he ruptured his abscess and lost a great quantity of
blood. In consequence of this his strength failed,
and after a night of wretchedness, he died, leaving
two young children by Metella. 1 For it was after
his death that Valeria gave birth to a daughter, who
was called Postuma, this being the name which the
Romans give to children who are born after their
father's death.
XXXVIII. Many now joined themselves eagerly
to Lepidus, purposing to deprive Sulla's body of the
usual burial honours ; but Pompey, although offended
at Sulla (for he alone, of all his friends, was not
mentioned in his will), diverted some from their
purpose by his kindly influence and entreaties, and
others by his threats, and then conveyed the body
to Rome, and secured for it an honourable as well as
a safe interment. And it is said that the women
contributed such a vast quantity of spices for it, that,
apart from what was carried on two hundred and ten
litters, a large image of Sulla himself, and another
image of a lictor, was moulded out of costly frank-
incense and cinnamon. The day was cloudy in the
morning, and the expectation was that it would rain,
but at last, at the ninth hour, 2 the corpse was placed
upon the funeral pyre. Then a strong wind smote
1 Of. chapter xxxiv. 3.
2 I.e. in the middle of the afternoon.
443
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Karaiyicravros et9 rrjv rrvpdv KOI $\6ya 7ro\\rjv
eyeipavros e(f)0r) rb crwfjLa avyKOf^icrdev ocrov ^877
TT)? rrvpds /jLapaivo/jLev)]? Kal rov rrvpbs dmbvros
eKyyQr]vai rro\vv Ofiftpov KOI Karaa^elv a^pi
Wfcros, ware TI-JV TV^T/I; avrov So/<eLi> rb aw/ua
4 avvQa'meiv Trapa/JLevovcrav. TO p^.v ovv IJLVI^ p.elov
ev ro) TreBiO) rov "Aoew? e'crrr TO
avrbv vTro^pa^rd^evov Kara\irrelv, ov
K<>d\ai6i> ear iv co? oure rwv <$>l\wv Tt? avrbv ev
ovre rwv fyBpfav tca/co)? v
AY2ANAPOY KAI 2YAAA
I. 'E?ret Se Kal rov rovrou SieX^Xvda/jiev fiiov,
IO? rr]V crvyfcpicriv. rb /J,V ovv d(f)
s dp%i]v \aftovcn, yLteyaXoi? 76-
vko6ai KOLVOV dfj.<porepoi$ vrrrip^ev, iBiov Se
AvcravSpov rb /3ov\o[ieva)V rwv rro\Lrwv Kal
vyiaivbvrwv oaas ea"YV dp^as \a/3elv, /3id-
aaa0ai Be /jirj&ev aKovrcov yu-^;^' icr^vaat, rrapa
TOI)?
Be Bi^oo-raaiT) KOL b TrdyKaxos
TiyU,?}?,
wcrrrep ev 'Pcoyu.?; TOT $i<p@ap/j.evov rov BJJ/J,OV
Kal vocrovvros avrols rov TroXirev/JLaros aXXo? 476
di'icrraro Bwdcfrr]^. Kal ovoev T}V
el ^i^XXa? ?]PX ev > ' re
444
SULLA, xxxvui. 3-4
the pyre, and roused a mighty flame, and there was
just time to collect the bones for burial, while the
pyre was smouldering and the fire was going out,
when a heavy rain began to fall, which continued
till night. Therefore his good fortune would seem
to have lasted to the very end, and taken part in his
funeral rites. At any rate, his monument stands in
the Campus Martius, and the inscription on it, they
say, is one which he wrote for it himself, and the
substance of it is, that no friend ever surpassed him
in kindness, and no enemy in mischief.
COMPARISON OF LYSANDER AND SULLA
I. AND now since we have completed this Life
also, let us come at once to the Comparison. In this
respect, then, they were alike, namely, that both were
founders of their own greatness ; but it was a peculiar
virtue in Lysander that he obtained all his high offices
with the consent of his fellow-citizens, and when
affairs were in a sound condition ; he did not force
anything from them against their will, nor did he
acquire any power which was contrary to the laws.
" But in a time of sedition, the base man too is in
honour," l
and so in Rome at that time, since the people was
corrupt and their government in a distempered state,
men of various origin rose to power. And it was
no wonder that Sulla held sway, when such men as
1 A proverb in hexameter verse, attributed to Callimachus
of Alexandria. Plutarch uses it also in the Nicias, xi. 3, and
in Morals, p. 479 a.
Q 445
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
MereXXou? r)\avvov eK T*}? 7roA,eo>?,
Be aTrea^drrovro TratBes ev e/cK\r)criais,
dpyvpia) Be Kal ^pvaiw ra OTT\a 7rape\dfi/3avov
(t)vovfj.evoL TOU? (TTparevofjievovs, Trvpl Be Kai
GiBrjpq) TOI>? v6[JLov<$ eTidecrav ftia^ofjievoi TOU?
3 avTiXeyovras. OVK alnw/jiai Se TOV ev TOLOVTOIS
crr)/j.elov ov ride/^ai TOV /3e\Ti(TToi> elvai TO ye-
Trp&Tov OVTW Trovrjpa 7rpaTTOvarj<;
. 6 Be drro TT)? ^.TrdpTr)<$
Tore fjidXicTTa KOI crcti(ppoi>ovo'r)s eirl ra?
r/yefjiovias real
apicrro? efcpivero KCU TrpooTwv
4 oQev o fj^ev vroXXa^i? Trjv dp%t]v aTroBovs rot?
dve\a(3e 7ro\\dfcw BiefjLeve yap rj
a/oer^? e%ov<Ta TO TrpwTeiov 6 Be
(TT/oareuyLtaro? ye/Jiv, Tr)
Befca, vvv /JLCV vjraTOv, vvv Be BiKTaTOpa TTOIWV
eavTov, del Be cov Tvpavvos, ev TO?? o?rXot?
e/Jievev.
II. 'E7re%et/or;cr6 fj,ev ovv 6 AvcravBpos, co?
elprjTai, [jieTaaTrfaaL TO. Trepl Trjv Tro\iTelav rrpao-
Tepov Kal vofJLL^JLU)Tepov f) 2yX\a?' TreiOoi ydp,
ov Bi O7r\wv ovBe TcavTa a-v\\tj/3B'r]V dvaip&v,
eKelvos, dX)C avTrjv eTravopOov/JLevos TTJV
TWV /3acri\ea>v o teal (frvcrei TTOV
Bitcaiov eBoKei, TOV e% dpicrTwv apicrTov dp-^eiv
ev 7r6\i Tr)<; 'EXXaSo? rjyov/jievr) BS dpeTijj', ov
2 Bi evyeveiav. wcnrep yap Kvvr)yos ov fyrei TO
eK KVVOS, d\\a Kvva, Kal ITTTTLKO^ ITTTTOV, ov TO
eg 'ITTTTOW il ydp, dv e% ITTTTOV rj^iovo^ yevi]Tai;
446
LYSANDER AND SULLA, i. 2-11. 2
Glaucia and Saturninus drove such men as Metellus
from the city, when sons of consuls were butchered
in assemblies, when silver and gold purchased arms
and men to wield them, and laws were enacted with
fire and sword in defiance of all opposition. Now I
do not blame the man who, in such a state of affairs,
forced his way to supreme power ; but I cannot re-
gard his becoming first man, when the city was in
such an evil plight, as a proof that he was also the
best man. Whereas Lysander, since Sparta was at
the height of good government and sobriety when
she sent him forth upon the greatest commands and
undertakings, was virtually decided to be first of her
first men, and best of her best. Lysander, therefore,
though he often surrendered his power into the hands
of his fellow- citizens, as often received it back again,
since the honour accorded to virtue continued to
rank highest in the state ; but Sulla, when he had
once been chosen leader of an army, remained in
arms for ten years together, making himself now
consul, and now dictator, but always being a usurper.
II. It is true, indeed, that Lysander attempted, as
I have said, to change the form of government, but
it was by milder and more legal methods than Sulla's;
by persuasion, namely, not by force of arms, nor by
subverting everything at once, as Sulla did, but by
amending merely the appointment of the kings.
And it seemed but natural justice, in a way, that
the best of the best should rule in a city which had
the leadership in Hellas by virtue of his excellence,
and not of his noble birth. For just as a hunter looks
for a dog, and not the whelp of a certain bitch, and
a horseman for a horse, and not the foal of a certain
mare (for what if the foal should prove to be a mule?),
447
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Ol/T6>9 7TO\ITIKO$ d/Jia pTrj(TTai, TOV
edv fir] %r)Tr) TOP apyovra Tt9 ecrriv, dXXa CK
avro ye TOL ^TrapriraL
cviovs d$ei\ovTO Tr]V apxflv, to? ov {3acrt\iKovs,
d\\a <jbauXou9 real TO jj,r)&i> oVra?. el Se rca/cia
KOI /Ltera 76^01^9 aTifJbov, ov& dperrj Bi evyeveiav,
eafT?}?
3 At Toivvv a&iKiai rw /j,ev virep <f)i\cov, TW 8'
a^pt <fyi\(Dv iirpd-^Orjaai'. Avcrai>Bpo<f pev jap
ofjioXoyelTcu ra TrXeiara Sia rov? erat/oou? e'^-
ajuapreiv KOI ra? TrXetcrra? crcfiayas vjrep
cKeivcov direpydo'ao'Oai Su^acrreta? Kulrvpav
4 SvXXa? 3e /cat Ilo/LtTr^iou Trepie/co-^e TO
WTIKOV <j)0oinj(ras, KOI AoXo/SeXXa rr/z^ vavapyiav
7Te^eipr}cre 801/9 d(j)\ea0at, KOL AovKprjriov
*Q(f)e\\av dvri TroXXwi/ Arat [iyd\wv virareiav
ov ev 6<pda\/jiOis diroa^d^ai
KCLi ^609 e/jiTTOLWV 7r/909 O.VTOV
UTracri,
III. "Ert Se /jLoXXov r) irepl ra9 r)&ova$ KCU TO.
Xpij/jLara crTrovSrj Bei/cvvcrt TOV fiev rjye/jLovi/crfv,
TOV $ TVpavviKrjv TT}V Trpoaipecriv ovcrav. o JLLCV
yap ov&ev dKo\acrTov ovBe /AeipaKiwbes ev e^ovcria
KCLI bwdfjiei Trj\iKavTrj
e r) rt9 ao9, 6ACW6evya>s rourt TO
Qi/coi Xeo^T69, eV viraiOpw $e o-Xco-
OUT&) aaxfipova Kol AaKcoviKyv real
Ktco\acr/jLvr)v eTreSeifcvvTO iravTayov TTJV Siairav.
2 o Se oi^Te ^09 MV irepl Ta9 liriOvpla^ e'
a T^ Trevlav OVTG. yrjpdcras Sia TTJV rj
448
LYSANDER AND SULLA, n. 2-111. 2
so the statesman makes an utter mistake if he en-
quires, not what sort of a man the ruler is, but from
whom he is descended. And indeed the Spartans
themselves deposed some of their kings, for the
reason that they were not kingly men, but insignifi-
cant nobodies. And if vice, even in one of ancient
family, is dishonourable, then it must be virtue itself,
and not good birth, that makes virtue honourable.
Moreover, the acts of injustice which one wrought,
were in behalf of his friends ; while the other's ex-
tended to his friends. For it is generally agreed
that Ly sander committed the most of his transgres-
sions for the sake of his comrades, and that most of
his massacres were perpetrated to maintain their
power and sovereignty ; but Sulla cut down the
number of Pompey's soldiers out of jealousy, and
tried to take away from Dolabella the naval command
which he had given him, and when Lucretius Ofella
sued for the consulship as a reward for many great
services, ordered him to be slain before his eyes,
causing all men to regard him with fear and horror
because of his murdering his dearest friends.
III. Still further, in their pursuit of riches and
pleasures we discover that the purpose of one was
more befitting a commander, that of the other more
characteristic of a tyrant. For Lysander appears to
have perpetrated no act of wantonness or youthful
folly while he enjoyed such great authority and power,
nay, if ever man did, he avoided the praise and re-
proach of the proverb : " Lions at home, but foxes
abroad " ; so sober, Spartan, and restrained was the
way of life which he everywhere manifested. But
Sulla allowed neither the poverty of his youth to set
bounds to his desires, nor the years of his old age,
449
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
d\\d TOU9 rcepl yd/jiwv KCLI GwpO(jvvr)<s eicrrjyelro
Tot9 7roXiTcu9 auro? epwv teal fioi^evcov,
o6ev ovrw rtjv TTO\IV
/cal K,e.vr}v eiroirjffe ^prj/^drwv ware rat?
real <pi\ais TroXeGiv dpyvpiov r rrw\e'lv
e\ev6epiav teal rrjv avrovo/Aiav, KCLLTOI TOL/?
7ro\vapyvpwrdrov^ OLKOVS /cal /zeyicrroi'? ocnjfiepai
3 Sr/ijievovTOS avrov KOL dTTOKrjpvTTOVTOS. d\\a
ov$V TJV TWV pLTrrov/jievwv /cal Kara^oprj-
TOU? /coXa/cas. ilva <yap LKO<$ elvai,
\oyia-fibv 77 <^eiSft) TT/?O? ra? Trap' dlvov avvova-las 477
avrov KOI ^dpiras, 09 ev fyavepw TTOTC rov
7repcrTCOTO9 ovcriav fieydXrjv SictTriTrpdcrKcov
r?}9 TV%ovcrr)s et9 eva rwv (friXwv e/eeXeve fcara-
Krjpvcro'eiv, erepov Be rrjv ri/jirjv V7rep/3a\ojj,vov
real rov KripvKO<^ TO Trpoa-reOev dyopevcravros
Siriyavd/criicre, " &ivd ye, w <j)i\oi, 7ro\lrat,, /cal
Tvpai'vi/ca 7rda"%co" <^a//-ez'O9, " el ra e/j,d fioi.
\d(pvpa SiaOecrOai fjir/ e^ecmv &>9 /SouXo/zat."
4 Avcrai'Spo9 e /cal ra9 avra> SoOeicras Scoped? /j,era
d\\wv ttTreVeLfvre rot9 7ro\iTai<;. /cal OVK
TO epyov
rjfjLdTwv Tr]V 2,7rdprr)v OVTOS oaov OVK
rfj d^aipecrei rrjv 'Pwfirjv efcetvos 1 d\\d
TOVTO TTOLOV/JLai T7/9 d(f)l~\.O7r\OVTLaS
5 TOV dvBpos. I&LOV Be n 77/309 TTJV eavrov TTO\LV
efcdrepos eiraOe. SuXXa9 fJLev yap a/coXacrT09 cov
real 7roXfTeX^9 ea-uxpovi^e Toi/9 ?roXtTa9, Avcrav-
ITO\LV, ware dfjLapTuveiv TOV /nev avTov ovra
TWV IBiwv vo/j-oov, rov Be avrov
rovs 7ro\ira$' BeldOau yap
45
LYSANDER AND SULLA, in. 2-5
but continued to introduce marriage and sumptuary
laws for the citizens, while he himself was living in
lewdness and adultery, as Sallust says. In these
courses he so beggared and emptied the city of her
wealth that he sold to allied and friendly cities their
freedom and independence for money, although he
was daily confiscating and selling at public auction
the wealthiest and greatest estates. Nay, there was
no measuring what he lavishly squandered and threw
away upon his flatterers. For what calculation or
economy could be expected in his convivial associ-
ations and delights, when, on a public occasion, with
the people standing about, at the sale of a large
property, he ordered the crier to knock it down to
one of his friends at a nominal price, and when an-
other bidder raised the price and the crier announced
the advance, he flew into a rage, saying : " It is a
dreadful wrong, my dear citizens, and a piece of
usurpation, that I cannot dispose of my own spoils
as I wish." But Lysander sent home for public use
even the presents which had been given to him
along with the rest of his spoils. Not that I commend
what he did ; for he, perhaps, by his acquisition of
money for Sparta, injured her more than Sulla injured
Rome by robbing her of it ; but I offer this as a
proof of the man's indifference to riches. Moreover,
each had a peculiar experience with his own city.
Sulla, who knew no restraint in his extravagance,
tried to bring the citizens into ways of sobriety ;
while Lysander filled his city with the passions to
which he himself was a stranger. The former erred,
therefore, in falling below the standard of his own
laws ; the latter, in causing the citizens to fall below
his own standard, since he taught Sparta to want
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
rrjv ^Trdpnjv wv avros e/made fjirj TrpocrBeicrdaL.
KCU ra fjuev iroXiriKa ravra.
IV. Tlo\e/jLwv Be dywai KOI ar parity i reals
irpd^ecn /cal 7rX?7$et rpoTraiwv /cal /jteyeOei /civBv-
vwv davyrcpiros 6 SvXXa?. o nevroi je Bvo
VIKCLS e^rjveytcaro vav^a^iai^ Svcri,' irpoaOrjo-w
Be avry Trjv 'A.0rfv&v 7ro\iopKiav, epjy /nev ov
fiejaX.'rjv, Ty Se Bo^rj \afjL7rpordrrjv
2 ra 5' ev Boicorta KOI 'AXidprG) Svcrrv^ia
IVo)? ^Trpd^Orj Tivlj Kaico(Bov\ia Be
OVK dvafJieivavTOs ocrov OUTTO) Trapovaav e/c IlXa-
raiwv TTJV /AeydXyv rov fiacriKews Bvva/Jitv, aXXa
6vfj,q> /cal <pi\oTifJLia Trapa icaipov <wcrayu,eVou TT/OO?
TO Tet^o?, ware TOU? Tf^o^ra? dv6pw7rov<$ CK-
TrrjBija-avras ev ovBevl \6ya) /cara/3a\eiv avrov.
ov yap a>9 K.\6o/jL/3poro<; ev Aev/crpoi? dvrepeiBcov
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&)? 7ra/jLiv(t)va$ /care%ct)v eyKeickiKoras /cal TO
eftaiov/JLevos TrXrjyfj Kaipia TrepieTrecrev'
3 aXX' OVTOL fiev ftacrC^iwv real err parity cov 6dva-
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irpoBpofiov Bi/crjv a/cXew? rrapava\a)cra<$ eavrov,
efjiaprvprjae T0t9 TraXatot? ZTrapridrais on /ca\w<;
e(j)v\drrovro Ta? Te^Oytta^ta?, ev at?
dvbpos JJLOVOV rov TU^OZ^TO?, aXXa /cal VTTO
real yvvai/cbs diroOavelv av (rvvrv'xpi
rov icpdncrrov, wcnrep rov 'A^tXXea <f)a<jlv VTTO
rov ITaptSo? ev Tat? TruXat? dvaipe0r/vai.
4 SuXXa? fjiev ovv oaa? ere rrapard^ew^ eviKrjcre
vi/cas /cal /care/3a\e /jivpidBas rro\efjiiwv ovBe
dpiO liberal pdBiov ecrriv avrifv Be rrjv 'PcojjLrjv
elXe, /cal rov Tleipaid rwv 'AQrjvwv ov
452
LYSANDER AND SULLA, in. 5~iv. 4
what he himself had learned not to want. Such was
their influence as statesmen.
IV. But as regards contests in war, achievements
in generalship, number of trophies, and magnitude
of dangers encountered, Sulla is beyond compare.
Lysander, it is true, won two victories in as many
naval battles ; and I will add to his exploits his siege
of Athens, which was really not a great affair, al-
though the reputation of it was most brilliant. What
occurred in Boeotia and at Haliartus, was due, per-
haps, to a certain evil fortune ; but it looks as though
he was injudicious in not waiting for the large forces
of the king, which had all but arrived from Plataea,
instead of allowing his resentment and ambition to
lead him into an inopportune assault upon the walls,
with the result that an inconsiderable and random
body of men sallied out and overwhelmed him. For
he received his death wound, not as Cleombrotus did,
at Leuctra, standing firm against the enemy's onsets,
nor as Cyrus did, or Epaminondas, rallying his men
and assuring the victory to them ; these all died the
death of kings and generals. But Lysander threw
away his life ingloriously, like a common targeteer
or skirmisher, and bore witness to the wisdom of the
ancient Spartans in avoiding assaults on walled cities,
where not only an ordinary man, but even a child or
a woman may chance to smite and slay the mightiest
warrior, as Achilles, they say, was slain by Paris at
the gates.
In Sulla's case, at any rate, it is no easy matter
even to enumerate the pitched battles which he won
and the myriads of enemies whom he slew ; Rome
itself he captured twice, and he took the Piraeus of
453
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
Avaav$po$, aXXa 7roXXot9 aywcri /cal
, /c/3a\a>i> > Ap%eXaoi> etc 7-779 7/79 eVt TTJV
6d\aTTav, /carea-^ev. eart Be /j,eya KCU TO T&V
dvTiaTpaTr)'y(DV. rpvcfrrjv yap olfjiai /cal Traioiav
rbv
, /cal <>i\,oK\ea TOV '
arav 8rj/jLa<yco
f, afcpav 'yXwcrcraz' rj
01)9 OVK av LTTiroKOfjiw MiOpiB'tTr)? ov8e pa/3$ov%(p
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dvrapa/jievcov ^>vvaa"rwv, vTrdratv,
/jLajcoja)^, 'iva TOU? aXXou? eacrw,
r)V 'Pw/jiaLwv Mapiov (j)O/3epa)Tepos rj M.iOpt,$d-
rov /3acn\a)v Suvarcorepos fj Aa/jLTrcoviov KCU
TWV '\TOklKWV JJ,a%l,[jL(0T6pOS / WV KIVO<;
\ 'J-//O 'v \ 5>\ f / \r.\>/
ev e^epaXe, TOI/ oe VTrera^e, rou9 oe aTre-
Y. To Se Trdvrwv
a>9
TWV elprj/jLevwv eicelvo ecrrtv, on, Avcravbpos JJLZV 478
Karatpdov iravra TWV oitcoi
wv KOL
e^Qpwv, Kad^ ov %povov r)\avveTo fjiev ai/TOv
aTeGKaTrTeTo Se oitcia, <f)i\oi Se a
cv Botwrta ra?9 avapiQ ^TOI
KOL KivSvvevwv vrrep TTJS
2 809, Terr?? TpoTraLov, /cal
/cal ^vvaiv eVl
454
LYSANDER AND SULLA, iv. 4 -v. 2
Athens, not by famine, as Lysander did, but by a
series of great battles, after he had driven Archelaiis
from the land to the sea. It is important, too, that
we consider the character of their antagonists. For
I think it was the merest child's play to win a sea-
fight against Antiochus, Alcibiades' pilot, or to outwit
Philocles, the Athenian demagogue,
" Inglorious foe, whose only weapon is a sharpened
tongue" j 1
such men as these Mithridates would not have deigned
to compare with his groom, nor Marius with his lictor.
But of the dynasts, consuls, generals, and demagogues
who lifted themselves against Sulla, to pass by the
rest, who among the Romans was more formidable
than Marius ? who among the kings was more power-
ful than Mithridates ? who among the Italians was
more warlike than Lamponius and Telesinus ? And
yet Sulla banished the first of these, subdued the
second, and slew the others.
V. But what is of more weight, in my opinion,
than any thing yet mentioned, Lysander achieved
all his successes with the co-operation of the authori-
ties at home ; whereas Sulla, though he was over-
powered by a hostile faction, and an exile, at a time
when his wife was being driven from home, his house
being demolished, and his friends being slain, when
he himself, too, was confronting countless myriads
of enemies in Boeotia and risking his life for his
country, set up his trophy of victory ; and riot even
when Mithridates offered him an alliance and forces
to wield against his enemies at Rome, would he make
1 An iambic trimeter of unknown authorship (Nauck,
Trag. Grace. Fray. 2 p. 921).
455
PLUTARCH'S LIVES
ov eve8(CKV oude 3>L\dvdpwirov, aXX* ovBe
ov&e rrjv oe^idv eW/3o.Xe Trporepov rj
Tcv6eo~6ai irapovTos OTL teal TT/V '
Kal ra? vavs 7ra/?aStScocrt icai rot?
3 eLffraraL real >iQvvia<$ /cal KaTTTraSo/cta?.
epyov
airo /zet^o^o? elpydadai (/>/30^?;'yuaT09, on TO KOLVOV
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irporpov r) TOV dvTayu>vi<TTr}V aTreiTrelv, Tore
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456
LYSANDER AND SULLA, v. 2-5
any concession whatsoever, or show him kindness
even ; nay, he would not so much as greet him or
give him his hand, until he heard him say personally
that he would relinquish Asia, hand over his ships,
and restore Bithynia and Cappadocia to their rightful
kings. No act of Sulla's whatsoever appears more
honourable than this, or due to a loftier spirit, because
he set the public interests before his own, and, like
dogs of noble breed, did not relax his bite or let go
his hold until his adversary had yielded, and then
only did he set out to avenge his own private wrongs.
And besides all this, their treatment of Athens is of
some weight in a comparison of their characters.
Sulla, after taking the city, although it had fought
against him to support the power and supremacy of
Mithridates, restored her to freedom and indepen-
dence ; whereas Lysander, although she had fallen
from such a great supremacy and empire, showed
her no pity, but took away her democratic form of
government, and appointed most savage and lawless
men to be her tyrants.
We may now consider whether we shall err very
much from the truth in pronouncing our verdict that
Sulla won the more successes, while Lysander had
the fewer failings ; and in giving to the one the
preeminence in self-control and moderation, to the
other, in generalship and valour.
457
A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF
PROPER NAMES
459
A PARTIAL DICTIONARY OF
PROPER NAMES
A
Abydos, 105, a city of Mysia, on the
eastern shore of the Hellespont,
nearly opposite Sestos on the
European side.
Acastus, 441, mythical king of
lolcus in Thessaly. He was one
of the Argonauts, and took part
in the Calydonian boar-hunt.
Aedepsus, 409, a town on the N.W.
coast of Euboea, nearly opposite
Thermopylae on the mainland.
Aegospotami, 107, a stream on the
western side of the Hellespont,
nearly opposite Lampsacus, with
a town of the same name upon it.
Agatharchus, 43, of Samos, pro-
minent at Athens as a theatrical
scene-painter, 460-420 B.C.
Alcman, 441, the greatest lyric poet
of Sparta, who lived from about
670 to about 630 B.C. He was a
Lydian by birth, and was brought
to Sparta as a slave.
Alcmene, 313, wife of Amphitryon
king of Thebes, and mother of
Heracles by Zeus. After the
death of Amphitryon she married
Rhadamanthus.
Amphictyons, 363, officers of the
Amphictyonic League, which
comprised the peoples whose
common sanctuaries were the
temple of Apollo at Delphi and
that of Demeter at Anthela, near
Thermopylae.
Amphitryon, 313, mythical king of
Thebes, and husband of Alcmene.
PLUT. IV.
Anaxagoras, 263, of Clazomenae in
Ionian Asia Minor, prominent at
Athens as an advanced thinker
from about 460-432 B.C., when
the enemies of Pericles brought
about his banishment.
Anaxandrides, 281, the Delphian,
probably of the third century
B.C., author of a work on the
plundered offerings of Delphi.
Andronicus, 407, the Rhodian, head
of the Peripatetic school of phil-
osophy at Rome in the middle of
the first century B.C.
Antemnae, 423, an ancient city of
Latium, some three miles south
of Rome, just below the junction
of the Anio with the Tiber.
Anthesterion, 373, the eighth month
of the Attic calendar, correspond-
ing to the latter part of February
and first part of March.
Antigonus Doson, 143, a grandson
of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and
king of Macedonia 229-221 B.c
Antilochus, 283, otherwise unknown.
Antirnachus, 283, of Colophon, a
celebrated poet of Lysander's
time, called " clarus poeta " in
Cicero, Brutus, 51, 191.
Antisthenes, 3, the Socratic, a
pupil of Gorgias a ad friend of
Socrates.
Antium, 149, 163, 167, 171, 181,
215, a city of Latium, on the sea-
coast about forty miles south of
Rome.
Anytus, 13, 151, an influential
politician at Athens, afterwards
461
DICTIONARY OF PROPER NAMES
one of the principal accusers of
Socrates, after whose death he