Ulpian in-
forms us, that it was especially required
in the questioning to make it general,
and mention no one by name.
21. Certa crux] To which is op-
posed * Sperata libertas ;' for cruci-
fixion was the proper punishment of
slaves.
22. Subito arrepti, c] He con-
trasts the proceedings in other ques-
tions with the present. In them, slaves
hurried to the examination without
any previous warning, are yet kept
apart from the others in solitary
confinement, whence they are pro-
duced when required. In this case
the prosecutor, after a hundred days
tampering with them, produces them
for examination. ' Subito arrepto' is
opposed to ' centum dies.'
23. In areas] Cells in gaols and
private houses for the solitary confine-
ment of culprits or slaves. Abram.
mistakes them for instruments of tor-
ture.
24. Centum dies] Inf. 35. Cen-
tesima lux, est haec et altera.
25. Penes accusatorem] i. e. In the
house of the prosecutor.
Sect. XXIII. 1. Quod si non-
dum, &;c] The only ground of argu-
ment remaining to Cic. after so many
being urged, was ' a consequent!-
bus' from the conduct of Milo after
M 2
126
M. T. CICERONIS ORATIO
tarn claris argumentis signisque luceat ; pura mente atque
integra Milonem, nullo scelere imburum, nullo metu perter-
ritum, nulla conscientia exanimatum, Romam revertisse: 2
recordamini, per deos immortales ! qua? fuerit celeritas re-
ditus ejus: qui ingressus in forum, ardente curia: quae mag-
nitude- animi, qui vultus, qua? oratio. Neque vero 3 se po-
pulo solum, sed etiam senatui commisit : neque senatui modo,
sed etiam publicis praesidiis 4 et armis: neque his tantum, ve-
lum etiam ejus potestati, 5 cui senatus totam rempublicam,
omnem Italia? pubem, cuncta populi Romani arma commise-
rat: cui nunquam se hie profecto tradidisset, nisi causae suae
confideret : praesertim omnia audienti, magna metuenti, multa
suspicanti, nonnulla credenti. Magna vis 6 est conscientia?,
judices, et magna in utramque partem: ut neque timeant,
qui 7 nihil commiserint, et pcenam semper ante oculos versari
putent, qui peccarint. Neque vero sine ratione certa causa
Milonis semper a senatu probata est. Videbant enim sapi-
entissimi homines facti rationem, 8 praesentiam animi, defensi-
onis constantiam. An vero obliti estis, judices, recenti illo
nuncio necis Clodiana?, non modo inimicorum Milonis ser-
the fatal rencounter, his expeditious
return, his lofty bearing and language !
These could only result from con-
scious innocence, c. 23. 24.
2. Romam revertisse] Yet Milo, as
Ascon. relates, did not return to Rome
till late the following day, by which
time the Clodians, by their violence
in burning the senate house, (ardente
curia,) had turned the tide of popu-
lar feeling in his favour. Introd. 4.
3. Neque vero se, fyc] This climax
is imitated from Dem. de Cor. 55.
Ovk tiirov fitv ravra, kk iypaxpa ci'
nSk iypaipa fitv, ic i-rrpiojitvoa. Zv
iilk tirpkofBtvoa fitv, bk tirtiaa Se
SnfiaiuQ.
4. Publicis prtcsidiis, fyc] i. e. To
Fompey and the levies under his com-
mand. But this surrender to the
public authorities did not take place
immediately; as at least two months
intervened before the senate agreed on
the appointment of Pompey to be
sole consul. During this time Milo
was witness to the * note of prepara-
tion' against himself, yet chose to abide
the consequences rather than submit
to a voluntary exile.
5. Potestati] The sole consulship,
with plenary authority from the senate.
Introd. 4.
6. Magna vis, fyc] This subject is
dilated on by Plut. and Juv. Sat. xiii.
196 ; the latter of whom thinks it ex-
ceeds the torments of hell, 'Nocte dieq.
suum gestare in pectoretestem.' 'Ne-
que ;' both not. So Phil. ii. 42. ne-
que desideravit, &c. ; both did not
want, &c.
7. Timeant, qui, fyc] Abram. quotes
as in accordance with this, the answer
of Bias ; who being asked what there
was in life devoid of fear, replied a
good conscience.'
8. Facti rationem] ' The grounds on
which he defended his conduct.' This
technical use of the phrase is illus-
trated, f Auct. ad Herenn. i. 16, by the
case of Orestes, who, when charged
with the murder of his mother * affert
rationem facti; ilia enim, inquit, pa-
PRO T. ANNIO MILONE, Cap. 24.
127
mones et opiniones, 9 sed nonnullorum etiam imperitorum? 10
Negabant eum Romam esse rediturum. Sive enim illud
animo irato ac percito fecisset, ut incensus odio trucidaret
inimicum, arbitrabantur, 11 eum tanti mortem P. Clodii pu-
tasse, ut aequo animo patria careret, quum sanguine inimici
explesset 12 odium suum : sive etiam illius morte patriam li-
berare voluisset, non dubitaturum fortem virum, quin, quum
suo periculo salutem reipublica? attulisset, cederet aequo
animo legibus, 13 secum auferret gloriam sempiternam, nobis
haec fruenda relinqueret, qua? ipse servasset. Multi etiam
Catilinam atque ilia portenta 14 loquebantur: c ErUxMPEt,
occupabit aliquem locum, bellum patriae faciet' Miseros 16
interdum cives, optime de republica meritos ! 17 in quibus ho-
mines non modo res praeclarissimas obliviscuntur, sed etiam
nefarias suspicantur. Ergo ilia falsa fuerunt : quae certe vera
extitissent, 18 si Milo admisisset 19 aliquid, quod non posset ho-
neste vereque defendere.
XXIV. Quid? 1 quae postea sunt in eum congesta: qua?
trem raeum occiderat.' In Milo's case
the ' ratio facti' was the lawfulness of
self-defence.
9. Opiniones'} ' Opinio' is often not
merely the mental conception, but
that conception expressed in words ;
a rumour, a report ; and hence syno-
nymous with ' sermones' preceding.
Manil. 1 . n. 7. Suet, in Ner. 53. Exiit
opinio, eum descensurum ad Olympia
inter athletas.
10. Nonnul. imper.~] Who though
not the ememies of Milo, were yet
ignorant' rationis facti.' Al. insert qui
before ' negabant.'
11. Arbitrabantur] Sc. the ' im-
periti.'
12. Sanguine explesset] Parallel
oxpresions abound in Horn, and Virg.
Vid. II. iv. 35, and xxii. 346 j Mu.
ii. 298; vii.567.
13. Legibus] Which announces ex-
ile to the homicide. But Em. puts it
in brackets, and understands ' cedere'
as 'abire.' Inf. 1 3. Cedam atque abibo.
14. Multi] Sc. ' inimici', as above.
14. Ilia portenta] Those monsters
of men, ex. g. Lentulus, Cethegus.
Delph. But had these been meant, Cic.
would have added their names, as, de
Prov. Cons. 1. Gabinius et Piso, duo
reip. portenta. Understand then ra-
ther ' those monstrous enormities of
which Catiline was guilty.'
15. Erumpet, c.] This word which
properly signifies to gush as water
out of a fountain,' Cic. had already in
some degree appropriated to the hur-
ried departure of Catiline from the
city. Cat. ii.l. ' Abiit,' cxcessit, evasit,
EnupiT.' So Sail. Cat. 43. ' Simul
caedeet incendio perculsis omnibus, ad
Cat. erumperent.' By using it here,
the enemies of Milo meant to suggest
a parallel between him and that con-
spirator.
16. Miseros, c] The interj. pn'j,
or the like, is here suppressed.
17. Optime de meritos'] Deserv-
ing best at the hands of; having best
served.
18. Extitissent] Arch. i. n. 10.
19. Admisisset] Had committed.
Hor. Tu nihil admittesin te formidine
pcenje.
Sect. XXI V.~ 1. Quid] Sc.dicam.
128
M. T. CICERONIS ORATIO
quemvis etiam mediocrium delictorum conscientia 2 perculis-
sent, ut sustinuit! dii immortales! sustinuit? 3 immo vero ut
contempsit, ac pro nihilo putavit! quae neque maximo animo
nocens, neque innocens, nisi fortissimus vir, negligere potu-
isset. Scutorum, gladiorum, [frenorum,] 4 sparorum, pilo-
rumque etiam multitudo deprehendi posse 6 judicabatur. Nul-
lum in urbe vicum, nullum angiportum esse dicebant, in quo
Miloni non esset conducta domus: anna in villain Ocricula-
nam 7 devecta Tiberi : domus 8 in clivo Capitolino scutis re-
ferta : plena omnia malleolorum 9 ad urbis incendia com-
paratorum. Haec non delata solum, sed poene credita, nee
ante repudiata 10 sunt, quam quaesita. Laudabam 11 equidem
incredibilem diligentiam Cn. Pompeii : sed dicam, ut sen-
tio, judices. Nimis multa audire coguntur, neque aliter
facere possunt ii, quibus tota 12 commissa est respublica.
2. Qua conscientia] Not ' by the
consciousness of but under the con-
sciousness of,' ' if he were conscious
of.' Hence Em. would insert in before
* conscientia.'
3. SusiJHWJi] This repetition is
frequent. Att. v. 4. Sext. 24.
4. Frenorum] Bracketed by Orel,
it not being clear why bridles should
be enumerated among weapons of
war. ' Sparorum,' spears of the small-
est description, originally a rustic
weapon. Hence Virg. xi. 682. ' agres-
tisq ; manus armat sparus.'
5. Victim] (Ab oIkoq) several
/wusesjoined together. It differs from
* pagus,' which is restricted to the
country ; in the city it means a street,
in the country a hamlet. Houses
near the city are called ' suburbia ;'
those surrounded by walls are called
* castella.' Forcell.
6. Angiportum] Qu. ' angustuspor-
tus,' a blind alley, a place ; for ' por-
tus,' says Festus, signifies any enclosed
space where wares are conveyed. Te-
rent. Adelph. iv. 2. 39. Id angipor-
tum non est pervium. Rather from
* angusta porta.' alluding to the gate
or entrance into them being narrow.
7. Ocriculanam] Ocriculum was a
town of Umbria on the Tiber below
the junction of the Nar.
8. Domus] Em. rightly reads do-
mum refertam, as the clause depends
upon ' dicebant.' But it is vain to
expunge every irregular construction.
9. Malleolorum] Malleolus is 1 . a
small mallet. 2. a vine-shoot of that
form, called a mallet-shoot. 3. a
species of fire-brand, described by
Ammianus as a cane-arrow, which,
stuffed with combustible matter and
fire, is discharged by a weak bow
against houses, &c. We may sup-
pose a slight resemblance in its form
to the mallet, to warrant the name.
Other species are described by Non-
nius and others.
10. Nee ante repudiata, fyc] Sc. a
Pompeio. Though totally unworthy
of notice, such was the misery of the
times, they were not rejected without
inquiry. Supr. 23. ' nonulla cre-
denti.'
11. Laudabam] The only excusa-
ble part of the transaction, the dili-
gence, he artfully attributes to Pom-
pey ; the rest is laid on the nature of
the office ; as if it could not be helped.
12. Tota] Perhaps to intimate the
sole consulship; yet Ern. suspects
the word. Inf. tota republica sus-
cepta.
PRO T. ANNIO MILONE, Cap. 24.
129
Quin etiam audiendus fuerit 13 popa 14 Licinius, nescio quis 15
de circo maximo, 16 servos Milonis apud se ebrios fac-
tos; sibi confessos esse 17 de interficiendo 18 Cn. Pompeio
conjurasse ; deinde postea se gladio percussum esse ab uno
de illis, neindicaret. Pompeio in hortos 19 nuntiavit; arces-
sor in primis ; de amicorum sententia 20 rem defert ad sena-
turn. Non poteram in illius mei patriaeque custodis tanta
snspicione non metu exanimari : sed mirabar tamen, credi
popa?, 21 confessionem servorum audiri, vulnus in latere, quod
acu punctum videretur, pro ictu gladiatoris probari. Verum
tamen, ut intelligo, cavebat magis Pompeius, quam timebat,
non ea solum, qua? timenda erant, sed omnino omnia, ne ali-
quid vos timeretis. Oppugnata domus C Ca?saris, 22 clarissimi
et fortissimi viri, per multas noctis horas nuntiabatur. Nemo
audierat tarn celebri loco, 23 nemo senserat. Tamen audiebatur. 23
13. Audiendus fuerit] Forced a
hearing. Phil. ii. 6. Dies natales au-
diendi sunt.
14. Popa] The priest who slew
and dressed the victims, from 7rt7rrw.
His cakes were called iro-Trava, and
the shop where he disposed of his
perquisites ' popina.' But as wine is
a necessary accompaniment of good
viands, we find ( servos Milonis apud
se ebrios factos') Licinius's a wine-
shop too. The transition is easy to
' popino' a gormandizer. So * Popa
venter' a glutton, Pers. vi. 74.
15. Nescio quis'] Generally used
contemptuously. But vid. Arch. 7.
' nescio quid praeclarum.'
16. Circo maximo] Ern. omits max-
imo. When ' Circus' it put abso-
lutely, the circus maximus is meant.
Hor. Fallax Circus. It was con-
structed by Tarquinius Priscus be-
tween the Palatine and Aventine
hills, Liv. i. 35 ; and was also called
Apollinaris, being dedicated to the
sun. The Delph. erroneously makes
the ' Circus Apollinaris' distinct
from the ' Circus Maximus.' The
Circus Flaminius and Circus Vatica-
nus were also celebrated. It is easy
to see how such a place would be-
come the resort of professional men
at Rome.
17. Confessos esse] For ' In vino
Veritas.' So Hor. Quid non ebrietas
designat? Operta recludit.
18. De interficiendo] Ern. ' se de
interf.' which seems necessary to
prevent ambiguity.
19. In hortos] Whither Pompey
had. retired through fear of Milo.
1 Plerumque non domi suse, sed in
hortis manebat, idque ipsum in superi-
oribus, circa quos etiam magna raa-
nus militum excubabat.' Ascon.
20. De amic. sent.] At the sugges-
tion of his friends.
21. Credi popa] Who was a man
of no character, ' nescio quis.' It
will be observed that verbs governing
a dative in the active voice are used
impersonally in the passive. ' Popam
credi,' is inadmissible.
22. C. Casaris] Why the house of
Caesar should be even reported to be
attacked by Milo and his friends is
not clear. Caesar was now in Gaul.
23. Celebri loco] Manil. 12. n. 11.
Arch . 3 . Caesar's house was situated on
the Via sacra, one of the greatest tho-
roughfares of Rome. Even the poets
made this street their promenade. Hor.
lbam forte via Sacra. Suet, in Jul. 46.
23. Audiebatur] It was listened to.
130
M. T. CICERONIS ORATIO
Non poteram Cn. Pompeium, praestantissima virtute virum,
timidum suspicari : diligentiam, tota republica suscepta, ni-
miam nullam putabam. Frequentissimo senatu nuper in
Capitolio, senator^ 4 inventus est, qui Milonem cum telo 25