Electronic library


read the book
eBooksRead.com books search new books russian e-books
Massachusetts. Secretary of the commonwealth.o.

Annual report on the vital statistics of Massachusetts, births, marriages, divorces and deaths ..

. (page 44 of 58)



iS


< "


-< •


£.


"^*


<•


Block-makers, .


2


131


(15.50


2


i:« 66.04)




•




BookbiDders, .


1


2y


29.00


1


41 41.00


,




,


Brake and Firemen, .


•


,


•


4


110 27.50


,


•


•


Brick-makers, .


,


,


,


2


90 45.00


2


58


29.00


Brudh-makers, •


1


39


39.00


1


66 6(i.OO


•


,


.


Butchers, .


(i


32U


5:}.3.3


8


294 3f>.75


4


199


49.75


Cabinet-makers,


Vi


642


49.:W


9


414 4(>.00


14


639


4.5.(i3


Caru -makers, .


1


31


31.00


3


138 4(..00


1


70


70.00


Carpenters,


7\)


412«»


."i2.2«i


70


34-26 48.94


92


4409


4801


CaullLers and Gravers,


2


145


72.50


3


1S»9 mM


2


116


58.00


Chair-makers, .


,


•


•


6


206 34..3.3


8


2S»6


37.00


Chaide makers, .


•




,


2


140 70.00


3


164


54.67


Cigar makers, •


2


'eo


30.00


1


20 20.00


,




,


Cluck-makers, .


•


•


•


,


. 1 .


]


43


43.00


Clothiers,


•




,


2


95 47.50


1


69


«».iK)


Comb-makers, .


,


.


,


2


84 42.00


3


97


32.33


Confectioners, •


1


51


51.00


,


. 1 .


1


24


24.00


Coopers, .


l:{


843


<»4.7<i


19


1030 .54.21


20


1178


.58.90


Copperamiths, .


a


.


,


1


42 42.00


1


47


47.00


Curriers and Tanners,


ti


54


27.00


10


437, 43.7(/


12


576


4aoo


Cutlers, .


2


111


55..50


,


•


,


•


' •


Dentists, .


^


•




2


86 43.00


,


•


,


Distillers,


J


51


51.00


,


• 1 •




.


,


Dru artists.


,


^


.


1


.57 57.00


3


144


48.00


Dyers,


•


,


,


3


110 36.67


1


37


37.00


En^rravers,


•


•




4


127 31.75




•


,


Founders,


,


•


,


1


25 25.00


3


134


44.67


Furnace-men, .


1


S'2


32.00


I


22 22.00


4


255


63.75


Glass-cutters, •


,


•


,


1


37 37.(0


•


•


,


Gunsmiths,


,




.


1


80 80.00




•


.


Harness-makers,


7


sw


48.57


4


1.52| 38.00


5


a-w


67.60


Hatters, .


5


S4t<


mm


10


553 55.30


7


4:^5


60.72


Inspectors of beef, .


•


,




1


43 4.3.(10


,


,


,


Jewellers,


5


240


48.00


4


163 40.75


5


803


40.60


Leather dressers.


,


,




5


245; 4!».00


,


•




Machinists,


l:<


437


;w.f?i


lf»


603| 31.44


:w


1234


.37.37


Manufacturers, .


:n


i:i33


43.00


6


253 42.17


20


a•^o


SI.-'^O


Masons, •


21


1182


.5H.28


20


9J»0 49..'S0


15


787


52.47


Mast-makers, •


,




,


1


58 .58.00


3


1.35


4.^.00


Mechanics,


9


4 OH


45.11


7


345 49.3:<


22


829


37.(«


Miliars, .


5


242


48.50


5


3f« 72.6<»


6


472


7H.(i7


Millwrights, .


,


,


,


1


51 51.00


3


153


51.00


Nailers, .


4


153


38.24


3


132 44.00


,




,


Oporaiives,


,


,


,


12


426 .3.5.50


19


569


30.00


Organ -builders.


,


,


,


1


61 61.(0


,


•


.


Paimers, .


10


411


41.10


16


644 40.25


24


111.1


46.46


Paper makers, .


3


124


41. .33


3


172 .«i7.33


1


2(


26.00


Paper stainers, .


•


.


,


1


28 28 00


,


•


•


PaiiPrn-makers,


,




,


1


45 45.00


,


,


,


Pianoforte-makers,


I


24,


24.00


-


1 .


1 . 1


.


•


•



Digitized by VjOOQIC



INFLUENCE OF OCCUPATION ON LONGEVITY. 49



Influbnce


OF Occupation,


&c.—


Continued.






1845.


1846.


1847.


OCCUPATIONl.




s






1






s






i


h


1^


1


1^


h


1


h


h


Pile-driven,


•


m


•


1


54


54.00


•






Pocketbook-maken, .


1


69


69.00


•


•


•


•


•


m


Potten, .


•


,


•


1


80


80.00


,


•


•


Powder-maken,


•


•


•


3


97


32.33


1


26


96.00


Printera, .


4


118


29.50


4


130


32.50


6


206


34.33


Pomp & Block-makerB,


•


•


•


2


164


82.00


•


•


•


Rig^gerSy • • •


1


53


53.00


1


87


37.00


â– 




•


Rope-maken, .
Sail-makera,


2


90


45.00


7


426


60.86


7


864


52.00


,


•


•


8


127


42.33


1


74


74.00


Salt manufacturen, .


•


•


•


,


•


•


2


132


66.00


Sculptors.
Shipwrights, •
Shoe-makers, •


,


•


•


1


93


93.00


•




•


5


990


saoo


8


498


62.25


13


765


58.04


134


5596


41.76


133


5586


42.00


154


6716


4a6]


Soap-makers, .


•


•


•


I


60


60.00


2


82


41.00


Stablers, .


3


158


39.50


2


63


31.50


1


58


5&00


Stone-cutters, .


10


416


41.61


16


688


4aoo


14


065


40.86


Tailors, .


12


600


50.00


5


272


54.40


14


680


4a87


Tallow-chandlers,


,


•


,


1


64


64.00


1


67


67.00


Tinmen, •


•


•


,


3


141


47.00


3


97


83.33


Trunk-makers, .


•


•


•


1


33


3aoo


,


•


•


Umbrella-makers,


•


^


•


1


43


4aoo


•


•


•


Victuallers,


3


140


46.66


•


•


•


2


97


48M


Weavers,


•


,


•


6


295


49.17


5


281


56.20




•


â– 


•


1


25


25.00


•


•


•


Wheel-wrights,


6


192


32.00


6


242


40.33


15


669


44.60


Whip-makers, •


â– 


,


•


1


82


32.00


1


36


36.00


Wood-turners, .


1


56


56.00


•


•


•


,


•


•


Wool-dyers,


1


55


55.00


•


•


•


•


•


•


Wool-sorters, .


2


96


48.00


2


95


47.50


•


•


•


ToUl, .


476


22,398


47.05


^


24,613


45.75


651


30,241


46.45


Male Domestics,




•


•


1


97


97.00


3


154


51.38


Laborers,


208


10^


49.79


209


10,238


49.00


259


12,088


4a67


Teamsters,


11


832


90.18


6


344


57.83


•


•


•


Total, .


219


10,090


48.81


216


10,679


49.44


^


12,342


46.78


Fishermen,


14


580


41.42


7


316


45.14


69


2030


37.97


Freighters,


•


•


•


2


83


41.50


•


,


•


PUote, . . .


•


,


•


S


133


66.50


•


•


•


Seamen, .


131


5626


4SM


108


6266


48.76


145


6590


45.45


Total, •


145


6206


43.80


119


5798


4a72


liA


9310


4a04



Digitized by VjOOQIC



50



SIXTH REGISTRATION REPORT.



Influence of


OccuPATIO^


r, Ac-


•Continued


•






1845.


1846.


1847.


OCCDPATIONS.


&


Aggregate


!^


1

9

2;


Aggregate
age.


h


9

2:


age.


Average
age.


Paupen, .


5


4oe


81.60


36


2,503


69.53


21


1,386


66.00


loBaoe,




•


â– 


1


68


68.00


26
47


1,322


50.85


Total, •


5


408


81.60


37


2,571


69.48


2,708


57.62


Females.




















Domestics,


8


466


55.75


5


153


30.60


11


604 54.99


Dress-makers, .


11


338


30.72


8


239


29.87


9


271 30.11


Housekeepers, .


179


8,888


49.61


275


14,279


51.92


371


19,133 51.57


Ladies, .


3


212


70.66


2


140


70.00


3


213


71.00


Midwives,


,


•


•


1


92


92.00


â– 


•


•


Milliners, .


2


53


26.50


3


132


44.00


4


132


33.00


Nurses, •


2


106


53.00


4


208


52.00


2


128


64.00


Operatives,


27


779


21.44


30


767


25.57


43


1,162


27.02


Seamstresses, .


9


464


44.88


18


717


39.83


11


514


4a73


Shoe-binders, .


3


115


38.33


5


117


23.40


6


313


52.17


Straw-braiders, .


4


140


35.50


3


134


44.66


5


180


36.00


Tailoresses,


16


654


40.87


17


658


38.71


9


391


43.44


Teachers,




•


,


14


376


26.86


14


405


2&93


Weavers, .


•


•


•


10


525


52.50


2

490


50


25.00


Total, .


264


12,215


46.32


395


18,537


46.93


23,496


47.95



RECAPITULATION.



Professional men,


62


2,724


43.93


54


2,847


52.72


74


3,785


51.15


Merchants,


90


4,403


48.92


81


4,296


53.04


102


5,018


49.20


Agrriculturists, .


645


89,869


61.81


679


45,241


66.63


741


47,538


64.14


Public Officers,


35


1,544


44.11


34


1,396


41.06


42


1,890


45.00


Mechanics,


476


22,398


47.05


538; 24,613


45.75


651


30,241


46.45


Liaborers, .


219


10,690


48.81


216


10,679


49.44


262


12,242


4a73


Seamen, .


145


6,206


42.80


119


5,798


48.72


214


9,210


43.04


Paupers, •


5


408


81.60


37


2,571


69.48


47


2,708


57.62


Females, •


264


12,215


46.32


395


18,537


46.93


490


23,496


47.95


Total & averaflfes^


1941


100,457


51.76


2153


115,978


53.87


2623


136,128


51.89



Digitized by VjOOQIC



INFLUENCE OF DOMESTIC CONDITION.



61



Table V. Facts illustrating the Influence of Domestic
Condition on Longevity,

Showing, for each County, the number and aggregate age of all in the
returns over 20 years old, whose condition is specified.





MALES.


females.




Unmarried.


Married.


Widowers.


Unmarried.


BIarried.


Widows.


Counties.


1

z




i


1^


^


1^


2


1

1^


9
2




2


|i,


Essex, . .


88


3134


204


10,705


30


2,141


88


4,241


2l3


9,359


165


12^12


Middlesex,


43


1509


231


11,723


45


3,306


88


3,416


290


12,582


101


7,488


Worcester,


104


3764


258


13,928


64


4,707


104


4,520


272


12,194


142


10,424


Hampshire,


11


374


45


2,736


16


1,2 7


28


1,080


70


3,376


44


3,282


Hampden,


a?


880


76


4,360


17


1,076


23


846


93


3,881


41


2,834


Franklin, ,


18


557


47


2,677


11


841


27


1,179


45


2,128


3i


2,257


Berkshire,


21


885


64


3,868


15


1,113


20


813


84


3,931


43


3,170


Norfolk, . .


48


1867


128


7,329


23


l,i^C6


51


2,698


119


4,908


67


4,834


Bristol, . .


30


1017


105


5,527


25


1,881


27


1,555


123


5,657


53


3,992


Plymouth,


26


1107


84


5,101


16


1,191


38


17 3


94


4,402


68


5,123


Barnstable, .


5


153


68


3,392


16


1,126


15


683


68


2,934


40


2,989


Dukes & Nant.


7


267


30
I34O


1,704


2


133


11


721


28


1,248


20


1,568


ToUl, . .


428


15,514


73,050


280


20,458


520


23,545


1489


66,600


8I4J 60,273


Average age, .


•


36.25


•


54.52


•


73.06


•


45.28


•


44.73


.


74.05



Digitized by VjOOQIC



Digitized by VjOOQIC



â–  A-f ^



UMIV. OF MIOMI

OCT 18 IMf



REGISTRATION



BIRTHS. MARRIAGES AND DEATHS



MASSACHUSETTS.



1848.



■«af



Digitized by VjOOQIC



X..



X



'^^!a-»—



Digitized by VjOOQ IC






SETENTHi




ANNUAL REPORT



TO THE LEGISLATURE,



UIATDIS TO



THE REGISTRY AND RETURNS



OP



BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS



IN MASSACHUSETTS,



FOR THE Y£AR £NDING APRIL 30tb, 1848.




BY WILUAM B. CALHOUN,

SECBBTABT OF THB C OHM ONW B A L TB.



)So0ton:

DUTTUN AND WENTWORTH, STATE PRINTERS,
NO. n, OONOBBai 8TBBBT.

1848.



Digitized by VjOOQ IC



W«^*. V, si ->-'>• •^•* ^



%-'\i\\\



\\ \-^l ••



Digitized by VjOOQ IC



tf omttfonUtf ultfi of Jll«00«c9tt0ett0«



Secretary's Office, Boston, )
December 16, 1848. V

To the Honorable Senate^ and House of Representatives :

In compliance with the provisions of law, I present the Annual
Report containing the statement and results, in tabular form, of
the Returns of Births, Marriages, and Deaths, for the registration
year, ending April 30th, 1848.

I have deemed it unnecessary to make the usual analysis of the
following tables, because their design appears very distinctly on
the face of them, and their importance cannot, to an intelligent
mind, be heightened by any analysis.

The attention of the members of the Legislature is particularly
invited to the selections, in the form of notes, from the communi-
cations of the returning ofScers. They indicate the existence of
many deficiencies in the execution of the law ; but they evince a
strong sense of its importance, and a desire that it may be so
amended as to insure its thorough enforcement.

Twenty-eight cities and towns have made no returns, whilst
several others have made incomplete ones. The names of these
towns are given at the end of the " Notes," for each county.

The returns now presented show the number of births to be as
1 to 39| of the inhabitants, according to the census of 1840 ; the
number of marriages as 1 to 122, and the number of deaths as 1
to 62|. The great change and increase of population in the
Commonwealth, within the last eight or ten years, affect mate-
rially the importance of these proportions. And the fact, that a



Digitized by VjOOQIC



new census is now soon to be taken, renders this a very desirable
time for a further improvement and enforcement of the law.

The continued neglect of the city of Boston, to aid the govern-
ment in the aeeoraplishmettt of the mvahiabla purpose, contem-
plated by the law, ought not to be overlooked. This neglect
cannot be in consonance with the intelligence and wisdom, which
are so conspicuous in the noble and enlightened public spirit of
Boston. The bearing of the results and facts, sought for by the
reqniremeats of the law, on interests of indisputable importance,
cannot fail to be seen by all thoughtful observers.

To improve man's physical condition, and thus to contribute
to his moral advancement, is the gieat purpose of the statistkal
views and facts, which the law in qamiion strifes to bring to
Kgbt More than ever important does this purpose become at Ae
present moment, when our Commonwealth and coimtry Ke open
to unlimited emigrations from the old world. UnspeakaUy inter-
esliag and vita) shonld this view of the subject be to llie city
•r Boston.

In reference to the subject generally, the underngoed respect-
folly refers, for the consideration of the Legislature, to a letter of
hnmh J^ATTUGK, Esq., annexed to &e frntrtk Report from this
office, under die Act of Registration ; and to a commrniication
made to the last Legislature by Edward Jakvis, H. D., in behalf
of the ^^ American Statistical Association ;'' and to the Memorial
of Lemuel Shattuce, Esq., presented in the Senate at the tasi



Rei^)eet fully sulnnittod,

W. B. CALHOUN, Seeteioiy.



Digitized by VjOOQIC



REGISTRATION

OF

BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS

nr

MASSACHUSETTS,

ENDING APRIL 80, 1848.



Digitized by VjOOQ IC



Digitized by VjOOQIC



BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS,

Reiitrned to the Secretary's Office, for the three years ending April
30/A, 1846, 1847, and 1848.







BIRTHS.


MARRIAGES.


DEATHS.




Population
in 1840.












Counties and Towhs.
























1846.


1847.


1848


1846.


1847.


1848.


1846.


1847.


1848.


SUFFOLK.






















Boston,


93,383


.


-


-


-


.


.


.


.


.


Chelsea,


2,390


134


180


165


29


30


22


30


98


110


North Chelsea,


-


"




28


-


10


3


-




-


Totals,


95,773


134


180


193


29


40


25


30


98


110


ESSEX.






















Amesbury, -


2.471


50


45


62


19


18


11


48


35


53


Andover,


5,207


162


138


.


30


38


43


75


62


92


Beverly,


4,689


109


146


-


46


32


-


61


115


-


Boxford,


942


34


25


25


10


4


7


11


29


10


Bradford,


2,222


41


49


59


17


16


18


44


43


43


Danvers,


5,020


208


199


227


61


56


32


97


83


78


Essex,


1,450


39


30


25


17


10


8


22


35


20


Georgetown, -


1.540


47


61


38


18


7


10


16


28


26


Gloucester, -


6,350


192


202


213


79


76


64


139


170


143


Hamilton,


818


24


15


25


12


6


3


11


12


14


Haverhill, -


4.336


104


.


140


41


46


37


58


21


20


Ipswich,


3,000


2


42


2


22


18


20


54


44


48


Lawrence,


.


.


.


216


.


.


30


«


.


no


Lynn, '


9,367


335


306


259


94


63


110


206


225


173


Lynnfield,
Manchester, -


707


24


19


18


10


8


5


15


8


9


1.355


45


64


47


11


17


13


43


44


37


Marblehead, -


5,575


207


202


145


41


41


55


102


171


129


Metbuen,


2,251


71


108


76


27


21


20


38


79


40


Middleton,


657


18


18


17


4


5


1


11


15


5


Newbury,


3,789


67


41


104


26


36


32


49


60


9


Newburyport,


7,161


220


253 217|


99


101


104


114


140


185


Rockport,


2,650


87


89


82


21


"


37


38 57


64


Rowley,


1,203


24


18


25


7


7


8


20 14


17


Salem,


15,082


265


250


292


134


125


144


297


339


323


Salisbury,


2,739


60


61


56


20


27


32


51


33


33


Saugtts,


1,098


35


40


34


Id


5


8


14


21


34


Topsfield,


1,059


35


19


25


10


4


4


18


15


12


Wenham,


689


17


-


-


7


-




8


-


.


West Newbury,


1,560


5


46


40


12


15


10


13! 11


16


ToUls,


94,987


2527


2486


2469


908


802


866


1673


1909


1743



Digitized by VjOOQIC



SEVENTH REGISTRATION REPORT.



BIRTHS, MARRIAGES, AND DEATHS-CbiOmtced










BIRTHS. 1


MARRIAGES.


DEATHS.


COONTIXS ARD TOWRS.


1111840.






1
















1


















1846.


1847.


1848.


1846.


1847.


1848.


1846.


1847.


1848.


MIDDT.ESEX.






















Acton,


1121


.


•


.


8


9


7


18


26


.


Ashby,


1346


7


.


25


5


11


14


15


31


20


Ashland,


.


13


23


36.


3


11


7


i


8


14


Bedford,


929


23


28


16


6


6


8


irf


23


10


Billerica,


1632


32


22


29


13


2


9


25


20


26


Bozborough, -


426


8


8


.


2


3


7


6


9


4


Brighton,
Burlin^n, -
Cambridge, -


1425


50


63


66


16


12


10


22


17


39


510


13


12


111


2


8


3


3


8


12


8409


342


431


511!


73


62


64


155


190


210


Carlisle,


556


12


6


14i


4


5


3


7


3


8


Charlestown, -


11,484


482


437


583


139


134


55


268


374


3S^2


Chelmsford, -


1697


36


47


56


8


14


17


15


29


32


Concord,


1784


56


.


•


15


13


14


21


21


34


Dracut,


2188


.


58


47


.


41


50


-


22


12


Dunstable, -


603


9


8


9,


.


6


3


5


10


9


Framingham, -


3030


98


79


95


10


19


16


21


.


26


Groton,


2139


54


13


36'


14


9


15


44


13


23


HoUiston,


1782


62


59


50


7


20


16


26


31


35


Hopkinton, -


2245


74


49


37;


21


10


12


25


34


31


Lezinffton, -
Lincoln,


1642


31


27


23.


12


14


13


18


12


36


686


15


7


is;


4


7


5


4


8


16


Littleton,


927


2


6


-


8


.


7


18


13


19


Lowell,


20,796


656


772


717


407


584


646


430


690


996


Maiden,


2514


71


71


53


21


27


35


46


69


41


Marlborough, -


2101


48


63


20,


19


23


15


36


26


18


Medford,


2478


90


a3


7C


25


17


13


42


53


38


Natick,


1285


54


10


'â– 5,


11


12


20


20


5 42


Newton,


aS51


1


4


4


9


28


16


74


60 55


Pepperell,


1571


39


44


23'


7


16


10


14


24 24


Reading,


2193


74


45


841


20


15


22


35


44


41


Sherburne, -


995


23


22


25


11


6


8


10


12


18


Shirley,


957


27


27


26


6


9


5*


13


18


49


Somerville, -


.


.


51


-


-


19




-


-


-


South Reading,


1517


40


30


42


14


18


13


20


34


20


Stoneham,


1017


36


50


45


12


14


12


14


19


11


Stow,


1230


3


.




8


6


10


1


1


-


Sndbury,


1422


35


35


38


11


9


6


14


20


21


Tewkabury, -
Townsend, -


906


22


7


25


11


5


3


16


17


36


1892


39


49


54


6


13


11


28


33


87


Tyngsborough,
Waltham,


870
2504


23

60


17
93


16
69


3

41


2

40


20


12
35


12
51


ID
61


Watertown, -


1810


.


71


76


15


17


11


-


-


m


Wayiand, -


998


21


19


21


10


12


7


15


18


19


West Cambridge,


1363


42


42


47


26


18


18


21


32


16


Westford,


1436


14


29


36


.4


7


7


10


11


9


Weston,


1092


22


20


24


8


15


9


13


14


23


Wilmington, -


859


a3


21


29


10


8


9


12


15


12


Wobum,


2993


119


113


'


34


30


31


61


63


62


Totals,


106,611


3011


3171


3284


1119


1386


1316


1722


2243


,2546



Digitized by VjOOQIC



BIRTHS, 600. FOR THREE YEARS.



BIRTHS, MARRIAGES,


AND D£ATHS-Cbnlmfi«<£.










BIRTHS.


MARRUGES.


DEATHS.




PopolaUon
















C0UNTIK8 ARD TOWH8.


in 1840.
























1846.


1847.


1848.


1846.


1847.


1848.


1846.


1847.


1848.


WORCESTER.






















Ashburaham, -


1652


49


56


28


11


11


17


25


41


60


Athol,


1591


45


53


44


13


13


16


32


37


-


Aaburn,


649


16


20


9


6


6


3


10


19


13


Bftrre,


2751


64


66


46


27


20


22


40


57


39


Berlin,


763


13


18


9


5


2


4


7


9


9


Blackstone, -


•


93


133


115


22


20


16


34


83


90


Bolton,


1186


29


29


26


9


6


7


15


10


23


Bovlston,


797


18


23


.


5


5


7


10


15


21


Brookfield, -


2472


56


62


50


23


17


14


23


54


44


Charlton,


2117


6


15


11


14


10


14


-27


35


28


Dana,


691


26


31


•


6


5


.


13


6


-


Douglas,


1617


48


43


52


19


10


15


24


23


31


Dudley,


1352


40


33


25


8


8


10


17


17


24


Fitchburg, -


2604


85


124


122


34


42


37


73


87


100


Gardner,


1260


38


42


51


17


14


7


25


31


24


Graflon,


2943


115


106


110


24


32


31


52


45


48


Hard wick.


1789


29


34


39


15


10


11


30


22


28


Harvard,


1571


26


31


24


8


11


7


36


22


37


Holden,


1874


59


73


62


19


16


15


36


30


36


Hubbardston, -


1784


52


57


44


14


17


14


34


41


27


Lancaster,


2019


9


9


17


27


35


23


16


33


46


Leicester,


1707


43


34


53


17


14


17


27


34


41


Leominster, -


2069


61


64


69


18


16


17


40


39


54


Lunenburg, -


1272


2:^


10


9


3


7


12


17


16


29


Mendon,


3524

Using the text of ebook Annual report on the vital statistics of Massachusetts, births, marriages, divorces and deaths .. by Massachusetts. Secretary of the commonwealth.o active link like:
read the ebook Annual report on the vital statistics of Massachusetts, births, marriages, divorces and deaths .. is obligatory