the child*s head, or comprefs it fo in its de-
livery as to occafion its death ; and never in
the hands of the expert and judicious prac-
titioner will any way injure either the mo-
ther or child.

H Fio,



( 98 )

Fig. 3.

But as there are fome cafes, particularly
thole mentioned from page 15, 16 and 19 to
23, that require, for the fafe delivery of the
woman and child, one blade of the Forceps
to be much more narrow than thofe of the
fingle curved Forceps already defcribed and
delineated in the two foregoing figures, it
will be here neceflary to illuftrate fuch a
bhide, as in Fig. 3; fir ft it mufl be obferved,
that this narrow blade mufl be made of an
entire plate of iron, and muft have the fame
thicknefs, the fame curvature, the fame
fized (hank, groove, cheek, &c. for the
locking part and handle as the iingle curved
Forceps delineated in Fig. r and 2 ; but the
breadth of the blade muft not be more than
an inch wide towards its top, and about the
cieht tenths of an inch at its utmoft curva-
ture, from which to the narrow part of its
Ihank it muft gradually decreafe in its
breadth to the three tenths of an inch.

But, to conftrudl it geometrically, firft
draw a right line eleven inches and half th«
tenth of an inch, as the line A B in Fig. 3,

which



(99 )

which is the axis of the Forceps ; then from
the point A towards B fet off half an inch
as at the point C, and on that radius de-
fcribe the femicircle DAE, and then draw
its diameter as the Une DE ; after which,
from the point C on the hne C B fet ofF
two inches and three tenths of an inch as at
the point F (which correfponds with the
utmoft curvature of the blade as in Fig. i),
and immediately crofs it at right angles
with the line G H, and then on both fides
of the point F fet off on that line four
tenths of an inch as at the points J and K ;
again, from the point F on the line F B fet
off two inches and nine tenths of an inch as
at the point L, and at right angles crofs it
with the line M N, and then on each fide of
L fet off on the line M N one tenth and half
the tenth of an inch as at the points O P ;
after which, from the point O draw a right
line to J, and from the point J to D, and
then again from P to K, and from K to E,
and thus the breadth of this narrow blade
of the fingle curyed Forceps will be con-
ftrudled ; and as the conftru^lion of the
other parts are the fame as defcribed and
H 2 delineated



( too J

«!e!ineated In Fig. i and 2, to complete the
whole of this lide of the Forceps, the artifk
is referred thereuntOy and when fiiiiflied will
Feadily join either with the fide of the For-
<Seps Fig. 2, or with ihe reflef^ed blade Fig*
II, 12, whenever fuch cafes as are men-
tioned from page 15, 16 and 19 to 23 occur,
f© as to req,uire its application*

Fig. 4.
Sut as there may alfb happen other ftrcb
cafes as are mentioned from page 15, 16 and
19 to 23, that will require a much narrower
blade of the Forceps than even that of Fig. 3,-
for its ready introdu£lion into the pelvis^
and faf€ dcFivery of the woman and child ;.
therefore to form l^eh a blade it was necef-
iary to divide one fide of the iliigle curved
Forceps into two parts, and which ape
piaed together at the point of the blade's-
ufual bifurcation by the contrivance of a
little hinge, and by diverging the handles 3
little therefrom the two fangs wiM open
and ihut at pkafure, fo that after the fangs-
are introduced into the pelvis in their fhut
er clofe il:ate, thev will afterwards ao;aiii
8 open



( ^01 )

open and fpread on the child's head, and
have equally as much effect as the entire
blade of Fig 2, or of any other kind of For-
ceps.

But to delineate this divided or fanoed
fide of the fingle curved Forceps geometri-
cally, firfl draw a right line eleven inches
and half the tenth of an inch as the line
A B in Fig. 4, which is the axis of the
Forceps, then fet off from the point A live
inches and one tenth of an inch, as at the
point C (which is the center of the hinge
which joins the two parts together), and
then on the radius of A C, defcribe through
the point A the fegment of a circle as DE,
and then from the point A on the fegment
DA fet off {even, tenths of an inch, and the
like diftance on the fegment A E as at the
points F and G, which is the utmofl ex-
panlion of the fangs, and nearly equal to
the breadth at the top of the blade Fig. 2 ;
and further, from the point F on the feg-
ment FA fet off three tenths of an inch,
and the like from the point G on the feg-
ment G A as at the points H and J, which
jis the breadth of each fang at its end.

H 3 Then



( 102 )

Then to delineate the hinge of the two
fangs, firft, through the point C, at right
angles with the line A B, draw the line
K L, and from the point C on each fide of
it on the line K L fet off one tenth and
three tenths of a tenth of an inch as at the
points M and N ; after which, from the
point C on the line C A fet off two tenths
and the two tenths of a tenth of an inchy
and the like from C on the line C B as at
the points O and P ; then on the point M
fet one foot of the compalTes, and on the
radius of M N, from the point O through
N to P, defcribe the fegment of a circle as
the fegment ONP; and again, fet one
foot of the compalTes on the point N, and
on the radius of NM defcribe from the
point P through M to O the fegment of a
circle as PMO, and thus the fize, fhape,
&c. of the hinge, which councils the two
parts of this fide of the Forceps together, is
formed *. Then from the point C on the

line

* To illuftrate more perfeflly the nature of this hinge,
and to fhew the manner how the two parts of this fide of

the



( 1^3 )
line C B fet off the fix tenths of an inoh as
at the point Q, and crofs it at right angles
with the line R S, and from the point Q^

on

the Forceps are thereby particularly conneiSled together;
firft, let it be underftood that Fig. 5 and 6 exactly re-
prefent the fize of the hinge, and part of the fangs and
ihank of Fig. 4, unconneded, by which it is obvious
that on each part over the center C there is a femiellip-
tical knob to be raifed, as O N P in Fig. 5, and O M P
in Fig. 6, each correfpondent with Fig. 4, and out of
which the feveral parts of the hinge are to be formed. —
Secondly, it nnuft be underltood, that through the middle
of the knob of Fig. 5, fideways and longways in direc-
tion from the fang part to the handle there muH be cut a
notch two fourths of its breadth to the center as from O
through C to P, and that then of the fame breadth there
mufl be further indented a femielliptical groove fimilar to
the femielliptical fhape of the knob, and fo as to make
the whole cavity reprefent the fhape of a myrtle leafj as
O M P N in Fig. 4. — And thirdly, it muli alfo be un-
derdood, that the upper and under fide pf ths^ knob over
the center C of Fig. 6, muft be alfo cut away Tideways
and longways in the direilion from the fang to the
handle, each one fourth of its thicknefs to its center C,
as from O through C to P, and that then they are to be
further indented fo as to receive the femielliptical cheeks
cf the cavity of Fig. 5, and thus the middle part of the
knob of Fig. 6. will appear as a knuckle in fhape to a
!77yrtle leaf, which knuckle of Fig. 6 is to go into the

H 4 cavity



( 104 )
on each fide of it on the liae R S fet off one
tenth and half the tenth of an inch, as at
the point T and U ; and then from the
point T to the point F draw a right line,
and the fame from the point C to the point
H, and again from C to the point J, and
once rnore from the point U to the point G,
^nd thus the breadth of the two fangs ex-
panded is formed with the thicknefs of

cavity of Fig' 5? and when they are {b fitted as to move
eafily on each other, then through the center C they arq
to be rivetted together. But, further to fhew the na-
ture of the hinge conneding the two parts of this fide of
the Forceps together, let it again be underftood, that
Fig. 7 and 8 reprefent exadly the breadth of the fhankr
^nd thickpefs of the knob where the hinge is formed, (q
that when the cavity of the groove of Fig. 5, and the
knuckle of Fig. 6, are formed, that then the crofs fec-
tiop of the cavity of Fig. 5 will appear very fimilar to
the notch in Fig. 7, and that the crofs feilion of the
kntjckle of Fig. 6 will appear very fimilar to the projec-
tion of Fig. 8, which projeiSlion q of Fig. 8 being put
into the cavity b of Fig. 7, and rivetted together through
their centers C, the joint of the hinge will appear as iri
Fig. 9 ; hence may eafily be perceived the conflruclion of
the hinge connecting the two parts or fangs of this fide
of the Forceps together.

fome



( ?o5 )
fom,e part of the two {hanks of this lids of
the forceps.

But further to illuftrate the other parts of
the flianks, and the formation of their
handles, together with the groove of the
locking part, its cheek, &c. belonging to
the two parts of this fide of the Forceps, it
will be proper to refer the artift to

Fig. 10.

Which fhews the two fangs fliut clofe
together, and the handles expanded. But
to delineate them geometrically— -fir (1:, draw
a right line, which is the axis of the For-
ceps, eleven inches and half the tenth of ari
inch as the line AB Fig. i o ; then from the
point A on the line AB fet off five inches
and one tenth of an inch as at the point C,
the center of the hinge joining the two parts
together, and on the radius of C A defcribe
through A the fegment of a circle as DAE,
and then on each fide of the point A, on
that fegment, fet off towards D and E three
tenths of an inch as at the points F and G,
which is the breadth of each fang at its end,
making the whole breadth at the ends when

thus



( io6 )

thus clofed together fix tenths of an inch ;
then at the point C defcribe, as in Fig. 4, the
hinge on which the two fan2;s move and are
conne(5led together. Again, from the point
C on the Une C B fet off the fix tenths of
an inch as at the point H, and through that
point at right angles with the Hne C B,
draw the right hne J K, and on that hne on
each fide of the point H fet oif two tenths
of an inch as at the points L and M, then
from the point L to the point F draw a
right hne, aad another from the point M to
the point G, and thus is formed the breadth
of each fang, whofe end at their outward
points F and G muft be a httle rounded off
as in Fig. 10. And further, to form the
remaining parts of the fhanks and the
handles of this fide of the Forceps when
expanded, firft, from the center of the
hinoe at C fet off on the hne C B five inches
nine tenths and half the tenth of an inch as
at the point B, and then through B defcribe
the fesment of a circle as N B O, and then
on each fide of the point B fet off five tenths
of an inch as at the points P and Qj^ then
draw a right line from the point P to C,

and



( fo7 )
and from Q^to C, vvhich lines are'the in-
fide lines of the two handles to this lide of
the Forceps, and which gives between them
the proper diflance for the expanfion of the
handles when the fangs are fhut, and which
gives an equal expanlion to the two fangs
when the handles are fhut as in Fig. 4.

But further, to form out the fhank,
handle, &c. to the fang of the left part,
, firfl fet off from the point C on the line
C P one inch nine tenths and half the tenth
of an inch as at the point R, from which
at a right angle to the left draw the right
line S R,- and then from the point R to-
wards S, fet off one tenth and half a tenth
of an inch as at the point T, then draw
from T to the point L a right line as the
Jine T L, and thus it forms out and finally
finifhes on this part the thicknefs of the
Ihank down to the bottom part of the
groove for the locking part ; but as the
groove and cheek of the locking part and
the reft part of the handle on the left part
of this fide of the Forceps are the fame as
thofe of Fig. i and 2, the artift is referred
thereunto in finilhing this part of the For-
ceps.



( io8 )

ceps. But finally, to form out the fliank
and handle to the fang on the right part of
this (Ide of the Forceps, from the point C
on the line C Q^et off one inch nine tenths
and half the tenth of an inch as at the point
U, and from which at a right angle with
the line C Q, draw to the right hand the
line U V, and then from U towards V fet
off one tenth and the half of a tenth of an
inch as at the point W, then draw a right
}ine from the point M to the point W, and
this finally forms the thicknefs of the fliank
of the right fang as far down as to be even
with the bottom of the groove for the lock^
}ng part of the left fang; after which, the
artifl may beat put the iron to its proper
length and thicknefs, fo as to be at the bot-
tom of this handle not above half the tenth
of an inch thick as at X, X, and to which
a piece of hard wood or horn as Y, Y, mufl
be ri vetted, and then finally formed, £haped|
^c. according to Fig. i and 2.

Fig. II.
With refpe^l to Fig. 1 1 , it fhews the re-
liedion of one blade of the Forceps on the

other



( ^^9 )

er blade as mentioned page 34. Its ap-
plication is to fuperfede in many cafes of re-
tarded labors, if poffible, the ufe of thofe
very dangerous and horrible inftruments the
blunted hook, crotchet, and fuch like.

But to delineate it geometrically proceed
as in Fig. i. And when its feveral parts are
marked out, then as in Fig. 11, to refle6t
one blade, iirft, fet one foot of the com*
palTes on the point C, and fronn the point
V on the radius of C V, the fix tenths of
an inch, draw a curve line from V until it
bife£ls the curve line C H as at the point a;
then from the point G on the line G H {et
off two tenths and half the tenth of an inch
as at the point b, and then on the radius of
b J draw a curve line from the point b to-
wards the point L (the full end of the fingle
curved blade of Fig. i.), fo as to be cor-
refpondent with the line GL, to about
three fifths of the curve line GL, or one inch
and eight tenths of an inch from G towards
L, as at the points c and c, which fixes the
end of the reflected blade ; and thus the
thicknefs of the upper part of the reflected
blade is alfo given as from the points: G b to
the points c c, the end of which muft be

rounded



( tio )

rounded off as in Fig. 1 1 ; and further,
from the point b fet off three inches and
three tenths of an inch on the line b J as at
the point d, and then draw a curve line
from the point b to the pointy as the curve
line ba, which forms the breadth of the
refleded (hank of this fide of the Forceps ;
but to give room for the feflecled blade to
join readily, eafily, and unite evenly with
the other blade, from the point C on the
line C a, fet off one tenth and half a tenth of
an inch as at the point e, and then on the
line G J fet off four inches and one tenth of
an inch as at the point f, and on that radius
defcribe a curve line from G to the point e,
as the curve line G e, and thus a little fpace
as at g will be left between the two fhanks^
fo that the (hank of the refle6led blade will
readily move over the other as that of Fig. 3,
And to make their blades lay evenly toge-
ther, the maker muft give their (hanks a
little bend fideways over the groove, and
indeed he mufl ever remember, that there
is to be fuch a little bend (which cannot be
defcribed by line, or hardly be perceived by
fight) always given to the fhank of the

other



( '^I )

other blades, as is neceflary to fet the ends
of the blades dire(5lly oppofite to each other ;
and laflly, to finifh this refleded blade o£
the Forceps, the curve line GC mufl: be
continued through the point V one tenth
and half the tenth of an inch as at the point
h ; and then from the middle of the curve
line V_a as at the point i draw a right line
from i to h, and thus a little hook is formed,
whofe point h mull: be a little rounded off,
and thus it ferves as a catch for the fupport
of the reflecled blade on the upper part of
the groove for the locking part belonging to
the oppolite iide of the Forceps, by which
means the reflected blade is kept ileady,
and the handles of the Forceps are fo firmly
locked together, that they will not feparate
nor flip from each other in extracting the
infant's head ; for it muft be obferved, that
the action of the reflected blade of the For-
ceps is not on its concave fide, that fide has
no power merely of itfelf on the head of the
infant as being within it} and indeed it has
no power on the head except as ferving
only by its convex fide to prefs the bones
and integuments of the IkuU clofe together

a grain ft



( iI2 )

againft the convex fide of the narrow blade
Fig. 3, that is applied over the outfide of
the head, fo that a firm hold is fupported
and kept between them on the integu-
ments, &c. of the head, which cofuH not
fee fo regularly, or to fo good a purpofe^ ac-
compliflied by the operator's hand merely
by fqueezing or prciling the handles to-
gether, if there was not this catch to fup-
port the convex fide of the reflected bladfe
againfl the convexity of the other blade
. placed over the outer part of the child's
head : hence, by this catch preventing the
refiedted blade from flipping down when
placed within the Ikull, and bj thus en-
abling the blades to keep between them a
firm hold on the integ-uments and bones of
the Ikull, and hkewife afTifting the con '
V G xity of the blade Fig. 3, placed on the
outer part of the head, to a£l as a kind of
hook or ve6lis thereon, the head may pro-
bably be drawn down and extracted with-
out havincr recourfe to either of thofe ler*-
rible inflrumentsthe blunted hook, crotchet,
or any fuch like.

Fio.



k ( JI3 )

Fig. 12. ^

As to Fig. 12, it {he\Â¥3 the reflecllon of
the blade {"eparately and diftiiicily by itfelf.
But to delineate it geometrically without
referring to Fig. i, firfl:, draw a right line
eleven inches and one half of an inch as the
line AB in Fig. 12, and from the point A
fet off fix inches and one half of an inch as
at the point C ; then divide the line A C in
its middle as at D v^^ith the right line E F
at right angles with the line AC; then on
the line DE fet off from D towards E one
inch and the four tenths of an inch as at the
point G, and again on the line D F fet off
from D towards F one inch and four tenths
of an inch as at the point H; then from the
point H on the hne HE fet off four inches
and a half as at the point K, and on that
radius draw a curve line from the point H
to the point C as the curve line H C ; and
again, with the like radius on the line GF,
as from the point G to the point J, draw a
curve line from G to A as the curve hne
GA; and then on that line from the point
G tov/ards A fet off one inch and eight

I tenths



tenths of an inch as at the poln: L^ viiicn.
is the end of the reflei^ed blade ; and thea
from the pohit G on the line G D fet off
two tenths and half a tenth of an inch as at
the point M, and on the radius of M J de-
fcribe a curve line towards A, fo as to be
correfpoudent with the line G L as the
curve line MN, which gives the full thick-
nefs of the upper part of the reflected blade
as from GM to LN, the end of which is
to be rounded off as in Fig, 1 1 ; then from,
the-point C on the line CH fet off one
tenth and the half of a tenth of an inch as
at the point O, and again from the point C
on the line C H let off fix tenths of an inch
as at the point P5 and then from the point
M on the line M J Ctt off three inches and
three tenths of an inch as at the point Q»
and on that radius deleribe a curve line from
'M to the point F as the curve line M P,
and then from the point G on the line G J
fet off four inches and one tenth of an inch
as at the point R, and on that radius de*
fcribe from G to O the curve line G O,
which forms the breadth of the refle6led
â– (liank of this blade of the Forceps ; and

further,



( 1 = 5 )
further, to form the refiedlion of the blade
with its hook, fet one foot of the compafies
on the point J, and on the radius of J C^
defcribe from C downwards to the right
hand a curve Hne feven tenths and half one
tenth of an inch to the point S as the curve
line C S, and then on the line C S fet off
from C fix tenths of dn inch as at the point
T, and on that radius at C defcribe the
curve line from T to P, which gives the
refle<£lion of the blade ; and then to form
its hook, from the middle of the curve line
P T as from the point tJ draw a right line
to the point S, and thus the hook (whofe
point muft be a little rounded off) is formed
for the fupport of the refledled blade when
connecled with that of Fig. 3. And finally,
to finifh the fliank of this blade, let one
foot of the compafTes on the point K, and
continue the curve line from H to C
through the point C fix tenths of an inch
as to the point V, then from the point C
on the line CB fet off one inch as at the
point W, and then draw a right line trom
the point T to W, and from V to W,
which is tlie end of the fiiank of the re-
I 2 flcclred



( >i6 )

flefled bla<:le, and it alib gives the proper
Hope for the groove of its locking part as
from V to W, and thus is dehneated geo-
metrically the lengthy thicknefs and proper
curvature of the reflected blade of the For-
ceps, with the width and rcfieclioa of its
ihank, together with the flope of the groove
for its locking part; as to its other parts,
they are the fame as delineated in Fig. i, to
which for di regions in their final conftruc-
tion theartift is particularly referred.

Fig. I ^.

But farther, with refpect to the refte£led
blade of the Forceps as delineated in Fig. 1 1
and 12, it is neceilary, for the fame reafons .
given for iliuftrating Fig, 2, to mark out
its breadth, &:c. in another figure, as in
Fig. 13. But firft it mufl be obferved, that
this blade muft be made of a plate of iron
fimilar to that of Fig:, q, in every refpecSl ex-
cept m length, ^and as it is always to be
ufed with that narrow blade, {o it is necef-
fary that they fliould correfpond in their
breadth, though not in their length, for as
the narrow blade Fig. 3 is always to be ap-
plied



( 1^7 )'

plied over the head, and the refleded blade
is always to be introduced within the IkuU,
after it has been opened with a perforator,
fo the refleded blade is not required to be
fo long as the other by at leaft an inch, for
reafons fo obvious to every prafiitioner that
it is unneceflary here to mention them.

But to conftru^l geometrically the breadth
of the reflecled blade fo as to correfpoiid
with the breadth of the narrow blade Fig. 3,
firfl:, draw a right line ten inches and half
the tenth of an inch as the line x\B in Fig;.
13, which is the axis of the Forceps ; then
from A towards B fet off four tenths and
half a tenth of an inch as at the point C,
and on that center and with that radius de-
fcribe the femicircle DAE, and then draw
its diameter DE; then from C on the line
CB fet off one inch, three tenths and
hatf the tenth of an inch as at the point F,
and crofs it at right an2;les with the line
GFI; after which fet off on that line on
both lides of F four tentlis of an inch as at
the points J and K, then let oiTfrom F on
the line FB two inches and nin.e tenths of
I 3 ail



C "8 )

an inch as at the point L, and draw a line
through L at right angles with the line LB
as the line MN ; then on the line M N on
both fides the point L fet off one tenth and
half a tenth of an inch as at the points O P ;
then from the point O draw a right line to
the point J, and from J to D, and again
from P to K, and from K to E, aiid thus
the breadth of the refleifted blade of the
fingle curved Forceps is formed : as to the
further conil:ru(£lion of its other parts, they
are the fame as thofe of Fig. 2, to which
the artift is referred for further inftrudions
to finifh this fide of the Forceps, and when
completed, will rpadily join with the nar-
row blade Fig. 3, whenever fuch cafes oc-
cur as are mentioned page 34, lo as to re-
quire its life.

Thus much for the geometrical conflruc-
tion, &c. of the different kinds of blades of
the fingle curved Forceps as delineated in
Fig. I, 2, 3, 4, 10, ir, 12, and 13, from
a view of which, and from a comparifon of
their feveral proportions with thofp of the
real inilruments, any praditioner in mid-
wifery



( 1^9 )

wiferv may readily perceive whether or not
the maker has properly conftrufted them :
â– but, however, in fuch a comparifon, though
it can be an error of no confequence, vet it