is important in the health and train-
ing of the child.
Dental development begins at least
six months before birth, and hence it
is important for the prospective and
also the lactating mother to have a
thoroughly nutritious and balanced
diet. Good care of the deciduous or
"milk" teeth is important because, if
these are lost too soon, the permanent
set are likely to be unhealthy and
irregular. Dry hard toast may be
given at about seven or eight mouths
of age and helps to develop strong
healthy teeth, gums and jaws,
A very young baby sleeps twenty to
twenty-two hours a day and then less
and less with increasing age. A defi-
nite schedule for sleeping is helpful
to both mother and child. A reason-
ably quiet, slightly darkened room
should be available for baby's daytime
naps, but tiptoeing and whispering
should not be practiced because it is
easy to become accustomed to sleep
through ordinary household noises.
"Sleeping medicines" should not be
used. Never take up baby to "show
off" to visitors nor allow snifling and
coughing children (and adults) near
him.
Regularity in feeding is equal in im-
portance to having a definite and un-
disturbed rest schedule. With the
same thing done at the same time each
day, the baby's bodily processes will
function with maximum efficiency.
With equal intervals between feedings,
such as with a four-hour schedule,
there is less tax on the digestive sys-
tem and the food is more satisfac-
torily digested. Even though most
schedules run 6-10-2-6, it is equally ac-
ceptable to feed at 7-11-3-7 or at any
12
The Health Bulletin
May, i937
other four-hour periods which may fit
in best with the family routine just
so the regularity is maintained. Breast
feeding starts the baby ofE right and
it is essential to see that supplement-
ary feedings are kept scrupulously
free of contamination. Milk should be
pasteurized or boiled. After milk is
received in sealed bottles, it should be
handled in an absolutely cleanly man-
ner and kept cold. Harmful bacteria
• do not multiply at low temperatures.
Diarrheas and intestinal diseases are
caused largely by feeding contami-
nated milk or water. The former high
sickness and death rates of the baby's
second summer have been reduced
chiefly through proper care in making
sure that baby's food and drink are
clean.
Mothers worry greatly about baby's
constipation. Diarrhea is much more
serious and requires the prompt ad-
vice and care of the physician. Regu-
larity, balanced diet, exercise, and suf-
ficient fluids will usually correct con-
stipation. Do not give laxatives, pur-
gatives or cathartics, no matter who
says that they are harmless ; they only
aggravate the tendency to sluggish
bowel elimination. Occasional use of
a small suppository, carefully fash-
ioned from pure soap and wet in warm
water before insertion may be permis-
sible. If the infant develops a
"tummy-ache" it is even more danger-
ous to risk giving a laxative as an in-
flamed appendix may thereby be
caused to rupture. Even some who
should know much better continue to
give laxatives promiscuously and keep
our deaths from the complications of
appendicitis at a disgracefully high
level. Almost every day we read " ,
small son (or daughter) of Mr. and
Mrs. , died from appendicitis oper-
ation." It would be far more accurate
to say " died from purgation," for,
as Doctor Hubert Royster says, these
deaths can be attributed to "purga-
tion, procrastination and peritonitis."
We do not appreciate sunlight as
much as we should. When we con-
sider how essential in our lives the
sun is we do not wonder that many
peoples have been sun-worshippers.
Sunlight enables baby to utilize food
for proper development, especially in
the growth of bones. In warm weath-
er, beginning sun baths are best given
when the rays are less intense in the
morning or late afternoon, rather than
between 10 a. m. and 3 p. m. Expose
the whole body for only about five
minutes the first day — always with
eyes protected. The period of time
may be lengthened three minutes each
day till the sun baths last a half hour
each morning and afternoon. Even in
early spring, late fall and on certain
days in winter the beneficial effect of
sunlight may be utilized.
If parents occasionally remind them-
selves that baby's life is to be planned
toward his present and future health
and happiness rather than to satisfy
their or occasional visitors' whims and
desire for amusement, a reasonable
basis for progress will have been at-
tained.
Our Front Cover This Month
IN our opinion, we are not only pub-
lishing one of the most beautiful
photographs that has ever appeared
in The Health Bulletin on our front
cover this month, but the manner in
which this child is being reared has
a number of lessons for every parent
in North Carolina. We have a large
number of readers who frequently
write us that they have been constant
readers of The Health Bulletin for
many years. To these and others we
would like to recall that we published
a photograph of Hilda on the front
May, 1937
The Health Bulletin
13
cover of The Health Bulletin for
July, 1931. The caption we placed
over the picture was "An Optimal
Child." That is what her foster
mother called her. The photograph
then was taken when Hilda was nine-
teen months old, so now, about six
years later, we take pleasure in pub-
lishing her photograph showing the
natural growth and development of a
child who is born healthy and being
reared intelligently. This child's foster
mother. Miss Josephine Sharkey, of
Chapel Hill, adopted the baby when
she was four weeks old.
The Editor of The Health Bulle-
tin was invited to visit the third grade
in the Chapel Hill school a few weeks
ago. Without a doubt this grade is an
unusual group. In the first place, the
teacher. Miss Clyde Wright, is a young
lady who has grown up steeped in the
traditions of public health work, and
she is putting into practice the funda-
mental principles so necessary to the
healthy development of growing chil-
dren. In the second place, the grade
mother this year is Miss Josephine
Sharkey, and Miss Sharkey is not one
of the sitdown kind of grade mothers.
The group of about forty children
run the social and intellectual scale.
Some of the children come from the
tenant farms outside the village of
Chapel Hill. Some of them are the
children of faculty members of the
University. It is a cosmopolitan
group. The first thing Miss Sharkey
did as grade mother was to visit the
homes of every child outside of the
village and many of those inside, and
they have the practical co-operation
of the parents of the children in this
grade in their various studies of health
projects, and their special project this
year is health.
We are now going to let Miss Shar-
key do some of the talking in finishing
this article. We will first quote Miss
Sharkey about her work as a grade
mother.
"We are only in the midst of our
health project and there will be a lot
more developments before we get
through. The children are still mak-
ing up poems and next thing we know
we will have a lot of songs, too, be-
cause words stick better with music.
We hope to have the May meeting of
the PTA given to us. We would have
preferred the April meeting, but they
have scheduled that for an evening
meeting with a lecture by Dr. Groves,
and of course we cannot keep our chil-
dren up even to give their parents
more health education. We are hold-
ing open house in our grade room, but
it looks as if the room will not hold
nearly all our exhibits. We will spill
out over the halls and others, if need
be. Besides the illustrated notebooks
and posters prepared by the children,
we will have trays of breakfast, din-
ner, and supper for children of various
ages, with cost of the meals, which
will bring in their arithmetic, spell-
ing, and writing. We will give a pro-
gram in the auditorium with every
child taking part, and we will sing the
health songs we have made up, to-
gether with the parents who are
present."
It is Hilda, however, that we started
to talk about here. Miss Sharkey
quotes her physician as saying that
her teeth will never cost anybody a
penny. The glass of orange juice and
quart of milk a day and the cod liver
oil which she takes winter and sum-
mer will take care of that. Her doctor
says she is normal, but, unfortunately
for a lot of other children, she is not
average.
"Since she has had an allowance she
has spent exactly 10 cents on candy,
and after eating three pieces of that
gave it away. Of course, she has
jelly, honey, or sorghum molasses on
her toast in the morning or for sup-
14
The Health Bulletin
May, 1937
per, but candy and cake does not in-
terest her. She is weighed once a
month because I think it is important
to watch for those sudden spurts so
as to provide extra rest and food to
take care of them and to understand
little periods of awkwardness when
tlae muscles grow a bit faster than the
co-ordination and little periods of so-
called 'laziness' when we need extra
rest to 'catch up.'
"We have mimosa trees to climb and
a bar to chin, and on Saturdays, in-
stead of going to the movies, she goes
five miles out of town to a fine, scien-
tific farm, where she enters into what-
ever work is on hand, plowing, sow-
ing, cultivating, reaping, painting
fences and milking cows. She can
milk a cow, believe it or not. Of
course, in this farm day she has a nap
after dinner before going on with her
work. I think it is good for town chil-
dren to know the workings of a farm
and to understand the contribution of
the farmer to the community. She
sees how the men wash their hands
and the cows' udders before milking,
and protect the milk from dirt and
dust ; how the barns where milking is
done are washed out before milking
and kept fresh and clean and how
the milk is quickly cooled. She helps
in the silo and in weighing the supple-
mentary food given the cows, some-
times slips in an extra handful or two
for one of her favorite cows. This
farm experience has been going on for
four years now, since she was three
years old, and only last week we had
our first accident. She fell through
the hayloft and had to have some
stitches taken in her head where she
hit a projecting board on the way
down. Of course, we gave her the
tetanus anti-toxin on account of its
happening in a barn. One accident in
four years is not a very high propor-
tion and will not dampen our ardor
for the farm. Much worse things
might have happened to her all those
Saturdays in town."
To try to add any comment to the
above would be useless.
New Law to Aid in Control of Syphilis
THE enactment of the law requir-
ing all domestic servants in North
Carolina to be examined for the
presence of syphilis or tuberculosis,
which was passed by the 1937 General
Assembly and ratified on March 22nd,
was a distinct forward step for North
Carolina in the control of these dis-
eases. The North Carolina State
Board of Health at this time is launch-
ing a campaign for the control of
syphilis which it is hoped will be
under way by July 1st.
This law requires that all domestic
servants be examined at least once a
year, or as often as the employer may
desire. It is urged that employers do
not discharge from service those indi-
viduals found to have positive Wasser-
mans, but rather insist that they place
themselves at once under treatment by
a reputable physician, and that they
continue treatment until discharged as
cured. In some instances it may be
necessary that the servant be tem-
ix)rarily suspended from service for a
period of three to six weeks, or until
all open lesions are healed under treat-
ment. After this period has passed, if
ti-eatment is continued without inter-
ruption, there is no danger of a serv-
ant with syphilis transmitting the dis-
ease to any member of the household
by ordinary contact. The treatment
of syphilis requires an extended period
of time, at least eighteen months of
continuous treatment for the average
early case. The employer should re-
May, 1937
The Health Bulletin
15
quire from the domestic servant under
treatment a certificate from the treat-
ing physician given at the time of dis-
charge, stating that such servant is
cured of the disease.
Following is the law in full relating
to the examination of domestic serv-
ants:
S. B. No. 3S0.
AN ACT REQUIRING THE EXAMI-
NATION OF DOMESTIC SERV-
ANTS.
The General Assembly of North Caro-
lina do enact :
Section 1. That hereafter all domes-
tic servants who shall present them-
selves for employment shall furnish
their employer with a certificate from
a practicing physician or the public
health officer of the county in which
they reside, certifying that they have
been examined within two weeks prior
to the time of said presentation of said
certificate, that they are free from all
contagious, infectious or communicable
diseases, and showing the non-exist-
ence of any venereal disease which
might be transmitted. Such certificate
shall be accompanied by the original
report from a laboratory approved by
the State Board of Health for making
such tests showing that the Wasser-
man or any other approved tests of
this nature are negative. Such tests
to have been made within two weeks
of the time of the presentation of such
certificates, and such certificate shall
also aflarmatively state the non-exist-
ence of tuberculosis in the infectious
state.
Section 2. That all domestic serv-
ants employed shall be examined at
least once each year and as often as
the employer may require, and upon
examination shall furnish to the em-
ployer all of the evidence of the con-
dition of their health as is set out in
section one hereof.
Section 3. All laws and clauses of
laws in conflict with this Act are
hereby - repealed.
Section 4. That this Act shall be in
full force and effect from and after
its ratification.
In the General Assembly read three
times, and ratified this the 22nd day
of March, 1937.
W. P. HOETON,
President of the Senate.
R. G. Chebby,
Speaker of the House
of Representatives.
^'Alamance and Health"
(Greensboro Record)
"The Fayetteville Observer expresses
surprise upon learning 'through the
editorial columns of the estimable
Burlington Times-News that Alamance
County does not support a health de-
partment.'
"Well, we, too, are surprised. We
had supposed that Guilford's good
neighbor to the east had — well, nearly
everything.
"The Observer makes this pointed
comment : 'We had long considered
Alamance as one of the most progres-
sive and enlightened counties of North
Carolina. The Health Department as
maintained in Cumberland (of which
Fayetteville is the capital) has proved
of inestimable value to the general
public. Should Alamance install a
health department we feel certain it
will never have cause to regret it. A
county without a health department is
about as healthy as an individual who
lets the medicine barker on the corner
prescribe for what ails him.' "
16
The Health Bulletin
May, 1937
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This DuJIelirvwillbe 5cr\t free to anxj citizen of the State upor\ request |
Entered as second-class matter at Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C, under Act of July 16, lS9i.
Published -monthly at the office of the Secretary of the Board, Raleigh, N. C.
Vol. 52
JUNE, 1937
No. 6
ACTUAL SITE W HERE THE ENGLISH COLONY LANDED IN
AMERICA IN 1587
In fitting tribute on the 35 0th anniversary of the founding of this colony
and to honor on August 18th the 350th birthday of Virginia Dare, a series
of celebrations will be staged between July 4th and September 4th on
Roanoke Island at the exact site of the first English settlement in America.
On August ISth, President Roosevelt will be present and speak to the
multitudes gathering there in celebration of this, one of the most memorable
events in the history of the new world.
MEMBERS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD OF HEAIiTH
S. D. Craig. M.D.. President _ _ Winston-Salem
J. N. Johnson, D.D.S., Vice-President _ Goldsboro
G. G. Dixon, M.D Ayden
H. Lee Large, M.D Jlocky Mount
H. G. Baity, ScD _ „ Chapel HiU
W. T. Rainey, M.D - „ Fayetteville
Hubert B. Haywood, M.D _ JRaleigh
James P. Stowe, Ph.G Charlotte
J. LaBrucb Ward, M.D _ - _ _ - - Aaheville
Executive Staff
Carl V. Reynolds, M.D., Secretary and State Health Officer.
G. M. Cooper, M.D., Assistant State Health Officer and Director Division
of Health Education, Crippled Children's Work, and Maternal
and Child Health Service.
Warren H. Booker, C.E.. Director Division of Sanitary Engrineering
and Malaria Control.
Ernest A. Branch, D.D.S., Director Division of Oral Hygiene.
John H. Hamilton, M.D., Director Division of Laboratories.
J. C. Knox, M.D., Director Division of Epidemiology and Venereal
Disease Control.
R. T. Stimson, M.D., Director Division of Vital Statistics.
R. E. Fox, M.D., Director Division of County Health Work.
H. F. Easom, M.D., Director Division Industrial Hygiene.
FREE HEA1.TH LITERATURE
The State Board of Health publishes monthly
which will be sent free to any citizen requesting
available for distribution without charge special
ing subjects. Ask for any in which you may be
Adenoids and Tonaila
Cancer
Constipation
Chickenpox
Diabetes
Diphtheria
Don't Spit Placards
Eyes
Flies
Fly Placards
Grerman Measles
Health Education
Hookworm Disease
Infantile Paralysis
Influenza
Malaria
Measles
Pellagra
Residential Sewage
Disposal Plants
Sanitary Privies
The Health Bulletiit,
it. The Board also has
literature on the follow-
interested.
Scarlet Fever
Smallpox
Teeth
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Placards
Typhoid Fever
Typhoid Placards
Venereal Diseases
Water Supplies
Whooping Cough
SPECIAL LITERATURE ON MATERNITY AND INFANCY
The following special literature on the subjects listed below will be sent
free to any citizen of the State on request to the State Board of Health,
Raleigh, N. C.
Prenatal Care
Prenatal Letters (series of nine
monthly letters )
The Expectant Mother
Breast Feeding
Infant Care. The Prevention of
Infantile Diarrhea
Table of Heights and Weights
Baby's Daily Time Cards : Under 6 montha ;
6 to 6 months : 7, 8, and 9 months ; 10
11, and 12 months ; 1 year to 19 months
19 months to 2 years.
Diet List : 9 to 12 months ; 12 to 16
months ; 15 to 24 months ; 2 to 8
years ; 8 to 6 years.
Instructions for North Carolina Mldwivea.
CONTENTS
Paob
Some Changes Among thp Professional Personnel 3
About Virginia Dare and the Roanoke Island Celebration 4
The Development of Local Health Service in North Carolina 6
The Place of the Hospital in a Syphilis Control Program 8
A Discussion of Summer Air Conditioning and Its Possible Effects on Health 12
Vol. 52
PUe)U5AE.D BY TML nOR.TA CAgOUMA 5TATL BQAIgD 'XMLftvLTM
JUNE, 1937
No. 6
Some Changes Among the Professional
Personnel
As a rule we do not use the space
in the Heialth Bulletin to re-
cord the comings and goings and
the frequent changes, minor or major,
among the rather large organization
which now functions in North Carolina
under the general term State Board of
Health. The Editor has always felt
that the space in the Health Bulletin
should be utilized as far as possible for
the puri>ose of placing helpful informa-
tion for the people of North Carolina in
order to aid them in protecting them-
selves from preventable diseases. How-
ever, in recent weeks, there have been
some changes made among the secondary
staff, we might say, which we think of
enough interest to deserve mention
here.
Dr. Thomas C. Worth, who came with
the Department of Preventive Medicine
in September, and who has rendered
excellent service as an Assistant Direc-
tor, especially in the field of Maternal
and Child Health Services, left the
work on April 15th to take up his in-
terneship at the Massachusetts General
Hospital in Boston. Dr. Worth is an
honor graduate of the University of
North Carolina and of the Harvard
Medical School. Dr. Worth's contribu-
tion has been extremely valuable, and
while the Board very much regrets
losing his service, every good wish goes
with him for permanent success in his
chosen life work.
Dr. J. Roy Norton succeeded Dr.
Worth and is now Assistant Director
of the Division of Preventive Medicine,
which includes Health Education Work,
Medical Inspection of Schools, Ma-
ternal and Child Health Services, and
Crippled Children's Service. Dr. Nor-
ton is a graduate of Duke University.
He took his first two years in medicine
at the University of North Carolina
Medical School, and then graduated at
the Vanderbilt University Medical
School. For the past year. Dr. Norton
has been Assistant Director in the
County Health Department. Dr. Norton
was for four years City Health Oflacer
at Rocky Mount where he made an ex-
cellent record. He left that work tem-
porarily to take a year's scholarship in
the Harvard School of Preventive
Medicine. On completing his studies
there, he came with the Board of
Health as Assistant Director of the
County Health Work one year ago.
The Board feels that in Dr. Norton it
has a well qualified man for this im-
portant place and predicts for him
many years of useful service in his
chosen field.
Dr. G. M. Leiby, on October 1, 1936,
was employed as Consultant in Ven-
ereal Disease Control Work. Dr.
Leiby is a graduate of the University
of North Carolina, Vanderbilt Univer-
sity Medical School, and the Harvard
School of Public Health. Dr. Leiby
The Health Bulletin
June, 1937
was Assistant District Health Officer
in tlie Haywood-Jackson-Swain Health
District in this State immediately be-
fore coming to this department. Since
he was employed here, he has been
engaged in field activities in connec-
tion with the venereal disease con-
trol program, these activities being
principally of an educational nature.
Dr. Robert L. Robinson, a native of
Mars Hill, North Carolina, and a grad-
uate of Wake Forest College and the
Emory University Medical School, has
recently become an associate in the
Division of Industrial Hygiene.
During the past quarter Mr. R. F.
Hill, Jr., has been transferred from
malaria drainage work to municipal
water and sewerage work in this divi-
sion. Mr. Hill is a graduate of Vir-
ginia Military Institute, and more re-
cently of the Public Health School at
the University of North Carolina. He
has had about eleven years of prac-
tical experience in various forms of
engineering work before becoming at-
tached to this Board.
Mr. Arthur B. Wigley, a civil engi-
neering graduate from Duke University
in 1935, has recently come with this
division, after finishing the public
health course at the University last
January. For the present, Mr. Wigley
will be stationed in the office, assist-
ing with designs for small sewage
treatment plants, milk plants, and
other engineering office work.
Mr. Albert Worth Petty, a graduate
sanitary engineer from North Carolina
State College in 1934, has recently com-
pleted the public health course at the
University, and after a few mouths
preliminary training work in the office
and in the field, Mr. Petty has been
stationed at Morehead City to be in *
charge of shellfish sanitation and other
engineering work along the coastal 1
counties from Carteret County north-
ward.
Finally, Mr. W. H. Richardson, who -
was private secretary to Governor ^
Cameron Morrison, and for the last
twelve years publicity man in the State |
Department of Agriculture under Com- *
missioner Graham, is now publicity
agent for the State Board of Health.
About Virginia Dare and the Roanoke
Island Celebration
FOR the past ten years or more in
these columns we have frequently
talked much about the death of
infants all over this State, particularly
those under one year of age. We mean
those infants whose deaths are a need-
less sacrifice for the want of applica-
tion to everyday life of the known
facts which would prevent them.
This month we are turning our at-
tention to a brief description of the
birth and death of the first white child
born on American soil, Virginia Dare,