ring round the inner plains to the west of the Apennines,
and for the most part stand at some height above these
plains. In this connection we have to remember that,
geologically, Italy is very modern, the Apennines being
younger even than the Alps. The surface of the country is
therefore altering with great rapidity, has been altering
through historical times. The rate of erosion in the soft
rocks of the Apennines is very rapid, so that the hills are
being worn down, the valleys filled up. Some details in the
history of Italy are explicable by these facts. For example,
it is interesting to note the relation of Fiesole, on the hill,
to Florence, on the plain. Fiesole is the older town, and
the original choice of its site must have been partly deter-
mined by the fact that it was above the swamps which
once covered the ground upon which Florence now stands
(Plate XXXI.). In part natural processes, in part doubtless
human effort, made it possible for man to descend from the
heights, and to build a town in the more convenient position
offered by the drained plain.
In many respects indeed Florence is worth the attention
of the geographer proper, no less than of those who take
any interest whatever in human achievements. It is a bridge
town, placed where the river is most easily crossed, and the
tourist will not fail to notice how important a part the
many bridges play in the beauty of the town. It marks a
junction of streams, for it stands on the triangular tract of
land between the union of the Mugnano torrent and the
SOS PROVENCE AND TRANSAt»ENNINE ITALY
Arno, and is thus easily protected. It marks also a junction
of routes, for all the easy passages through the Apennines
converge upon the city. It is the centre of a fertile plain, a
fact most easily appreciated during that wonderful descent
in the train from Pracchia to Pistoia, with its constant brief
gUmpses of the rich plains far below. At the same time it
is a junction town between plain and mountain, for the
mountains ring it round closely, and yield marble for its
buildings and sculptures, wool for its old woollen industry,
and so forth. Again it has, or had formerly, easy access
to the sea, and battled ceaselessly with Pisa for its open door.
Finally, it commands, through the curious Val di Chiana,
the open road to the valley of the Tiber and so to Rome.
Of this valley, so interesting even to the casual tourist
on account of its vague and uncertain drainage, we must
next say something.
Till the end of Tertiary times a narrow arm of the sea seems
to have penetrated the land to beyond Florence, passed down
what is now the Val di Chiana to the Tiber valley, and joined
the existing sea near the mouth of the Tiber. This old
strait thus cut ofi the present Apennines from an island
which lay to the west of them. The strait was filled up by
the waste of the Apennines, poured into the sea by the rapid
streams which, loaded with detritus, swept down the slopes
of the mountains. Thus there arose the plains upon which
so much of the hfe of peninsular Italy depends.
The fining up of the strait did not take place uniformly.
In the first place separated masses of water arose, of which
the large lake Trasimeno and the artificially reduced lakes
of Chiusi and Montepulciano are remnants. Lake Trasimeno
has persisted because it lay in a bay ofi the main strait, and
must have been originally deep. Further, not only did the
gradual filling up of the original arm of the sea take place
irregularly, so that lakes were left, it also resulted in uncer-
tainty of drainage. This is a point of some interest, for a
THE VAL DI CHIANA 309
Biniilar uncertainty, due to a different cause, is common in
recently glaciated countries like Scotland (p. 258). There the
ice smoothed watersheds, and when the streams began to flow
in their old beds after the passing away of the glaciers, there
was, near the summit of the old watershed, a swampy area
where topographic accidents determined the exact position
of the new watershed. Where very steep lateral streams flow
into such ice-smoothed valleys, they naturally lose speed,
and therefore carrying power, as they emerge from the steep
hill-side into the central valley with its gentle slopes. Thus
they form large cones, which may become watersheds. In
other words, a lateral stream emerging on a low watershed
may originally flow to the right in the main valley. At a
time of flood, however, it may throw down so much detritus
as to block its own path, and thus find an easier path to the
left. A constant repetition of the process of deposition
may cause a steady shift of the watershed in one direction.
This is what has been happening in the Val di Chiana, as we
shall see directly.
In the case of the Val di Chiana the lowness of the water-
shed is due not to glacial smoothing but to the way in which
an old arm of the sea has been filled up by land-derived
debris. But here also all through historical time there has
been constant changes in the watershed, man having assisted
the process for his own purposes. The net result has been
that the Arno has gained water at the expense of the Tiber,
and, since the watershed remains low, communication between
Florence and Rome is easy.
Further, the judicious tourist will not fail to note that
while the valley of the Umbrian Chiana, continued into that
of the Paglia, allords the most direct access to Rome, yet the
detour necessary to reach the upper Tiber valley at Perugia
is not great, and from here another easy route, possibly also
an old arm of the sea, leads past Assisi and Fohgno to join
the first line near Orte. So slight is the dift'erence that
310 PROVENCE AND TRANSAPENNINE ITALY
return tickets give a choice of routes, and the vagaries of the
Tertiary sea permit the twentieth-century tourist to visit
Perugia and Assisi on his way south and Orvieto on his
return to the north, without additional payment.
The actual conditions in the Val di Chiana have varied
very greatly since records have been kept, a fact which the
guide-book does not fail to note. To describe the conditions
in detail would be tedious, but a few words on the causation
of the changes, and their significance, may be of interest.
In regard to the latter point one must remember that
any interruption of drainage means swamps, and in Italy
swamps mean mosquitoes, fever, depopulation. If a region
becomes progressively more swampy settlements rise up on
the sides of the valley, and there is a period when the culti-
vators risk malaria in the daytime by attempting to till
the wet ground, returning up the hillside in the evening to
sleep. If the swampiness increases further the land becomes
absolutely waste. On the other hand, when swamps diminish
population and cultivation descend towards the valleys.
The cause of the changes in this particular case we have
abeady suggested ; let us give a few details. In Roman
times the Val di Chiana up to Arezzo drained into the Tiber
and was healthy and populous. But the stream draining it
ran approximately parallel to the mountains, in an open
valley of gentle slope (an old sea bed, cf. p 308.). Lateral
torrential streams, debouching into this open valley, laid
down cones which blocked the flow of the main stream,
and cut of! its headwaters from the Tiber. Thus upstream
swamps were formed, with the consequences already de-
scribed. The result was to render waste, in the later middle
ages, a stretch of land from Arezzo to Montepulciano. But as
the watershed constantly shifted southwards, i.e. towards
the Tiber, in course of time a stream began to flow northwards
from the other side of the watershed towards the Arno.
Aided by man, this stream increased in importance, drained
THE CITY AS ORGANISM 311
the swampy northern part of the valley, and rendered human
settlement here once again possible. The watershed has
gone on shifting southward, and careful regulation has
steadily diminished the amount of swampy land, as well as
reducing the area of the lakes of the region, so that the Val
di Chiana has become progressively more fertile and pros-
perous after long centuries of desolation.
Space does not permit of a fuller consideration of the
towns of Italy and the causes to which they are due. What
has been said should suggest lines along which investigation
may profitably be directed, and Fischer's monograph should
also be consulted. In regard to Provence also we can scarcely
sum up the facts better than by repeating that its easy access
to the Mediterranean Sea makes it thoroughly Mediterranean
in character.
Both in Provence and in Italy, we may repeat, we have
perhaps the most perfect examples available of human
settlements ; proofs of what man can accomplish at his best.
Here the people made the city and the city was the people.
That spectacle — so familiar to us — of great communities
with their eyes turned always towards a distant centre,
where sits the power which regulates their lives down to the
minor details of domestic poUcy, whither their members flee
when they can, which controls their taste, their manners
and fashions, was not. The individual city was an organism
with its own life, its own ideals, its own politics, which
were of surpassing interest to its citizens, a region in which
reigned that large, free life which Daudet has imaged in
the lines which appear at the head of this chapter. Some
signs perhaps there are to-day of the dawn of a new civic
spirit among ourselves, some appreciation of the dangers,
of the disadvantages of centrahsed government, with its
mechanical efficiency, as compared with the splendid waste-
fulness of life.
All the spring glory of hawthorn bush or apple tree, the
312 PROVENCE AND TRANSAPENNINE ITALY
naturalists tell us, is necessary in order that the bees may be
induced to bring a few grains of alien pollen ; but one has but
to look upon the blooming tree to know that it is false. Life
when it gives at all must give in gorgeous handfuls ; it is
our efficient machines only that measure grain by grain.
Our cities will flower again as they did in the brave days of
old by the mighty Rhone or on the hilltops of the Apennines,
when they become once again the natural expressions of the
life of a locality. Till that day dawns we can only learn
what a city should be by visiting those oldtime towns which
have been left stranded as an exemplar and a lesson for those
who have eyes to see and ears to hear. Those cities are the
gift of the Mediterranean world to our civihsation. When
at last we come to our strength and are city builders in our
turn, shall our success be yet greater ? The future must
show, but meantime it were to miss half life's good not to
see the splendours of those Italian towns.
INDEX
Aare. R.. 33, 41, 42, 191, 192, 197-
199.
Glacier, 193-195, 198, 200.
-schlucht, 204.
Abbey of St. Acheul, 276.
Acheulean man, 279.
Adelboden, 195.
Adige (Etsch), R., 44. 113, 210-212.
283.
Glacier, 186.
Adoxa, 65.
Adria, 290.
Adriatic Sea, 282, 285, 288, 304,
306.
Agave, 6, 7, 83, 94, 95.
Ain, R., 33, 141.
Aisne, R., 277.
Aix-les-Bains, 37.
Alassio, 243.
Alban Hills, 226, 238.
Alder, 78, 100, 103.
All6e Blanche, 258.
Alessandria, 42, 283, 287.
Aletsch glacier, 182, 184, 192, 204,
258.
Alps, Austrian, 166, 183.
Calcareous, 39, 176, 179, 180.
183, 207, 210, 212.
Central Chain of, 27, 37, 38, 40-
43, 169, 189, 210. 212, 214, 249
Climatic effects of, 55, 58, 145.
241, 245.
Crystalline, 179, 180, 183, 210.
211.
Eastern, 170. 175-179, 181, 183.
184. 187, 197, 225, 254, 258.
Folds of, 18. 20. 21, 266, 267.
Glaciers of, 69, 109, 180-88, 258.
Maritime, 44, 177, 241.
Passes of, 294, 295, 298.
Pennine, 183, 196.
People of, 107.
Plants of, 60, 67, 70, 77, 84, 89
ct aeq.
Rivers of, 33, 42, 180, 197, 201,
283, 285-287.
Structure of, 38-41, 176, 177,
215, 225, 252.
Swiss, 177.
Terraces of, 202, 203.
Tunnels of, 35, 43, 294.
Western, 170, 175-178, 181, 187,
210.
'Alpines,' 67, 105, 106, 108, 111,
112.
Alpine valleys, 186, 187. 198, 199,
200, 201, 204.
Amiens, 28, 275-279.
Androsace, 106, 112.
Anemone, 105, 112, 129.
Apennines, Mts., 18. 21, 22, 225,
226, 241, 244, 281, 283-287,
292, 298, 307, 308, 312.
Aquilcja, 290.
AquitHine, 266, 268, 269. 280.
Archaean rocks, 265, 266.
Arco. 198.
Arctic-alpine plants, 71.
Ardennes, 19, 21, 23, 24, 20, 28,
171, 266. 267, 271, 272.
Arezzo, 310.
Argel6s, 81.
Arfberg, 36, 37, 44, 180.
Aries, 31, 306.
Armorican chain, 19, 20, 200, 207.
Arnica, mountain, 104.
Arno, R., 305, 308-310.
Arolla, 99.
.\rran, 250.
Arthur's Seat, 4, 227, 228.
Artois, 272.
Arve, R., 199.
313
3U
FREQUENTED WAYS
Assisi, 309, 310.
Atrio del Cavallo, 233, 235, 236.
Auer, 213.
Auvergne, 4, 25.
Avignon, 31, 38, 44.
Avisio valley, 213.
Awe, L., 256.
Azalea, mountain, 104.
Ballachulish, 259.
Barley, 130, 145, 147, 149, 157.
Basel, 26-30, 36, 41, 197.
Bavaria, 41.
Bavarian Highlands, 19, 20, 23.
Beans, 149, 157.
Bearberry, 104, 123.
Beauce, 278, 279.
Becco di Mezzodi, 220.
Beech, distribution of, 74, 75.
Woods, 77, 79, 81, 84, 87, 129.
Belalp, 184.
Belfort, 27, 28, 35, 36. 37.
Belgium, 171, 270-272.
Bellegarde, 33.
Belluno, 287.
Belpberg, 194, 198.
Ben Nevis, 257, 258.
Bergschrund, 182.
Berne. 28, 35, 36, 37, 42, 186, 194,
197, 198.
Bernese Oberland, 39.
Bernina, Mts., 175, 183.
Bienne, L., 41, 197, 198.
Birch, 78.
Black bryony, 76.
Black Forest, 19-21, 23, 26, 73.
81, 267.
Black wood of Rannoch, 80.
Blaeberry, 101, 103. 104.
Blois, 278.
Bludenz, 180.
Bliimlisalp, Mts., 200.
Boespitze, Mt., 220.
Bog moss (Sphagnum), 125.
Bog myrtle, 126.
Bohemian Highlands, 19, 20, 23.
Bologna, 45, 283.
Bora, 53.
Bordeaux, 49, 269.
Botzen (Bolzano^, 44, 57, 58, 153,
154, 209, 210, 212, 213, 217.
Boulogne, 269.
Bourget, Lac du, 34, 37, 43.
Bra, 287.
i Brenner pass, 36, 37, 44, 45, 57,
177, 209, 295.
Brenta, Mts., 211.
R., 210, 212, 283, 295.
Bresse, 141.
Brienz, L., 40, 195, 200.
Brig, 36, 204.
Brindisi, 304.
Brittany, 19, 22, 24, 158, 171,
266-268, 273.
Brugg, 197.
Briinig pass, 200.
Brussels, 28. 30, 269.
Burgundy, 145, 278.
Gate of, 26, 27.
Butcher's broom, 90.
Butterwort, 125.
Cairngorms, Mts., 255.
Calabria, 305.
Calais, 27, 28, 269.
Caledonian Land, 23.
Mountain chain, 19, 252, 253.
Callater, L., 255.
Campagna, 226, 238.
Campania, 226.
Cannes, 242.
Cape Fig-marigold, 6.
Capodimonte, 230.
Capri, 90, 226.
Carboniferous mountain chain,
267.
Carob, 83, 154.
Carpathians, Mts., 18, 20, 21, 73.
Caspian Sea, 14, 18.
Catalpa, 81, 95, 123.
Caucasus, Mts., 18, 74.
Central Plateau (France), 19, 20,
22, 24-26, 33, 265, 266, 268,
271, 273.
Cevennes, Mts., 21, 22.
Chablais, 39.
Chalons, 28.
Chamb6ry, 32, 33, 34, 39.
Chamonix, 3, 184.
I Champagne, 278.
I Channel Islands, 143.
: Chartres, 173, 270, 275, 278-280.
1 Chestnut. 129, 154, 240.
Chiana, R., 309.
INDEX
310
- I
ChiuB, Island of, 88.
Chiusi, L., 308.
Christ's thorn, 87.
Chur (Coiro), 177.
Cimad'Asta, 210, 212.
Cinque Torri, 21G, 220, 249.
Cirque-s, 187. 254.
Cistus, 83, 89.
Citrus fruits, 129.
Climate, 48 et seq.
Continental, 4, 57, 74. 130
Mediterranean, 4, 31, 51-5G, 75-
78, 82 et seq., 153, 242, 243.
Oceanic, 52, 54, Gti, 75, 130.
Clover, 149.
Cluse, 33, 3G.
Coalfields, 14, 271, 272.
Cold'Altare, 175, 241.
Col de Fenetre, 183.
Col de Saverne, 28.
Col di Tcnda, 248.
CoUo Margherita, 235.
Colle Umberto, 230.
Colli Euganei, 285.
Cologne, 28, 30.
Combal, L., 258.
Como, L., 175, 177, 241.
Confinboden, 218.
Coniferous woods, 74, 79, 80, 81
99, 100. 102.
Constance, L., 40, 41, 175, 177.
Continental shelf, 18.
Cork oak, 86, 87, 90, 150, 153.
Cornicho road, 259.
Cornwall, 266, 267, 273.
Corrie, 257, 259.
Corsica, 90.
Cortina, 209, 213, 216. 287.
C6te d'Or, 27, 30, 268, 269.
Cotton, 149, 15.5.
Coul Beg, :Mt.. 251.
More, Mt., 251.
Cowberry. 103, 104, 123.
Cranberry, 104.
Cristallo, Mt., 220.
Croda da Lago, Mt., 220.
Cruachan, Mt., 256.
Culoz, 34, 96.
Currants, 153.
Cyclamen, 83, 90, 129.
Cyclones, 51, 52.
Cypress, 83. 87.
Dacustein beds, 217-220.
Dala glacier. 200. 201.
Dalmatia. 53, 89.
J)anube, R., 17, 41, 42. 175, 197.
Daubcnhorn, 200.
Daubensee, 200.
Dauphiny, 166.
Deo, R., 255.
Devon. 267, 273.
Dieppe, 269.
Digne, 248.
Dijon, 27, 29, 30, 34, 268.
Dolomite, 214-221.
Dolomites, 44, 176, 207 et seq., 249,
251.
Doubs, R., 26, 33, 36.
Drac, R., 39.
Dranse, R., 201.
Drave valley, 178. 180.
Drei Zinnen, 209, 220.
Dryas octopilala, 104.
Durance, valley of, 248.
Earth blocks, 20-23, 225, 252.
Ecological botanv, 66, 67, 72,
115.
Edaphic factors, 66.
Edelweiss, 106, 112.
Eggental, 211. 213.
Eggishorn, 184.
Eifel, 4.
Eisack, R., 210, 212.
Emd, 202.
Engadine, 102, 103, 175, 176.
Engelberg. 249.
Enslaiid, 23, 49, 5<), 67, 74, 76,
" 115-117, 119, 136, 137, 145,
151, 171, 252.
Enns valley, 178, 180.
Eritrichium, 106.
Et.sch, see Adige.
Eucalyptus globulus, 94.
Evergreen buckthorn. 87.
Evergreen oak, see Holm oak.
Everlastings (Helichrysum), 89.
Evreux, 278.
F.\LZAREGO Pass, 216.
Fassatal, 213.
Fiesole, 307.
Findelen, 203.
Glacier, 184.
316
FREQUENTED WAYS
Finland, 23, 251.
Finsteraarhorn, Mt., 179, 183, 184.
Fionnay, 183, 203.
Fir, Douglas, 80.
Flax, 90, 141, 149.
Florence, 174, 291, 292, 299, 305,
307-309.
Flushing, 28.
Folded Mts., 5, 21, 22, 45, 225,
253.
Foligno, 309.
Fore Alps, 39, 40, 41, 42, 75.
Fort William, 259.
France, 7, 8, 15, 22, 28, 51, 53, 55,
77, 80, 81, 89, 115, 145, 147,
151, 153, 156, 158, 1(36, 171,
173, 265 ct seq.
Franzensfeste, 209.
Frasne, 34, 36, 37.
Freiburg, 42.
Fumaroles, 231, 237.
Fiinffingerspitze, Mt., 218.
Furka pass, 179.
G^TA, Gulf of, 306.
Garda, L., 42, 44, 55, 84. 87, 152,
177, 186, 198, 241, 285.
Garigue, 85, 90, 91, 101, 114, 119.
Gemmi pass. 197, 200, 201.
Geneva, 34, 75, 96, 166, 196, 197.
Lake of, 33, 35, 39, 41, 43, 75,
197 199.
Genoa, 92, 96, 175, 242-244, 246,
248 295.
Gentians, 104, 105, 123.
Germany, 28, 45, 68, 80, 114, 119,
145, 171, 269.
Glaciers, 3, 109, 181 et seq.
Glarner Alps, 39.
Gletschergarten, 189.
Globularia, 112.
Goat Fell, Mt.,.256.
Goats, 101, 129.
Gorner glacier, 182, 184.
Grande Chartreuse, 39.
Gran Paradiso, Mt., 43.
Granges, 36.
Orat, 188.
Great Spannort, Mt., 249.
Grenoble, 39.
Gr6sivaudan, 39.
Grirnsel pass, 203, 204.
Grindelwald, 166, 182, 184.
Grisons, 179.
Grodnertal, 102, 213, 218, 219.
Grohmann Spitze, Mt., 218.
Gross Glockner, Mt., 184.
Hanbtjry Garden, 92.
Hardt, 26, 28.
Harwich, 28.
Harz, Mts., 19, 23, 73, 81.
Haslital, 204.
Hawkweed, 105.
Heather, 116 et seq.
Heaths, 71, Hi et seq.
Hebrides, 250, 251, 252.
Hemp, 141.
Hercynian Chain, 19, 20.
Hohe Tauern, Mts., 210, 211.
Holland, 29, 68, 115, 171.
Holm or Evergreen oat, 86, 87,
90, 123.
Honevsuckle, 65, 103.
Hook of Holland, 28.
Houseleeks, 106, 112.
Hungary, 21.
Hy6res, 243, 244.
Ice Age, 4, 69, 70, 79, 80, 104, 109,
119, 138, 181, 184-190, 200,
203, 253, 282, 285.
Industrial Revolution, 133.
Inn, valley of, t78, 180.
Innertkirchen, 204.
Innsbruck, 36, 37. 309.
Ireland, 6, 23, 49, 51, 76, 138, 252,
267.
Isar, R., 50.
Ischia, 226.
I66re, R., 39.
Isola Bella, 92.
Madre, 92.
Italy, 1, 26, 27, 30, 34, 36, 38, 43,
53-55, 84, 150, 153, 154, 158,
228, 241, 281 et seq.
Ivrea, 285.
Jasmine, 90.
Judas tree, 96.
Juniper, 104.
Jiu-a, Mts., 26, 33-41, 75, 191-193,
196, 197, 266, 267, 431.
Frauconian, 32, 41.
INDEX
317
Franco-Swiss, 32, 33, 41, 141.
Swabian,. 32, 41.
Swiss, 73.
Kander, R., 199.
Glacier, 195, 199.
Valley, 19(5, 199, 200.
Kandersteg, 3G, 196, 200.
' Kare.' 187, 188.
Karorseo, 213.
Kermes oak, 87, 88.
Kitchen middens, 71.
Klobenstein, 211.
Kufstein, 178. 186.
La Grave, 102.
Lammern glacier, 196, 200, 201.
La Mortola, 92.
» Landeck, 178, 180.
' Landes,' 81.
Langkofel, Mt., 214, 218, 220.
Langres, plateau of, 27.
Languedoc, 75.
Laon, 27.
Larch, 78, 80, 87, 89, 102.
Laurel, 92, 03.
Lausanne, 34, 35, 37, 43.
Lauterbrunnen, 202.
Leghorn, 306.
Le Havre, 269.
Leuk, 201.
Lewis, 250.
Lido, 288, 289.
Liguria, 245.
Ligurian Alps, 287.
Apennines, 241.
Lille, 272.
Linth glacier, 193.
Valley, 192.
Lisbon, 95, 96.
Little St. Bernard. 109.
Lochnagar. 80. 255.
Loess, 69, 71. 73, 77, 80, 85, 127.
Loire, R., 274, 275, 278.
Lombardj% 81, 84, 146, 155, 177,
243, 244. 286, 287, 290.
Lomond, L., 256.
London, 3, 4, 48, 49, 55-58, 168,
270, 277.
Basin, 271, 272.
Lorbeer. see Laurel.
Lorraine, 172.
I Lotschberg tunnel, 28, 36, 37, 195.
Low Countries, 278.
Lucerne, 36, 41, 129, 157, 166, 189,
192, 200, 205.
Lake of, 40, 249.
Lugano, L., 43, 241.
Lutschine glacier, 199.
Luxemburg. 28.
Magoiore, L.. 43, 92, 95, 177, 241.
Magra, R., 306.
Maize, 130, 149, 157.
Malta, 14, 18, 156.
Maquis, 85, 87, 90, 114, 119, 120,
129.
Marjelensoe, 258.
Marmolata, Mt., 220. '
Marno, R., 30, 274, 277.
I Marseilles, 156, 246.
I Martigny, 75, 179, 196, 197, 204.
Mastic tree, 61, 88.
Matterhorn. Mt., 202, 203, 249.
Meall an t'Suidhe, L., 258.
Mediterranean area, 6, 15, 20, 25,
.33, 44, 45, 50, 51, 190, 297-
302.
Climate, 4, 31, 51-56, 75-78, 82
et «eq., 153, 242, 243.
Plants, 4, 60-65, 68, 72, 78, 98,
101, 114. 126, 129-131, 144-158,
245. 246. •
Sea, 18, 49. 192, 268, 288, 311.
Meiringen, 200, 205.
INIentone, 56, 190, 242, 248.
Meran, 82, 153, 178.
Metz, 29. 30.
Meuse, R., 21, 30.
Mezereon, 104.
Miage glacier, 258.
Midland valley, 253.
Milan, 36, 55, 283, 288, 292, 293.
Milkwort, 124.
Millet, 149. 157.
Misenum, 229.
Mistral, 53, 57, 243.
Modane, 43.
Modena, 42, 283.
.Monaco. 240. 241. 247. 248.
-Monferrato, 285. 287, 295.
Montepulciano, L., 308, 310.
MontpoUier, 92.
Montreux, 166, 196.
318
FREQUENTED WAYS
Morvan, 25, 27.
Moselle, R., 28, 30.
Moutiers, 36.
Mt. Berici, 285.
Blanc, 181, 184, 258.
Cenis, 34, 37, 43, 81, 109, 246,
295.
d'Or, 35.
Gibloux, 194.
Moro, 183.
Nuovo, 229.
Rosa, 181.
Somma, 233, 234.
Ventoux, 38.
Viso, 43.
Mulhouse, 28.
Mugnano, R., 307.
Mulberry, 155-158, 240, 300.
Munich, 50, 57, 58, 295.
Murano, 289.
Mur, R., 178.
Myrtle, 90.
My then, Mts., 249.
Namur, 28.
Nancy, 30, 268, 269.
Napf, 192.
Naples, 4, 14, 45, 85, 92, 96, 305.
Bay of, 224, 225-227, 230, 241.
306.
Nemi, 238.
Nettle tree, 95.
Neuchatel, L., 33, 41, 43, 197.
Neve, 181, 189.
Nice, 242, 248.
Ninries, 306.
Norfolk Island pine, 96.
Norway, 16, 49, 51, 74, 252.
Novara, 42.
Oak, cork, 86, 87, 90, 150, 153.
Deciduous, 77-79, 84.
Holm, 86, 87, 90, 123.
Kermes, 87, 88.
Oats, 130, 136.
Oberalp pass, 179.
Oberbotzen, 210.
Odenwald, 19, 23.
Oder, R., 69.
Odessa, 74.
Oetztal, 104.
Oetztaler Alps, 184, 201.
Oise, R., 209, 274.
Oleander, 90.
Olive, 84, 90, 123, 129, 131, 149,
150, 157, 240, 245. 300.
Olten, 36, 190, 191, 197.
Oranges, 83, 92, 154.
Orchid, 90.
Orleans, 269, 274, 278.
Orte. 309.
Ortler, Mts., 184, 211.
Orvieto, 310.
Ostend, 28.
Ottajano, 236.
Padua, 92, 285.
Passtum, 306.
Paglia, R., 309.
Palms, 91, 92.
Paris, 27. 28, 30, 95, 146, 168, 171,
172, 268-270, 274, 278, 280, 282.
Basin of, 24. 266, 268-275, 281,
283.
Parma, 283.
Paulownia, 95, 123.
Peaches, 129, 152, 154.
Pediculai'is. 106.
Pegli, 92.
Pennines, Mts., 118.
Pepper tree, 92.
Perpignan, 87, 156.
Perugia, 302, 309, 310.
Phillyrea, 87.
Phlegrfcan fields, 226, 227, 229,
230. 233.
Phylloxera, 142, 150, 151, 158.
Piacenza, 288.
Piave, R., 209, 210, 212, 283, 287.
Piedmont, 175, 177, 233, 248, 287.
Pilatus, Mt., 40, 105.
Pine, 80, 83.
Aleppo, 86.
Arolla, 99.
Maritime, 86.
Mountain, 87, 89, 103, 120.
Scots, 78, 79, 87, 103.
Stone, 87, 100.
Pinerolo, 281.
Pisa, 306, 308.
Pistachio, 154.
Pistacia, see Mastic tree.
Pistoia, 308.
Pittosporum, 83.
INDEX
319
Plant association, 90, 100, 129.
Plattenhorn. Mt., 200.
Plattkofel, Mt., 218.
Po, R., 21, 42. 283, 286-288, 297.
Plain of, 281, 282, 285. 304.
Pomegranate, 84, 154.
Pompeii, 224, 228, 232, 233.
Pontarlier, 34-30.
I'ortugal, 53.
Posillipo, 230.
Possneckerweg, 219.
Pracchia, 308.
Presanella, Mts., 211.
Prickly pear, 6, 94, 95.
Primula. 105, 112.
Procida, 226.
Provence, 44, 53, 54, 75, 95, 152,
172, 174, 246, 266, 280, 298,
299, 301, 302. 310.
Pustertal, 180, 209.
Pyrenees, Mts., 18, 81, 87, 98. 103,
156, 166, 169, 266, 267, 297.
R.UBLBEDS, 217-219, 221.
Ravenna, 283, 284, 290, 291, 306.
References, 45, 58, 81, 113, 127,
159, 205, 222, 238, 248, 263,