Official Report
OF THE
THIRTEENTH
UNIVERSAL PEACE CONGRESS
HELD AT
Boston, Massachusetts, U. S. A., October
Third to Eighth, 1904.
Reported by William J. Rose, Boston.
Edited by the Secretary of the Congress.
BOSTON :
THE PEACE CONGRESS COMMITTEE.
1904
1 i T) '< 2 .)
THE THIRTEENTH UNIVERSAL PEACE
CONGRESS.
GENERAL COMMITTEE.
Hon. Andrew D. Whitk Ithaca, N. Y-
Hon. GEOKGt: F. Edmunds Philadelphia.
Hon. John W.Foster • • Washington.
Hon. Robert Treat Paine • Boston.
Rev. Edward Everett Hale Boston.
Andrew Carnegie ' • • New York.
Alhekt K. Smiley • Mohonk Lake, N. Y.
Edwahd Ginn Boston.
George Foster Peabodv • New Yoik.
Hon. George F. Seward New York.
Hon. William I. Buchanan Buffalo.
Pres. Jacob G. Schurman Ithaca, N. Y.
Pres. Charles W. Eliot Cambridge, Mass.
Pres. David Starr Jordan Stanford University, Cal.
Pres. Daniel C. Gilman â– . . Washington.
Pres. Ed.mlnd J. James Urbana, 111.
William Dean Howells New York.
Bliss Perry • Boston.
Edwin Blrritt Smith Chicago.
Rev. Hiram W. Thomas ... Chicago.
Rev. Jenkin Llovd Jones Chicago.
Prof. Graham Taylor Chicago.
Rev. Josiah Strong New Yoik.
Rev. Philip S. Moxom • Springfield, Mass.
Pres. L. Clarke Seelye Northampton, Mass.
Alfred H. Love . Philadelphia.
Hon. William N. Ashman • Philadelphia.
George G. Mercer Philadelphia.
Clinton Rogers Woodruff .... Philadelphia.
Joshua L. Baily Philadelphia.
Richard H. Thomas Baltimore.
Thomas Wentworth Higginson Cambridge, Mass.
Hon. Samuel W. McCall Winchester, Mass.
Raymond L. Bridg.man Boston.
Samuel Gomfers ... â– Washington.
John Mitche1,l Indianapolis.
Edwin J). Mead Boston.
Benja.min F. Trueblood . . Boston.
Mrs. May Wright Sewall Indianapolis.
Mrs. Hannah J. Bailey Winthrop Centie, Me.
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe . Boston.
Mrs. Mary A. Livermore ; Melrose, Mass.
Mrs. Charles Russell Lowell New York.
Mrs. Anna Garlin Spencer New Yoik.
Mrs. Lucia Ames Mead Boston.
Miss Jane Addams Chicago.
Miss M. Carey Thomas . Bryn Mawr, Pa.
Miss Gr.\ce H. Dodge New York.
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Cardinal Gibbons . Baltimore.
Bishop John L.Spalding â– â– Peoria, 111.
Bishop William Lawrence Boston.
Bishop Henry W. Warren University Park, Col.
Edward Atkinson Boston.
Samuel B. Capen Boston.
Edward H. Clement Boston.
Philip C. Garrett • Philadelphia.
MooRFiELD Storey Boston.
Walter S. Logan New York.
Rev. Charles F. Dole Jamaica Plain, Mass.
Felix Adler . New York.
Rev. Charles E. Jefferson New York.
Prof. John B. Clark New York.
Rev. Francis E. Clark Boston.
Hon. George S. Boutwell Boston.
^\ Samuel Bowles Springfield, Mass.
:<:' George T. Angell Boston.
"^ Augustine Jo.nes Newton Highlands, Mass.
Xp L. H. Pillsbury Derry, N. H.
— Hon. William L. Putnam . Portland, Me.
Leander T. Chamberlain New York.
Herbert Welsh Philadelphia.
J. G. Phelps Stokes New York.
Cleveland H. Dodge New York.
Q\j Hon. Oscar S. Straus ' New York.
a> Hon. George Gray Wilmington, Del.
COMMITTEE ON ORGANIZATION.
>-*
J Edwin D. Mead, Chaimian.
â– j-< Benjamin F. Trueblood, Secretary.
r-\ Walter S. Logan. Edwin Burritt Smith.
H Hon. George F. Seward. Prof. Graham Taylor.
â– ^ John B. Garrett. Mrs. Hannah J. Bailey.
Hon. William N. Ashman. Mrs. Charles Russell Lowell.
Richard H. Thomas. Mrs. May Wright Sewall.
TREASURER OF THE COMMITTEE.
David Greene Haskins 5 Tremont Street, Boston,
OFFICERS OF THE CONGRESS.
PRESIDENT.
Hon. Robert Treat Paine Boston
SECRETARY.
Benjamin F. Trueblood .... Boston
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
AUSTRIA.
The Baroness von Suttner Vienna
ARMENIA.
Dr. Je.\n Loris Melikoff ... .3 Avenue de I'Observatoire, Paris
BELGIUM.
Senator Houzeau de Lehaie ... Mons
CHINA.
Dr. Yamei Kin Care of Mrs. Ole Bull, Cambridge, Mass.
DENMARK.
Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood Washington, D. C.
FRANCE.
Prof. Theodore Ruyssen Aix-en-Provence
GERM.A.Ny.
Dr. Adolf Richter Pforzheim
GREAT BRITAIN.
William Randal Cremer, M. P 11 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London
INDIA.
Baba Bharati Brindaban
ITALY.
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Milan
JAPAN.
JiRO Abratani Kioto
MONACO.
The Abbe Pichot Monaco
NORWAY.
Hon. John Lund Bergen
RUSSIA.
Dr. M. Chirug BostOn
SWEDEN.
Hon. John Olsson Stockholm
SWITZERLAND.
Pierre Clerget Le Locle
united states.
Albert K. Smiley Mohonk Lake, N. Y.
The list of members of the Congress and of the Societies represented in it
will be found at the end of this Report.
PREFACE.
The delegates from the peace societies of the United States to the Twelfth
Universal Peace Congress held at Rouen, France, at the end of September, 1903,
extended a cordial invitation to the Congress to meet in 1904 in the United States
during the time of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. This invitation, which
was supported by more than fifty prominent men and women of the United States,
who had gladly consented to the use of their names, was accepted as heartily as it
was given.
In order to commence the arrangements for the Congress, a meeting of
representatives of the peace societies of the United States, and of interested
individuals outside of the societies, was held in the New Willard Hotel, Washing-
ton, on the 13th of January, 1904, just after the close of the National Arbitration
Conference. At this meeting an Executive Committee of twelve (whose names
are given on page 3) was appointed to act, in conjunction with the Peace Bureau
at Berne, as the Committee on Organization of the Congress. To this Committee
all the details of the preparation for the Congress were referred. At the same
meeting the fifty and more persons who had supported the invitation at Rouen
were constituted a General Committee to promote the interests of the Congress
and the Committee on Organization was empowered to increase the number of the
General Committee at their discretion.
The Committee on Organization met at the Arts Club in New York on the
13th of February, and chose Edwin D. Mead, Chairman, and Benjamin F. True-
blood, Secretary. After a full discussion of the place at which the Congress
might most properly and successfully be held, Boston was unanimously chosen
rather than St. Louis, which had also been proposed. The Chairman and
Secretary of the Committee were thereupon appointed to act as a local Executive
Committee with the full powers of the whole Committee on Organization.
This Committee at once began active work, and during the summer issued
frequent Peace Congress Bulletins and carried on a wide correspondence, both at
home and abroad, in preparing for the Congress. The Mayor and citizens of
Boston manifested from the first an active interest in the subject, and gave the
Committee valuable aid in many ways. Generous response was made not only
by the citizens of Boston, but also of New York, Philadelphia and other places,
to the appeal for funds, and thus the Committee was enabled to lay the plans for
the Congress on a broader and more generous scale than has been possible in the
case of any previous congress.
The preliminary meetings held before the opening of the Congress were most
successful. Many of the churches of Boston and vicinity and of other cities
throughout the country devoted at least one of their Sunday services October 2
to the subject of peace. The addresses given at the union religious service
Sunday afternoon at Tremont Temple by Dr. Francis H. Rowley of 15oston, Rev.
Walter Walsh of Dundee, Scotland, Rev. A. L. Lilley of England, Rabbi
Berkowitz of Philadelphia, Dr, Reuen Thomas of Brookline, and Dr. Charles G.
Ames of Boston, were strong and clear presentations of the claims of the peace
cause on the whole religious world. The musical consecration service in
Symphony Hall on Sunday evening, when the Handel and Haydn Society, with
a chorus of four hundred voices and a full orchestra, presented to a crowded
house a rich program of music of the highest order, and the Bishop of Hereford,
England, gave an excellent short address on the opportunity and duty of America
to take the lead in the pacific civilization of the world, won the admiration of all
who attended.
The Committee herewith present the stenographic report of the proceedings
of the Congress, including the addresses given at the public meetings in Boston
and a brief resume of the numerous successful and influential meetings held after
its close in several cities. They have thought it wise, also, to prefix to the
Report a brief account of the preceding peace congresses, not only of those
held in the modern series beginning in 1889, but also of the remarkable series
of congresses held from 1843 to 1853.
INTRODUCTION.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PEACE CONGRESSES.
The first International Peace Congress was held in London in June,
1843, just after the great Anti-Slavery Convention. The closing T
meeting was in Exeter Hall. The suggestion which led to this Con-
gress was made by Joseph Sturge, the distinguished English anti-
slavery reformer, then on a visit to the United States, at a meeting
of peace workers in Boston in 1841, presided over by Amasa
Walker. The American Peace Society took the matter up at once,
communicated with the British Peace Society, and arrangements
were quickly completed for the Congress. It was attended by three
hundred and thirty-seven delegates, two hundred and ninety-four of
whom were from Creat Britain, thirty-seven from America, and six
from the continent of Europe. The president of the Congress was
Charles Hindley, M. P. Among the leaders in the meetings were
Richard Cobden, Dr. George C. Beckwith, Prof. Amasa Walker,
Rev. Joshua Leavitt, Rev. A. A. Phelps, and Lewis and John Tap-
pan. An address to the governments of the world was adopted, and
presented to the British government, then headed by Sir Robert Peel,
by a deputation of which the Marquis de la Rochefoucauld was the
chairman. It was also presented to the King of Belgium, then on a
visit to London.
The second Peace Congress was held at Brussels in September,
1848. Elihu Burritt was the moving spirit in the organization of S^
this Congress. The president of the Congress was ]Mr. Visschers, a
distinguished member of the Belgian government. Though looked
forward to with anxiety on account of the disturbed condition of
public affairs in Europe, it proved to be a great success. Among
those participating in the proceedings were Mr. Edmund Fry of
England, Mr. Bouvet 9f the French Assembly, Baron de Reiffenberg
of the Belgian Royal Academy, Professor Roussel of the University
of Brussels, Henry Richard, Joseph Sturge, Elihu Burritt, Bertinatti
of Italy, Henry Vincent of London, and Mr. Henry Clapp of Cin-
cinnati. About three hundred delegates attended, one hundred and
thirty of whom were from Great Britain, two from the United
States, and the rest from 'various European countries.
The third Congress was held at Paris in August, 1849. ^^ ^^^^ -^'
a very large and enthusiastic gathering. It was presided over by
Victor Hugo, whose remarkable address has been oftener quoted,
perhaps, than any other peace discourse. -Among the distinguished
men participating in the 'Congress were Elihu Burritt, Henry
Richard, Richard Cobden, Amasa Walker, Mr, Visschers of Belgium,
8
President Mahan of Oberlin College, Henry Vincent of London,
Athanase Coquerel, Mr. Bouvet, Emile de Girardin, Frederic Bastiat,
and Mr. Hindley, M. P. More than three hundred delegates at-
tended from Great Britain, one hundred from France, twenty-three
from the United States, nineteen from Belgium, and a considerable
number from Italy, Switzerland and Germany. Resolutions on ar-
bitration, disarmament, the iniquity and needlessness of war, etc.,
were passed as at the preceding congresses.
The fourth Congress was held at Frankfort, Germany, in August,
1850. It was organized by Elihu Burritt and Henry Richard, with
the cooperation of a strong local committee of arrangements. Mr.
Jaup, ex-Prime Minister of Hesse-Darmstadt, presided. The inter-
est and enthusiasm were as great as in the Paris Congress of the
previous year. Many of the distinguished men who were at Paris
attended this Congress also. About five hundred persons went
over from England. More than twenty delegates went from the
United States, some of them coming from as far West as Kentucky,
Michigan and Missouri. The leading spirits of the Congress were
nearly the same as in the preceding congresses, and the resolutions
were along similar lines. The Congress gave special attention to a
code of international law and the subject of dueling. The peace
societies organized as a result of this Congress, the first societies
in Germany, were shortly afterwards suppressed by the government.
The fifth of this series of Congresses was held in Exeter Hall, Lon-
don, in July, 185 1. Owing to the International Exposition meeting
in London that year, the Congress was successful beyond all expecta-
tion. There were more than a thousand delegates from England
alone, representing, as a contemporary report says, " a large amount
of the highest elements of English society, its intelligence, its moral
and religious worth." Sixteen different States of the American
Union were represented by over sixty delegates. Thirty-eight dele-
gates came from Germany, twenty from France, and a considerable
number from other European countries. The president of the Con-
gress was Sir David Brewster, the most eminent physicist of his
time. The same speakers, with slight exception, who had pleaded
the cause so eloquently in the two preceding congresses were present.
Many distinguished men in different parts of the world sent expres-
sions of sympathy to the Congress.
This first remarkable series of Peace Congresses was terminated
by two British conferences held in 1853. The first of these was at
Manchester, England, in January. It was chiefly a demonstration
of the English advocates of peace against the " paroxysm of appre-
hension of a French invasion." George Wilson, chairman of the
Anti-Corn Law League, presided, and powerful addresses were de-
livered by both John Bright and Richard Cobden. The call for the
conference was signed by seventeen members of Parliament and
about five hundred other gentlemen of distinction. Six hundred del-
egates attended and letters of approval and sympathy were received
from about four hundred who could not be present. The conference
sent a deputation to present an address to the Prime Minister, the
Earl of Aberdeen. The second conference of 1853 was held at
Edinburgh in October, and was large and enthusiastic. The Lord
Provost of Edinburgh presided. The leading peace workers af Eng-
land were all present, including both Mr. Bright and Mr. Cobden.
All of these Congresses from 1843 to 1853 dealt with practically
the same subjects which have occupied the attention of the recent
Peace Congresses, and the detailed account of the resolutions adopted
is therefore not necessary.
The Crimean War, which then came on, and the other great wars .
of that period in Europe and America, made the holding of further
Peace Congresses for the time impracticable, and a whole generation
passed before the modern series began.
The first of the present series of Peace Congresses was held at
Paris in the Trocadero Palace from the 23d to the 27th of June,
1889. The previous year eight peace societies, six of them from
France, one from England and one from the United States, united
in proposing that a Peace Congress be held in Paris the next year
during the Exposition. A committee of twenty was chosen to take
the initiatory steps. On this committee are found the names of
Frederic Passy and Hodgson Pratt, since distinguished for their em-
inent peace services. The committee held frequent meetings and
secured the codperation of nearly a hundred societies in different
countries. When the Congress met on the 23d of June it was found
that three hundred and ten delegates from nine countries were pres-
ent, one hundred and thirty-five of whom were from outside of
France. The countries most largely represented were England,
France, Italy and the United States. The honorary presidents of
the Congress were Mr. A. Frank, a member of the Institute of France,
and Dr. Charles Lemonnier, founder of the International League of
Liberty and Peace. Frederic Passy served as president of the Con-
gress, and on taking the chair pronounced an eloquent discourse in
which he set forth the great ideas of which he is to this day one of
the foremost advocates. The names of the persons who took a lead-
ing part in the deliberations were Mr. Hodgson Pratt, W. Evans
Darby, Dr. Charles Lemonnier, Mr. Frederic Passy, Mr. Auguste
Desmoulins, Dr. A. A. Miner, Angelo Mazzoleni, E. T. Moneta, Mrs.
Belva A. Lockwood, Julie Toussaint, Miss P. H. Peckover, Madame
Griess-Traut, Mr. Thomas Snape, Rev. R. B. Howard, Dr. Charles
Richet, Mr. Frederic Bajer, Senator Marcoartu, J. G. Alexander,
Henri La Fontaine, William Randall Cremer, and Felix Moscheles.
The Congress did its work by means of six committees which pre-
pared the resolutions. A long list of resolutions and wishes was
adopted covering practically all the subjects which have since been
so fully discussed in the subsequej^t Peace Congresses, the confer-
ences of the Interparliamentary Union, and the special national
and local conferences since held. The Congress received warm hos-
pitality from the French government, President Carnot himself giving
the delegates a reception. Before closing the Congress expressed
10
the desire that another congress might meet and that all the peace
societies, without distinction of race or religion, be invited to send
__ delegates.
X The second Congress was held in Westminster Town Hall,
— London, from the 14th to the 19th of July, 1890. This Congress
was organized by a strong committee from the English peace
societies, of which Mr, Hodgson Pratt was the chairman. The
deliberations were preceded by an afternoon service in St. Paul's
Cathedral on Sunday, the 13th of July, at which the preacher was
Rev. Canon H. Scott Holland. The business committee of the
Congress consisted of Sir Joseph Pease, M. P., President of the
British Peace Society, Rev. R. B. Howard, Secretary of the Ameri-
can Peace Society, Frederic Passy from France, Fredrik Bajer of
Denmark, E. T. Borg from Sweden and Norway, Madam Fisher-
Lette from Germany, and E. T. Moneta from Italy. Hon. David
Dudley Field of New York was made president of the Congress-
Delegates were present from fourteen countries. The number
from Great Britain was very large, including delegates from fifty-
eight peace and arbitration societies and other organizations. Dele-
gates were sent from the United States by the American Peace
Society, the Christian Arbitration and Peace Society of Philadelphia,
the Universal Peace Union of Philadelphia, the Peace Department
of the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the Rhode
Island Peace Society, the churches of Richmond, Va., and the
Friends' Yearly Meetings of both New York and New England.
The total number of delegates in the Congress was over four hundred.
This Congress was conspicuous for the number of carefully pre-
pared papers which were read. Among the speakers and persons
who read papers were Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Sir Joseph W. Pease,
Hodgson Pratt, W. Evans Darby, George Gillet of London, the Abbe
Defourny from France, Rev. C. B. Smith of Boston, E. T. Moneta of
Milan, Henry Stanley Newman of Leominster, England, J. B. Braith-
waite of London, Frederic Passy of Paris, Mrs. Fisher-Lette of
Germany, Rev. J. P. Gledstone of London, Dr. Charles Richet of
Paris, Dr. Reuen Thomas of Boston,. Senator Marcoartu from Spain,
W. Martin Wood of London, Emile Arnaud of France, Augustine
Jones of Providence, R. I., Miss Ellen Robinson of Liverpool,
Fredrik Bajer of Copenhagen, Thomas Snape of Liverpool, Rev. R.
B. Howard, Rev. George Dana Boardman of Philadelphia, Dr. W.
U. Murkland of Baltimore, and others. The report of this Congress
is a very valuable peace document.
A reception was given to the delegates by the Lord Mayor of
London at the Mansion House. The resolutions adopted by the
Congress were numerous, covering nearly the whole field of the peace
propaganda. The Congress before closing voted to send an address
to the heads of all civilized states. Through the courtesy of Queen
Victoria the delegates were admitted to Windsor Castle at the close
of the Congress.
X In the third Congress, which met at Rome, from the nth to the
II
1 6th of November, 189 1, seventeen countries were represented by
four hundred and fifty delegates ; namely, Germany, England, Aus-
tria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, the United States, France, Hungary,
Italy, Norwa}', The Netherlands, Portugal, Roumania, Servia, Sweden,
and Switzerland. The opening session of the Congress was held in
the hall of the Chamber of Deputies, and the other sessions at the
Fine Arts Palace. The Congress was presided over by Mr. Ruggero
Bonghi, a distinguished member of the Cabinet ; and Mr. Giuseppe
Biancheri, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, was in attend-
ance at the opening session to express to the delegates the welcome
and sympathy of the Italian government. This was the first peace
congress in which the Baroness von Suttner, since distinguished
throughout the civilized world for her labors in the cause, took part.
It was at this Congress that the proposition was first made to create
a Permanent International Peace Bureau. This proposition was
submitted by Mr. Hodgson Pratt of England, Fredrik Bajer of Den-
mark, and Dr. Charles Lemonnier in the name of several French
societies. The preliminary steps taken at the time resulted in the
definite organization of the Bureau the next year. The chief partici-
pants in the Congress were the same persons that had taken part in
the London Congress the previous year, though there were many new
delegates, especially from the southern European nations. The sub-
jects discussed were arbitration, disarmament, international law,
pacific instruction in schools, the economic aspects of war, the influ-
ence of the press, etc. The Congress was a very enthusiastic and
successful one, and resulted in firmly establishing and widely extend-
ing the peace movement among the Latin nations of southern Europe.
Berne, Switzerland, was the seat of the fourth Congress, which was Xl
held from the 22d to the 27th of August, 1892, in the Hall of the
Swiss National Council. Mr. Louis Ruchonnet, who had served two
terms as President of the Swiss Republic, was chosen president.
The Congress was attended by over four hundred delegates and ad-
herents from thirteen countries. The International Peace Bureau at
Berne was definitely established at this time, and articles of incor-
poration adopted under which the Bureau was subsequently incor-
porated under the laws of the Swiss Republic. At this Congress,
also, the subject of an international tribunal of arbitration began
to take more definite shape than in the previous congresses. The
program of the Congress was a long one, covering many phases of the
question of war and peace. Steps were also taken to bring associa-
tions of working men into more sympathetic relation with the peace
societies.
The Peace Congress held at Chicago from the 14th to the 20th of
August, 1893, was the fifth in the series. It was held under the aus-
pices of the World's Congress Auxiliary, of which Hon. Charles C.
Bonney was president, Benjamin F. Trueblood, Secretary of the
American Peace Society, being Chairman of the Committee of Or-
ganization. The president of the Congress was the Hon. Josiah
12
Quincy, then Assistant Secretary of State. Thirty-one peace socie-
ties and other organizations sent ninety-two delegates, and there
were two hundred and twenty-four other members of the Congress.
This Congress was notable for the number of carefully prepared papers
submitted to it. Among the authors of papers were Dr. W. Evans
Darby and William C. Braithwaite of London, Mr. Elie Ducommun,
Secretary of the Berne Peace Bureau, David Dudley Field of New
York, Angelo Mazzoleni and E. T. Moneta of Milan, Italy, Dr. Adolf
Richter of Pforzheim, Germany, Gen. Charles H. Howard of Chicago,
Sir Edmund Hornby of London, Dr. Edward Everett Hale of Boston,
Dr. F. J. Tomkins of Denver, Hon. William E. Curtis of Washington,
Mr. Peraza of Venezuela, Mr. Peralta of Costa Rica, Hodgson Pratt
of London, Ex-Gov. John W. Hoyt, Dr. George Dana Boardman of