/J.GVOV.
296
LYSANDER, xxm. 1-4
XXIII. At once, then, Lysander tried to rouse
and incite him to make an expedition into Asia,
suggesting hopes that he would put down the
Persians and become a very great man. He also
wrote letters to his friends in Asia, bidding them
ask Agesilaiis of the Lacedaemonians as general for
their war against the Barbarians. 1 They obeyed,
and sent ambassadors to Lacedaemon with the
request, and thus an honour not inferior to that of
being made king was obtained for Agesilaiis through
the efforts of Lysander. But with ambitious natures,
which are otherwise not ill qualified for command,
jealousy of their equals in reputation is no slight
obstacle to the performance of noble deeds ; for they
make those their rivals in the path of virtue, whom
they might have as helpers. Agesilaiis did indeed
take Lysander with him among his thirty counsellors,
intending to treat him with special favour as his
chief friend ; but when they were come into Asia,
the people there, who were not acquainted with him,
conferred with him but rarely and briefly, whereas
Lysander, in consequence of their large intercourse
with him in former times, had them always at his
door and in his train, those who were his friends
coming out of deference, and those whom he
suspected, out of fear. And just as in tragedies it
naturally happens that an actor who takes the part
of some messenger or servant is in high repute and
plays leading roles, while the one who bears the
crown and sceptre is not even listened to when he
speaks, so in this case the whole honour of the govern-
ment was associated with the counsellor, and there
was left for the king only the empty name of power.
1 Cf. Plutarch's A gesila us, vi. If.
297
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
5 yevecrOai f^ev ovv to-o)? $6i Tiva TTJS K/Jie\ovs
TCLVTTIS ^iXorfyuta? eVa(/)f KOI ava"ra\r)vai TOV
AvaavSpov a%pi T ^ v BevTepeiwv TO Be Tra^reXco?
drroppl-frai real 7rpOTTrj\a,Kicrai Sid So^av evepyenjv
dvSpa Kal (j)L\ov OUK rjv a^iov 'A7?;cr^Xact> irpoa-
elvai.
\\PMTOV /Jiev ovv ov Trapel^ev CLVTM
VTtep wv aiaQoiTo TI Trpdrrovra Ka
rov A.vcrav'&pov, del TOVTOVS TTOVTWV
Kal TWV TriTW%ovTWV eXaTTOV e^o^ra? a7re7T6/z7re,
rrapaXvwv ^o~v^rj Kal Sta^v^cov Ti]v exeipov
Trel Be TWV TTUVTCOV Sta/^apTavwv o
ejvw rot? (j)i\oi<? TTJV Trap* avTOV
V evavTiwfjia jivo/^evrjv, auTo?T TO (3oi]6elv
Katceivwv eSelTO ^ Trpocrievai [irj&e depa-
rreveiv CLVTOV, d\\a TW (BacriKel $ia\eyeo-6ai
TOi? &VVa/JLVOl<? Ot)(j)\LV
1 IJLCL\\OV ev TW TcapovTL. TavTa dKovomes oi
rro\\ol TOV fjiev evo^Xelv avTov rrepl rrpay/jLaTcov
drrei^ovTO, ra? e Oeparreia^ ov KaTeXnrov, d\\d
7TpO(T<poiTa)VTS V T0t9 TTCpt TTaTOi? Kal ryti/jLVaCTLOLS 44
TL fJLa\\ov r) TrpoTepov Tjviwv TOV 'A<yrj(TL\aov VTTO
6vov TT}? rifji'fjs, wcrre rot? TroAAot?
Trpay^aTcov Kal BioiKija-eis TroXewv
TOV AvaavBpov drreo'ei^e KpeoSaiTijv. elra
olov etjivfipifov TT/OO? rot'9 "Iwvas, " 'ATriovTes"
<j>rj, " vvv TOV efjibv KpeoSaiT^v OeparreveTwcrav"
8 eBo^ev ovv TO* AvcrdvBpa) Sia \6jwv rrpb? avTov
the correction of Emperius :
(soldiers).
298
LYSANDER, xxm. 5-8
It is true, perhaps, that there should have been some
gentle handling of this excessive ambition, and that
Lysander should have been reduced to the second
place ; but entirely to cast off and insult, for fame's
sake, a benefactor and a friend, was not worthy of
the character of Agesilaiis.
In the first place, then, he did not give him
opportunities for achievement, nor even assign him
to a command ; and secondly, those in whose behalf
he perceived that Lysander was earnestly exerting
himself, these he always sent away with less reward
than an ordinary suitor, or wholly unsuccessful, thus
quietly undoing and chilling his influence. So when
Lysander missed all his aims, and saw that his
interested efforts for his friends were an obstacle to
their success, he not only ceased to give them his
own aid, but begged them not to wait upon him nor
pay him their court, but to confer with the king,
and with such as had more power to benefit those
who showed them honour than was his at present.
Most of those who heard this refrained from troubling
him about their affairs, but did not cease paying him
their court, nay rather, by waiting upon him in the
public walks and places of exercise, they gave
Agesilaiis even more annoyance than before, because
he envied him the honour. Therefore, though he
offered most of the Spartans l commands in the field
and governments of cities, he appointed Lysander
his carver of meats. And presently, as if by way of
insult to the lonians, he said : " Let them be off,
and pay their court now to my carver of meats."
Accordingly, Lysander determined to have a con-
1 Agis took thirty Spartans with him as counsellors and
captains (Plutarch's Agesilaiis, vi. 3 ; Xenophon's Agesilaiis,
L 7).
299
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
e\9elv Kal yuverai fipa^vs /cal AaK&)uiKos aina)i>
8td\oyo<;. "'H /caXw9 ySeis, o5 'A7?;<7
eXarrovv." KOI 09* ""Av ye efiov
eivai'
9 Kal /jLeTe^eiv avrr]s BLKCLIOV" " 'AXX' Tcra)? //-ei^,
W ^Ay^atXae, aol XeXe/crat KCI\\IOV rj e'yu-ol ?re-
TrpatcTat,' Seo/jiai &e aov KOI 8ta rot;? eVro?
o'i irpos ///ua9 aTroySXeVouo-/^, evravOa
creavrov cnpaT'r]yias TCI^OV, OTTOV
r/yacrra //-ei' eVa^^/}, fj.a\\ov Se
i creavrw vojjii^eis"
XXIV. ' rovrov rrpea^evTi^ et? 'EXX?;(T7roi/-
67r<ifjL7reTO' /cal rov fj.ev 'Ayrj&iXaov St' 0/377)9
, OVK T^eXe* 3e roD ra Beovra
^e TOI^ TLep<Tr}v
d^w, yevvalov av&pa Kal arpariav
Trepl avrov, a7rocrrr;cra9 tfyaye 77/909
2 cri\aov. aXXo Se ovbev e^p'rjaa'ro avrw TT/DO?
, aXXa TOU %povov $i\66vTOS direTrXevcrev
T>)I/ ^.TrdpTrjv arifJLoa^, opyL^o^ievo^ ^ev rw
fjLL&wv Be Kal TTJV o\r)v 7ro\iT6Lav en
77 Trporepov, Kal ra ird\ai Boxovvra
KOI /jLefjLTj^avyjcrdai, 77^09 fJL6Ta{3o\rjv
Kal vewrepKr/Aov eyvwKcos ey^eipelv Tore Kal
3 'Hi' Se romSe. rcoi' dvajj.i)(6einwi>
oTroi
yevo?,
ov iravri
300
LYSANDER, xxm. 8-xxiv. 3
ference with him, at which a brief and laconic
dialogue passed between them. te Verily, thou
knowest well, Agesilaiis, how to abase friends." To
which Agesilaiis : " Yes, if they would be greater
than I ; but those who increase my power should
also share in it." " Well, perhaps thy words,
Agesilaiis, are fairer than my deeds ; but I beg thee,
even because of the strangers who have their eyes
upon us, to give me a post under thy command
where thou believest that I shall be least annoying
to thyself, and more serviceable than now." l
XXIV. Upon this, he was sent as ambassador to
the Hellespont ; and though he was angry with
Agesilaiis, he did not neglect to do his duty, but
induced Spithridates the Persian, a high-minded
man with forces at his command, to revolt from
Pharnabazus, with whom he was at odds, and
brought him to Agesilaiis. 2 The king made no
further use of Lysander, however, in the war, and
when his time had expired, he sailed back to Sparta
without honour, not only enraged at Agesilaiis, but
hating the whole form of government more than ever,
and resolved to put into execution at once, and
without delay, the plans for a revolutionary change
which he is thought to have devised and concocted
some time before.
They were as follows. Of the Heracleidae who
united with the Dorians and came down into Pelo-
ponnesus, there was a numerous and glorious stock
flourishing in Sparta ; however, not every family
belonging to it participated in the royal succession,
1 Cf. Plutarch's Agesilans, vii.-viii. 1-2 ; Xen. Hell. iii. 4,
7-9.
2 Cf. Plutarch's Agtsilaus, viii. 3 ; Xen. Hell. iii. 4, 10.
301
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
aXX' ej3a(ri\evov e/e SveLv oi'fcwv JJLOVOV
teal 'AyidSai rrpoaayopevo/jievoi, rot? e
vBev erepov 7r\eov e%iv ev rfj rco\ireia
Sia Ti]v evyeveiav vTrfjp^ev, al & air aprij<;
4 ri/jial rracn, Trpov/ceivro TO?? ^vvafJievoLS. TOVTCOV
ovv 76701^0)? o Aucra^SyOO?, co? et9 $6t;av TWV irpd-
real
real Svva/jiiv, ifyOero rrjv TroXiv opwv UTT' avrov
fjLev av^avo/jievrjv, vfi Zrepwv Be /3a<ri,\vo/j-vr)v
ov$ev fie\TLOV avrov yeyovorwv, xal Sievoelro T^V
KOLVOV
5 (jLTTcSouvai Tracnv H^>a:XetSai?, w? Se evuol
t?, aXXa ^TrapTidrais, 'iva /j,rj 77
eou?, aXXa rwv olo? c H/3a/cX% TO
apery Kpivo^evwv, r) Karceivov et9
ovStva rrpo avrov ^rrapndTTjv av
XXV. IT/jwroy /^ef ovv 7re*eipr)cre /cal rrape-
CTKevdcraro rceiOeiv 8t' eavrov rou9 TToXtra?, /ecu
Xoyov ^/n\era Trpos ryv viroOecriv yeypa^^evov
vrro KXe'ft)^09 TOW ' A.\iKapvaacrew<s. erreira rrjv
arorriav real TO fieyeos rov feaii'oro/nov/jievov
TT pay /jiaros opwv Irafjiwrepas ^eo^evov (BoY]6eias,
MGrrep ev rpaywSua ^%aprji> alpwv errl rovs
2 7roXtTa9, \oyia Trvdo^prjcrra /cal / %prja'/j.ovs crvv-
teal KarecrKeva^ev, 009 ov&ev co
1 Cf. Plutarch's Agesilutis, viii. 3.
302
LYSANDER, xxiv. 3-xxv. 2
but the kings were chosen from two houses only,
and were called Eurypontidae and Agiadae. The
rest had no special privileges in the government
because of their high birth, but the honours which
result from superior excellence lay open to all who
had power and ability. Now Lysander belonged
to one of these families, and when he had risen to
great fame for his deeds, and had acquired many
friends and great power, he was vexed to see the
city increased in power by his efforts, but ruled by
others who were of no better birth than himself.
He therefore planned to take the government away
from the two houses, and restore it to all the
Heracleidae in common, or, as some say, not to the
Heracleidae, but to the Spartans in general, 1 in order
that its high prerogatives might not belong to those
only who were descended from Heracles, but to
those who, like Heracles, were selected for superior
excellence, since it was this which raised him to
divine honours. And he hoped that when the
kingdom was awarded on this principle, no Spartan
would be chosen before himself.
XXV. In the first place, then, he undertook and
made preparations to persuade the citizens by his
own efforts, and committed to memory a speech
written by Cleon, the Halicarnassian, for the purpose.
In the second place, seeing that the novelty and
magnitude of his innovation demanded a more
audacious support, he brought stage machinery to
bear upon the citizens, 2 as it were, by collecting and
arranging responses and oracles of Apollo ; convinced
2 In the Greek theatre, gods were swung into view, above
the plane of the action, by means of a huge crane. Cf
Themistodes, x. 1.
33
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
VTTO 7779 KXea)z;o9 BeivorrjTos, el /JLT) (f)6/3(p
Oeov TLVI Kal BeLcriSat/jiOVia 7rpoeK7r\ijt;a<; Kal
viraydyot, 777)09 TOV \6yov 7-01/9 TTO\L-
3 Ta9. <o309 JLZV ovv rjaLV avrov, co? rrji> re
Tlvdiav 7TL^ip^cra^ Siatfideipai Kal
avaTreLOwv $ia
"
ei? fJbfJLWVOs varjvai KOI
7TO\V VCTiOV &l$OVTa, TOl/9
TOV AvGavSpov Karrjyopijaovra^, eVet Se a?re-
\vOri, rou? At/Sua? aTrto^ra? elirelv "*A\V
76 /3e\Tiov, a) ^TrapridraL, KpivovfJiev, orav 448
7T/30? 77yLta? t? Al/3vr)V olK/](TOVT6<;" O)?
^ Xpr)(TfJ,OV TWOS OVTOS TraKdiOV KaKeoai/jLOVLOVS
4 e// Aifivr) KaroiKtjcrai. Tr)V Be o\r)V e7rij3ov\r)V
Kal aKevdypiav TOV 7rXacryLtaro9 ot (j)av\^v ovcrav
ov&e a^>' &iv eiv^ev dp^a^ev^v, d\\d
Aral fj.eyd\as vTToOea-eis, wcnrep ev
U), 7rpoa\aj3 ovcrav Kal Sid \rnjLfjLaTWv
^>V(T7TOpL(TTWV 7Tfc TO (TV/jLTTepCKT/jLa
Trpoiovcrav, rj/neis dvajpd-^ro/iiev dvSpos icrTopiKOV
XXVI. **llv yvvaiov ev TiovTw KVCIV e 'ATroX-
/~LVOV, (a 7TO\A,Ot /jtV, O>9 eiKOS rjV,
, TroXXoi Se Kal Trpoael^ov, wcrre Kal
Trai&dpiov dppev VTTO TTO\\MV Kal ryvw-
aTrovSd^eaOai TTJV exrpo(j)r)V avTOV Kal
\eiav. ovo/jta Be TU> TraiBl ^.ei\i)vos
CK o?/ Ta-09 alrtas ereOrj. ravTijv \a/3d>v 6
34
LYSANDER, xxv. 2 -xxvi. i
that Cleon's clever rhetoric would not help him
at all unless he should first terrify and subdue his
countrymen by vague religious fear and superstitious
terror, and then bring them under the influence of
his argument. Well, then, Ephorus tells us that
after an attempt to corrupt the Pythian priestess,
and after a second failure to persuade the priestesses
of Dodona by means of Pherecles, he went up to
the temple of Ammon and had a conference with
that god's interpreters there, at which he offered
them much money, but that they took this ill, and
sent certain messengers to Sparta to denounce him ;
and further, that when Lysancler was acquitted of
their charges, the Libyans said, as they went away,
"But we will pass better judgments than yours,
O Spartans, when ye come to dwell with us in
Libya" ; for they knew that there was a certain ancient
oracle bidding the Lacedaemonians to settle in Libya.
But since the whole plot and concoction was no
insignificant one, nor yet carelessly undertaken, but
made many important assumptions, like a mathe-
matical demonstration, and proceeded to its con-
clusion through premises which were difficult and
hard to obtain, we shall follow, in our description of
it, the account of one who was both a historian and a
philosopher. 1
XXVI. There was a woman in Pontus who declared
that she was with child by Apollo. Many dis-
believed her, as was natural, but many also lent
an ear to her, so that when she gave birth to a
male child, many notable persons took an interest
in its care and rearing. For some reason or other,
the name given to the boy was Silenus. Lysander
1 Probably Ephorus.
35
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
p^TjV, TO, \oi7ra reap* eavTov Trpocre-
reKraivero /cal crvvixpatvev, OVK oXt/yoi? XP***'
jjievos ovSe (fravXois TOV JJLV@OV crvvaycovicrTals,
2 O'L Ttjv re (pij/j,r]v TT)? yeve&ews TOV Trai&os ei?
TTKTTil' a^fTTOTTTft)? TTpOTfyOV, CL\\OV T6 \6yOV K
avTiKO/Jiicrav'Tes et? rrjv ^Trdpnjv /care-
(3a\ov KOI SteaTreipav, co? ev ypd/Lt/jLaaiv a
VTTO T&V lepewv ^>v\aTTOLVTO
rives ^p^d/jLoi) real \a(3elv OVK e
ovB' evrv^eiv 0/jUTov, el fju'i Ti? apa
ToXXwi^O? d(f)iKOlTO TU) TTOXXW ^pOl'W KOL
La rot? (j)v\drrovffL T;}? YeyeVeco? yvoopi-
IJLOV TrapaGyjtiV KO/jiiaairo ra? SeXrof? ev at? rjcrav
3 ol ^pr^a^LOi. rovTWV 8e TrpOKaTeaKeva(T/j,iEva)v e&ei
TOV ^L\r)VOV \66vTa TOL/5
TOL>?
TWV lepewv %a/cpi/3ovv eVacrra
aOai rrepl T?}? yevecrews, reXo?
8f)0V CO? 'A7ToXXft)^0? UiCO Sel^CLL TO,
TOV &e avayvwvai TTO\\MV TrapovTwv aXXa? re
/cal ^? everta raXXa TreTrXacrrtu 1 r^
/?a<TiXet'a?, co? a/jieivov elr] /cal \(i>'ioi>
e/c TMV apieTwv iro\iTwv
TOU?
4 "H&r; Se TOU ^L\tjvov jjLeipciKiov yeyovoTu?
7T/30? TT;^ Tcpa^iv JJKOVTO?, e'^eVecre TOU Spayttaro? 6
At'cra^S/30? a,TO\[ua TWV vrroKpiTtov Kal crvvepywv
evos, oo? e'vr' avTO TO epyov f)\0ev, dTroSe^uicravTOS
fcal dvabiivTos. ov /JLIJV e^wpdOrf ye TOV Av&dv-
Spov o)VTO<s ovdev, aXXa yu.era rr/f T\VTr)v.
1 r&\\a irtTrXavTai the correction of Coraes ; Traaat Bekker :
t, with the MS8.
306
LYSANDER, xxvi. 1-4
took these circumstances for his foundation, and
supplied the rest of his cunning fabric himself,
making use of not a few, nor yet insignificant,
champions of the tale, who brought the story of the
boy's birth into credit without exciting suspicion.
They also brought back another response from
Delphi, and caused it to be circulated in Sparta,
which declared that sundry very ancient oracles were
kept in secret writings by the priests there, and that
it was not possible to get these, nor even lawful to
read them, unless someone born of Apollo should
come after a long lapse of time, give the keepers an
intelligible token of his birth, and obtain the tablets
containing the oracles. The way being thus pre-
pared, Silenus was to come and demand the oracles
as Apollo's son, and the priests who were in the
secret were to insist on precise answers to all their
questions about his birth, and finally, persuaded,
forsooth, that he was the son of Apollo, were to show
him the writing. Then Silenus, in the presence ot
many witnesses, was to read aloud the prophecies,
especially the one relating to the kingdom, for the
sake of which the whole scheme had been invented,
and which declared that it was more for the honour
and interest of the Spartans to choose their kings
from the best citizens.
But when at last Silenus was grown to be a youth,
and was ready for the business, Lysander's play was
ruined for him by the cowardice of one of his actors,
or co-workers, who, just as he came to the point,
lost his courage and drew back. However, all this
was actually found out, not while Lysander was alive,
but after his death.
307
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
XXVII. 'EreXeur^cre Se Trplv e 'Atrta? enrav-
e\9elv TOV *Ayr)o~iXaov, e/jLrrecrajv et? TOV Bo&>-
TIKOV TroXefjiOv, rj /JLO\\OV efi^a\wv TTJV 'J
\eyerai yap d^OTepw^' KOI rrjv alriav ol
TLVeS KLVOV TTOLOValV, 01 $6 tyrj/SdlCOV, OL
KOLVIJV, $)r)/3aiois fjuev eyKa\ovi>T6S rrjv eV
TCOI> lepwv Stappityiv Kal on TMV irepl 'AvSpo-
KOI *Ajii6eov ^pi'i^acn (3acrt~\,iKoi<; Sia-
AaKeSai^oviois 'EiXkrjv
erreOevro QwKevui KOL
2
opyfj (fiepeiv cm TT)? Sefcdrrj^ avTCTroiijcravTO TOV
e/ctof @>;/?atoi fjiovoi, TWV aXXcov
rea Trep
a AvcravBpos et? ^Trupr^v a-TrecrrefXe,
ttTro TWV rpid-Kovra TVpdvvwv, ou? Au-
cravo'pos fjuev ArarecrT^cre, AaxeBai/jiovioi Se ^v
KOi
eivau Travra-
K(r7r6i>Sovs Se TOVS
3 dy overt, rrpos TavTa yap
ftalot, ^ln](j)iorjuaTa rrpeTrovTa fcai dSeXffrd TGU<?
'}lpaK\eovs teal &.IOVIHTOV Trpd^ecnv, oiKiav fjiev
rracrav Kal rroXiv ev Botwrta rot?
TOV Se T(o dyo/jievw cfrvydSi,
v o(j)ei\eiv TaXavTov, av 449
Se Ti? 'A0)')va^e Std rr}9 BoteoTf'a? eVl TOU? rvpdv-
1 In 305 B.C., the aggressions of Sparta led to an alliance
between Thebes and Athens against her. In the following
year Corinth and Argos joined the alliance, and the whole
308
LYSANDER, xxvu. 1-3
XXVII. And he died before Agesilaiis returned
from Asia, after he had plunged, or rather had plunged
Hellas, into the Boeotian war. 1 For it is stated in both
ways ; and some hold him responsible for the war,
others the Thebans, and others both together. It is
charged against the Thebans that they cast away the
sacrifices at Aulis,' 2 and that, because Androcleides and
Amphitheus 3 had been bribed with the King's
money to stir up a war in Greece against the Lace-
daemonians, they set upon the Phocians and ravaged
their country. It is said, on the other hand, that
Lysander w r as angry with the Thebans because they
alone laid claim to a tenth part of the spoils of the
war, while the rest of the allies held their peace ;
and because they were indignant about the money
which he sent to Sparta ; but above all, because they
first put the Athenians in the way of freeing them-
selves from the thirty tyrants whom he had set up,
whose terrorizing power the Lacedaemonians had
increased by decreeing that fugitives from Athens
might be brought back from every place of refuge, and
that all who impeded their return should be declared
enemies of Sparta. In reply to this the Thebans issued
counter decrees, akin in spirit to the beneficent deeds
of Heracles and Dionysus, to the effect that every
house and city in Boeotia should be open to such
Athenians as needed succour ; and that whosoever
did not help a fugitive under arrest, should be fined
a talent ; and that if any one should carry arms
war, which dragged along until 387 B.C., is visually known as
the "Corinthian war."
2 In the spring of 396, when Agesilaiis vainly tried to
sacrifice there, ir imitation of Agamemnon (Plutarch's
i/ai'/x, vi. 46 ; Xen. Htll. iii. 4, 3f., and 5, 5).
3 Cf. Xen. Hell. iii. 5, 1 and 4.
VOL. iv. T 39
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
VOV? O7T\a KOfJLlt,rj, l^'ire OpOLV TIVCL
4 a/coveiv. Kal OVK e-v^?;0tcra/'TO fJiev ovrco? 'EX-
\r)ViKCi Kal $i\dv6pwrra, ra? Be Trpd^ei? rot?
rypdjjiiJLao'iv o/xota? ov irapeo")(pv, aXXa typaav-
j3ov\os real ol crvv avTy Qv^v /caTa\a/36vT$
e/c Qijfictiv oDpjMJQrjcrav, oVXa Kal ^/0);/zara KOI
TO \a6elv Kal TO ap%a<j6aL ri{Baiu>v avTols
(7V/ji7rapa(TK6vaa'dvTQ}v. atria? p,ev ovv raura?
e\a/3e Kara rwv 7;/9ata>^ o AvcravSpos.
XXVIII. "HSr Se rravrdrraai
emrevovcrav et?
fypovpav eV avrovs, Kal \a/3a>v rrjv rj
e^ecrrpdrevcrev. vcrrepov Se Kal Hav-
craviav rov /9acrtXea aerd (rrparids drreareiKav.
2 aXXa ITafcrawa? {JLCV KVK\O) rrepi\9a)v Sid rov
s eu/3dX\eiv e/ieXXe^ et? rrjv ^>oiu>riav,
s Be Sid QwKewv drr^vra crrpandira?
TroXXov?' Kal ri-jv ^ev 'OpOyu.eytwi' TTO\LV
Seiav 7r~\,0a>v &Lercop9ria-v. errefji^re be TW
crav'ia ypd^/jiara Ke\evwv els ' AXiaprov IK IlXa-
raiwv avvdrrreiv, &)? avros d/ji rj^epa TT/JO? rot?
rwv ' A\Lapriwv r yvr]o~ouei'os. ravra rd
TT/JO? rov? rj/3aiovs aTrrji'e^Tj, rov
et? KaracTKOTrovs rivd?
3 ol Be TTpO(7/3e/3otj0y]K6rcL)V avrol? ' ' KB^valwv rrjv
TTO\IV eteelvoLS ^ierrLdrevcrav, avrol Be rrepl
1 Cf. Xen. Hell. ii. 4, 1 f.
2 Lj'sander was commissioned to raise a force of allies in
Phocis and the neighbouring country, with which Pausanias
310
LYSANDER, xxvn. 3 -xxviii. 3
through Boeotia against the tyrants in Athens, no
Theban would either see him or hear about it. And
they did not merely vote such Hellenic and humane
decrees, without at the same time making their deeds
correspond to their edicts ; but Thrasybulus and
those who with him occupied Phyle, set out from
Thebes to do so, 1 and the Thebans not only provided
them with arms and money, but also with secrecy
and a base of operations. Such, then, were the
grounds of complaint which Lysander had against
the Thebans.
XXVIII. And since he was now of an altogether
harsh disposition, owing to the melancholy which
persisted into his old age, he stirred up the ephors,
and persuaded them to fit out an expedition against
the Thebans ; and assuming the command, he set
out on the campaign. 2 Afterwards the ephors sent
out Pausanias the king also with an army. Now it
was the plan that Pausanias should make a circuit
by the way of Mount Cithaeron, and then invade
Boeotia, while Lysander marched through Phocis to
meet him, with a large force. He took the city of
Orchomenus, which came over to him of its own
accord, and assaulted and plundered Lebadeia.
Then he sent a letter to Pausanias, bidding him move
from Plataea and join forces with him at Haliartus,
and promising that he himself would be before the
walls of Haliartus at break of day. This letter was
brought to Thebes by some scouts, into whose hands
its bearer fell. The Thebans therefore entrusted
their city to a force of Athenians which had come to
their aid, while they themselves set out early in the
was to unite his troops (Xen. Hell. iii. 5, 6). Plutarch's
language is obscure.
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
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312
LYSANDER, xxvm. 3-6
night, and succeeded in reaching Haliartus a little
before Lysander, and a considerable part of them
entered the city. Lysander at first decided to post
his army on a hill and wait for Pausanias ; then, as
the day advanced, being unable to remain inactive,