actions, iii. 93.
nerves, iii. 93.
from first division of the fifth, iii. 93.
1. frontal nerve, iii. 93.
2. nasal nerve, iii 93.
3. lachrymal nerve, iii. 93.
from the second division of the fifth, iii. 93.
inferior palpebral, iii. 93.
external and internal branches, iii. 93.
facial or portio dura of the seventh pair, iii. 93.
third pair, iii. 93.
blood-vessels, iii. 93.
1. arteries, iii. 93.
2. veins, iii. 94.
ophthalmic, cerebral, iii. 94.
facial, iii. 94.
GENERAL INDEX
803
I.ICHRYMAL ORGANS continued.
Comparative anatomy and development, hi. !i4.
1. Kyelids, iii. 94.
in Man, iii. 94.
in Birds, iii. 95.
in Chelonia, iii. 95.
in Lizards, iii. 95.
in Fishes, iii. 95.
in Cephalopoda, iii. 95.
eyebrows and eyelashes, iii. 95.
in Mammalia, iii. 95.
in Birds, iii 95.
flocculent growth of the uvea in the horse, &c.
iii. 95.
2. Conjunctiva, semilunar fold, membrana nictitans
and third eyelid, lachrymal caruncle and
glandule of Harder, iii. 96.
oculo-palpebral space, iii. 96.
in serpents, iii. 96.
membrana nictitans, iii. 96.
cartilage of the membrana nictitans, iii.
97.
muscles, iii. 97.
third eyelid of Birds, iii. 97.
muscles, iii. 97.
quadratus, iii. 97.
pyramidalis, iii. 97.
action, iii. 97.
in the Owl and Parrot, iii. 97.
in Chelonia and in the Frog, iii. 97.
glandule of Harder, iii. 98.
in Mammalia, iii. 98.
in Birds iii. 98.
in Reptiles, iii. 98.
secretion, iii. 98.
3. Secreting and derivative lachrymal apparatus,
in Mammalia, iii. 98.
in Birds, iii. 98.
in Reptiles, iii. 98.
Sauria and Chelonia, iii. 98.
Ophidia, iii. 98.
lachrymal bone, iii. 99.
infra-orbital glandular sacs of Ruminants, iii. 99.
development of the accessory parts of the eye, iii.
eyelids, iii. 99.
tarsal cartilages, iii. 99.
lachrymal gland, iii. S<9.
inner" canthus, iii. 99.
lachrymal caruncle, iii. 99.
Lachrymal calculi, or dacryoliths, ir. 82.
process, ii. 213.
tubercle, ii. 208 ; iii. 783.
Lachrymaria, or lachrymatory animalcule, iv. 13.
Lachrymo-nasal canal, ii. 208.
Lacing, tight, injurious effects of, on the liver, iii. 188.
Laciniie, rimbria?, or morsus diaboli, of Fallopian tube,
s.602.
Lacinularia, a genus of Rotifera, iv. 403.
formation of ephippial ovum in, s [119], C 12 ?-]
Lacrymte, or tears, iii. 90.
chemical composition, iii. 90.
Lactation, usually a preventive to conception, ii. 457.
cessation of menstruation during, i. 440.
a predisposing cause of fragility of the bones, i. 441.
Lacteals, iii. 228.
contents of the lacteals during digestion and at other
times, iii. 228.
lacteals of the intestines, iii. 229.
origin of the lacteals, iii. 229.
See LYMPHATIC AND LACTEAL SYSTEM.
Lactic acid, iii. &00; iv. 1271.
constitution and chemical properties of, iii. 800; iv.
1271.
a normal element of the blood, iv. 460.
Lacuna of urethra, iv. 1250.
lacuna magna, iv. 12".0.
diseased conditions of the, iv. 1262.
of bones, iii. 85o. See OSSEOCS SYSTEM.
Lacus lachrymalis, iii. 80.
Lady-cow (Coccinella), ii. 863.
Lagomys, or rat hare, anatomy of the, iv. 374, et seq.
Laguptithalmos, or morbid retraction of the upper eyelid,
iii. 79.
Laguttirif, a genus of Quadrumana, iv. 210, et scq. See
QCAURVMA.NA.
characters of the genus, iv. 210.
Laguncula repens, a species of Polypifera, iv. 56.
mode of reproduction of, iv. 5(i, o7.
Lambdoidal suture, i. 737-
l.amellibranchinta, digestive organs of the, s. 299.
renal organs of, iv. 232.
LameUicornes, a tribe of Coleoptera, ii. 860.
characters of the tribe, ii. 860.
nervous system of the, iii. 610.
Lamina cornea, iii. 675.
cribrosa of Albinus ii. 185.
of ethmoid, i. 731.
fibrous, of valves of veins, iv. 1379.
gyrorum, or tube of cochlea ii. 532.
median fibrous, iv. 1134
Lamina continued.
recto-vesical, of the pelvic fascia, iii. 933.
spiralis. ii. 532.
Laminee of bones, iii. 849. See OSSEOUS TISSUE.
of cerebellum, iii. 689, et seq.
intestinales, s. 401.
membranous, of the bladder in man, i. 380.
of sacrum, s. 118.
of vertebrae, i. 250.
Laminated ligaments, ii. 264.
Lamisca, a genus of Myriapoda, iii. 540, et seq
Lamna, teeth of, iv. 866.
Lampreys, iii. 976.
teeth and parasitic habits of the, iii. 976.
organs of respiration of, iii. 976.
of generation of, iii. 1006.
Lampris guttata, skeleton of the, iii. 963.
Lampyridce, or glow-worms, ii. 862.
characters, ii. 862.
luminousness of. See LUMINOUSNESS, ANIMAL.
Lancelet (Amphioxus lanceolatus), nervous system of the,
iii. 615617.
Land-crabs, iii. 540. See Crab.
Language, philological evidence of the common origin of
the several races of mankind, iv. 1345.
the aptotic type, as Chinese, iv. 1346.
the agglutinate type, as the language of the American
aborigines, iv. 134j.
the amalgamate type, as the classical languages, iv.
1346.
the anaptotic type, as English, iv. 1346.
princip.il groups under which the various languages
may be studied, iv. 1347.
affinities between the Australian and Tamulian of
Southern India, iv. 1363.
Laplander's cranium, iv. 13^2.
Lard, chemical characters of, ii. 23'2.
Larus cyanorhynchus (sea-gull), nervous system of the,
iii. 622.
Larva of insects, ii. 869; s. 13.
external anatomy of the larva, ii. 870.
external anatomy of the head, ii. 872.
organs of locomotion, ii. 873; iii. 441.
growth and changes of the larva, ii. 874.
alimentary canal of, s. 298.
emigration of the larvae of gnats in societies, iii. 16.
dormant vitality of larva;, iii. 157.
Laryngeal branch of the thyroid artery, i. 485.
veins, iv. 1406.
Laryngeal nerves, iii. 112.
branches of nervus vagus, iii. 886. 893. 901.
superior, iii. 886. 893.
external branch, iii. 886. 890.
internal branch, iii. 886. 893.
vascular and cardiac branch, iii. 887. 893.
inferior or recurrent laryngeal, iii. 887. 893.
inferior, or recurrent, nerve, iii. 113 ; iv. 1107.
superior laryngeal, iii. 112.
functions of the laryngeal nerves, iii. 113.
motions of the glottis during respiration, iii. 1 13.
phenomena observed when the recurrent nerves
are diseased, compressed, or cut, iii. 113.
spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis, iii. 1 13.
laryngismus stridulus, iii. 113. 124.
effects of the lesion of the laryngeal nerves in en-
feebling the voice, iii. 895.
crowing sound after section of the inferior laryngeal
nerves, iii. 894.
Laryngismus stridulus, or spasmodic croup, iii. 1 13.
description of the disease, iii. 124.
Laryngitis, acute, iii. 115.
of children, or croup, iii. 115. See Croup.
of adults, iii. 116.
causes of inflammation, iii. 116.
chronic inflammation, iii. 118.
diffuse inflammation of the cellular tissues, iii.
lit.
diphtherite, iii. 117.
erysipelas, iii. 118.
oedema of the submucous tissue, iii. 116.
varieties, iii. 117.
idiopathic, iii. 117.
traumatic, iii. 117.
oedema without evidence of inflammation,
iii. 117.
causes of death, iii. 117.
spasm ol the glottis, iii. 117.
scarlatina anginosa, or angina maligna, iii. 117.
symptoms and appearance, iii. 117.
sloughing, iii. 118.
symptoms, iii. 117.
thickening by gradual deposit, iii. 1 17.
ulceration, iii. 119.
idiopathic, iii. 119.
sympathetic, iii. 119.
from a specific or constitutional taint, as
syphilis, scrofula, mercury, or a com-
bination of two or more of these, iii. 119.
symptoms, iii. TJi.
Laryngolomy, operation for, iii.
LAKYNX < in general anatomy), iii. 100.
general description, iii. 100.
804
GENERAL INDEX.
LARYNX continued.
1. cartilages, iii. 100.
cricoid, iii. 101.
thyroid, iii. 101.
arytenoid, iii. 102.
cornicula laryngis, iii. 102.
cuneiform cartilages, iii. 103.
epiglottis, iii. 103.
2. articulations and ligaments, iii. 103.
extrinsic articulations, iii. 103.
hyo-thyroid articulation, iii. 103.
ligamentum thyro hyoideum medium, iii.
104.
ligamenta hyo thyroidea lateralia, iii. 104.
ligaments of the epiglottis, iii. 104.
ligamentum thyro-epiglottideum, iii. 104.
ligamentum hyo epiglottideum, iii. 104.
ligamentum glosso-epiglotlideum, iii. 104.
tracheo-cric )i<iean articulation, iii. 104.
intrinsic articulations, iii. 104.
1. crico-thyroid articulation, iii. 104.
crico-thyroid ligament, iii. 104.
lateral crico-thyroid ligament, iii. 104.
2. crico-arytenoid articulation, iii. 105.
thyro-arytenoid ligaments or chords vo-
cales, iii. 105.
inferior, iii. 105.
superior, iii. 105.
3. muscles, iii. 105.
extrinsic, iii. 105. See NECK, MUSCLES OF THE.
intrinsic, iii. 105.
aryteno-epiglottidei, iii. 110.
action, iii. 110.
arytenoidei, iii. 107.
obliquus, iii. 107.
transversus, iii. 107.
crico-arytenoidei laterales, iii. 107.
postici, iii. 109.
crico-thyroidei, iii. 105.
action, iii. 106.
thyro-aryteuoidei, iii. 108.
action, iii. 109.
thyro-epiglottidei, iii. 110.
recapitulation of the action of the intrinsic muscles
of the larynx, iii. 110.
4. blood-vessels, iii. 110.
5. structures called glands, iii. 110.
arytenoid gland, iii. 110.
epiglottic gland, iii. 111.
6. mucous membrane, iii. 111.
glosso-epiglottic folds, iii. 111.
arytenp-epiglottic folds, iii. 111.
rima glottidis, iii. 111.
pomum Adami, iii. 112.
ventricles of the larynx, iii. 112.
7. nerves, iii. 112.
superior laryngeal, iii. 112.
inferior or recurrent laryngeal, iii. 113.
functions of the laryngeal nerves, iii. 113.
motions of the glottis during respiration, iii.
113.
phenomena observed when the recurrent
nerves are diseased, compressed, or cut, iii.
113.
spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis, iii. 1 13.
laryngismus stridulus, iii. 113.
description of the larynx deprived of its extrinsic
muscles, iii. 114.
anterior aspect, iii. 114.
lateral, iii. 114.
posterior, iii. 114.
inferior, iii. 114.
internal, iii. 114.
vocal functions of the larynx. See VOICE.
the larynx in infancy, i. 70.
in old age, i. 79.
LARYNX, morbid anatomy and pathology of the, iii. 114.
general remarks on the recency of accurate knowledge
of the abnormal conditions of the larynx, iii. 114.
general remarks on diseased conditions of the laryn-
geal mucous membrane, iii. 115.
of the cartilages, iii. 1 15.
ligaments, iii. 115.
muscles, iii. 115.
submucous tissue, iii. 115.
1, acute inflammation of the mucous membrane, iii.
115
of the child, or croup, iii. 115.
age at which it occurs, iii. 1 15.
condition of the lungs and brain in fatal cases
of, iii. 116.
false or adventitious membrane of croup, iii.
116.
origin of the disease, iii. 115.
stages of, described, iii. 115.
first stage, iii. 115.
second stage, iii. 115.
third or fatal stage, iii. 116.
of the adult, iii. 116.
causes, iii. 116.
oedema of the submucoug tissue, iii. 116.
varieties, iii. 117.
LARYNX, oedema of submucous tissue continued.
symptoms, iii. il7.
thickening, iii. 117.
ulceration, iii. 119.
symptoms, iii. 120.
varieties, iii. 119.
See also Laryngitis.
gangrene of the softer tissues of the larynx, iii.
120.
2. diseased condition of the cartilages of the larynx, iii.
120.
phthisis laryngea, iii. 120.
causes of, and localities attacked, iii. 120.
progress of the aisease, iii. 121.
post mortem appearances, iii. 120, 121.
symptoms, iii. 121.
treatment for cure of, iii. 121.
alteration in size and shape of the epiglottis (hy-
pertrophy and atrophy), iii. 122.
leaf-like expansion, iii. 122.
3. derangements of the function of the larynx un-
attended with organic change, iii. 122.
exceptions to the use of the epiglottis, iii. 122.
epiglottis, inert, iii. 123.
condition of the epiglottis in an animal asphyx-
iated by carbonic acid, iii. 123.
4. pathological conditions of the muscles of the larynx,
iii. 123
5. diseased conditions of the laryngeal ligaments, iii,
126.
Laserpilium, iv. 862.
Lateral fasciculi, ii. 269.
ligaments, i. 251.
of wrist-joint, external, iv. 1507.
internal, iv. 1507.
of metacarpo-phalangeal joints, ii. 510.
internal, i. 152.
process, i. 732.
sinus, i. 732.
sulcus, i. 736.
Latissimus colli muscle of Albinus, iii. 566.
dorsi muscle, i. 5. 217. 362. 3^8; iv. 435. 576j s. 137.
Laxator tympani muscle, i, 728.
Lead, method of determining the presence of, in organic
substances, iii. 804.
Leaping, injuries of the tendons of the leg, arising from,
iii. 132.
Leaping powers of various animals, iii. 474.
of the cat, iii. 474.
cricket, iii. 474.
grasshopper, iii. 474.
leopard, iii. 474.
tiger, iii. 474.
in insects, iii. 475.
in quadrupeds, iii. 475.
in man, iii. 478.
estimate of the expenditure of muscular action in
leaping, iii. 478.
increase of the respiration and circulation in
leaping, iii. 479.
Leather, art of making, ii. 404.
Leaves of plants, sleep of, iv. 678.
Leeches (Hirudines), organs and mode of progression of
the, iii. 441.
organs of circulation in the, i. 651.
eyes of, i. 167.
vascular system of, i. 170.
organs of generation, i. 171.
muscles of the, iii. 538.
Leeuwenhoek's discovery of the Rotifera, iv. 397.
" Leg, Barbadoes," iv. 1014.
Leg-bones, ii. 168. See Fibula ; Tibia.
LEG, regions of the, iii. 126.
general survey, iii. 127.
external form of the leg, iii. 127.
integument, iii. 1'27
causes of slowness of the healing process on the
front and outer part of the leg, iii. 127.
inflammation and abscess of the cellular tissue iii
128.
varicose condition of the capillaries of the integu-
ment, iii. 128 4 iv. 1398.
superficial fascia, iii. 128.
superficial veins, iii. 128.
major saphena, iii. 128.
minor saphena, iii. 128.
varicose ulcer, its treatment, iii. 130.
superficial nerves, iii. 130.
internal saphenus, iii. 130.
external saphenus or communicans tihkilis, iii.
130.
superficial lymphatics, iii. 130.
aponeurosis, iii. 130.
of the anterior region, iii. 130.
of the posterior region, iii. 130.
superficial layer, iii. 130.
deep layer, iii. 130. ,
anterior region of the log, iii. 131.
muscles, iii. 131.
anterior tibial artery, recurrent tibial, iii. 131.
operations lor ligaturing, varieties, iii. 132,
relations, iii. 132.
GENERAL INDEX.
80o
Lr.c. cunt in unl.
posterior region of the leg, iii. 132.
muscles, iii. 132.
superficial layer, iii. 132.
gastrocnemius and soleus, iii. 132.
division of tlie tendo Achillis, iii. 132.
plantaris, iii. J33.
deep layer, iii. 133.
arteries, iii. 133.
posterior tibial, iii. 133.
course, iii. 133.
relations, iii. 133
operation for ligaturing, iii. 133.
per<>ne.al, iii. 134.
course, iii. 131.
relations, iii. 13-1.
operations lor ligaturing, iii. 134.
venae comites, iii. 131.
nerve, iii. 134.
deep lymphatics, iii. 134.
difficulty of preserving the proper position of the
fibula in fracture, iii. 134.
prei aution with respect to the projecting angle which
the tibia, when amputated, presents anteriorly, iii.
13ft.
arteries requiring ligatures in amputation of the, iii.
135.
remarks on the application of artificial legs, iii. 136.
the most eligible situations for exposing the tibia in
order to trephine, &c., iii. 13'i.
liability of the tibia to disease, iii. 13'3.
curve of the tibia, iii. 136.
fracture of the leg, iii. 130.
of the fibula alone, iii. 136.
LEG, muscles of the, iii. 137.
anterior group, iii. 137.
1. tibialis anticus, iii. 137.
2. extensor longus digitorum, iii. 137.
relations, iii 137
action, iii. 137.
3. extensor proprius pollicis, iii. 137.
action, iii. 137.
relations, iii. 137.
4. peroneus tertius, iii. 137.
relations, iii. 137.
action, iii. 138.
external group, iii. 138.
1. peroneus longus, iii. 138.
action, iii. 138.
relations, iii. 138.
2. peroneus brt-vis,iii. 138
combined action, iii. 138.
posterior group, iii. 13S.
superficial layer, iii. 138.
1. gastrocnemius, iii. 138.
relations, iii. 138.
2. soleus, iii. 138.
relations, iii. 138.
tendo Achillis, iii. 139.
action, iii. 139.
3. plautaris, iii. 139.
action, iii. 139.
deep layer, iii. 139.
1. popliteus, iii. 139-
2. flexof longus digitorum, iii. 139.
accessory muscles, iii. 13S.
action, iii. 139.
relations, iii. 140.
3. flexor longus pollicis, iii. 140.
action, iii. 140.
4. tibialis posticus, iii. 140.
See also FOOT, muscles of the.
Legs of animals, motion of the, iii. 411.
the legs move by the force of gravity as a pendulum,
iii. 411.
office of the, in the progression of man, iii. 457.
legs of insects, ii. 931 ; iii. 442. See INSECTA.
reproduction of legs in Crustacea, i. 760.
Leguminous seeds, properties of, as loud, ii. 13; s. 394.
constituents of, s. 3<J4.
I.cmtnhig, economy and mode of proceeding of, iii. 17.
/.ewOM-juice. considered as an article of food, s. 3'J5.
Lemur, a genus of Quadrumana, iv. 215, el scq. See QUA-
nKTMANA.
characters of the genus, iv. 215.
organs and mode of locomotion of the, iii. 45G.
flying (Galeopithecus), teeth of the, iv. 870.
tardigradus, iii. 45i.
Lemurina:, a family of Quadrumana, iv. 214. et scq.
characters of the family, iv. 214.
genera and species of, iv. 214, 215.
Lens, crystalline, of the eye, ii. 194. See also Crystalline
leris ; EYE.
form of the lens, iv. 1440.
retractive index of the surface of the lens, iv. 1440.
Lenses, influence of convex and concave, on the rays of
light passing through them, iii. 331.
convex lens described, iii. 337.
Dr. Brewster's lens of diamond, sapphire, or carbuncle,
iii. X37.
Dr. Wollast on's doublet, iii. 338.
Cuddington lens, iii. 339.
Lcnsi-s continued.
Stanhope lens, iii. 339.
achromatic lenses, how obtained, iv. 143*.
Lenticular bone, ii. 547-
or ciliary ganglion, ii. 281 ; iii. 785; iv. G2i'.
glands of the stomach, s. 324.
nerve, ii. 281 ; iii. 785.
process of incus, ii. 547.
Leopard, organs of voice of the, iv. 1490.
powers of leaping of the, iii. 474.
urine of the, iv. 1279.
I.efxutt'lla, a genus of Kotlfera, iv. 406.
Lepadicea, a genus of Cirrhopoda, i. 6H4. See CIRKHOPOIM.
l.epas, nervous filaments of the, iii. 607.
l.cpidoptera, an order of Insecta, ii. 866.
characters of the order, ii. 866.
divisions into sections, ii. 866, 867.
mode of flight of the, iii. 421 .
mode of flight of the nocturnal Lcpidoptera, iii.
422.
nervous system of the, iii. 61 1.
ovum of Lepidoptera, s. [111.] [113.]
Lcpidusiren, iii. 990.
respiratory and circulatory apparatus in the, iii. 990.
muscles of the, iii. 543.
Leptuclinum, a genus of Tunicata. iv. 1191, ct scq,
characters of the genus iv. 1191.
Leptopus longipes, organs and mode of progression of the,
iii. 445.
Lepus, or hare, anatomy of the, iv. 3f!9, el seq.
Lepus cuniculus (rabbit), nervous system of the, iii. 623.
organs of voice of the, iv. 1491 .
Lesueura vitrea, nervous system of, iii. 602.
Lethargy. See HIBERNATION.
Leucctthiopes, Leuctethiopia, and Leucopathia. See AL-
BINO.
Lcucin, iv. 164.
Leucoma of the cornea, ii. 177
Leucorrhea, s. 694. 707.
Leucophrys, or ciliated animalcule, iv. 13.
Levator alae nasi proprius muscle, iii. 729.
anguli oris muscle, ii. 224.
relations and action, ii. 224, 225
anguli scapulae muscle, i. 370 ; iv. 576.
ani muscle.i. 178; iii. 944 ; iv. 1246; s. 138. 309.
action, i. 179.
origin, i.|178.
labii superioris alajque nasi muscle, ii. 222.224. iii.
728.
relations and action, ii. 222. 224 ; iii. 728
menti muscle, ii. 225.
relations and action, ii. 225.
palati muscle, i. 734 ; iii. .951, 952.
relations and action, iii. 952.
palpebrae superioris muscle, iii. 79 82. 784.
action of the levator, iii. 78H.
Levatores breviores costarum muscles, iv. 334. 1055.
longiores costarum, iv. 1055.
prostataa muscle, iv. 147. 1246
urince muscles, i. 178.
Lever, theory of the, in animal dynamics, iii. 410. See
Mo i ION, ANIMAL.
LibcUulina, or dragon flies, ii. 864.
characters of ihe section, ii. 864.
wings and mode of flight of the, iii. 423.
Lichanotus, a genus of Quadrumana, iv. 215, et seq. See
QUADRUMANA.
characters of the genus, iv. 215.
Lichens, reproductive system of, s. 228.
formation and development of the germ, s. 22S.
the thallus, s. 229.
the hypotliallus, s. 229.
the receptacles within or upon which the spores or
spore-like organs are produced, s. 229.
varieties, apothecia, s. 229.
spermogoniae, s. 229.
pycnides, s. 229, 230.
lamina proligera, s. 229.
paraphyses, s. 230.
thecae, s. 230.
antheridia of lichens, s. 230.
function of, s. 230.
pycnides of lichens, s. 230.
summary of reproductive organs of lichens, s. 231.
L>en. See SPLEEN.
Lienculi, seu lienes succenturiati, iv. 771.
Life, expectation of human, iv. 1474.
duration of, and causes by which it may be lengthened
or shortened, iv. 14fi9. See VITAL STATISTICS.
mean duration of, iv. 1474.
average duration of, the same amongst all races of
mankind, iv. 1337.
tenacity of, among some of the lower animals, property
of, iii. 30.
a-sociated with a high degree of irritability of the
muscular fibre, iii. 36.
LIFE, iii. 141.
I. General views, iii. 141.
definition, iii. 141.
tendency of the changes exhibited by a living
being, iii. 141.
method of prosecuting the inquiry, iii. 141.
806
GENERAL INDEX.
LIFE continued-
difficulty in the attainment of general laws in some
departments of science, iii. 141.
difficulties which beset the investigation of the
laws of vital action, iii. 142.
conditions required for the production of vital
actions, organised structure and stimulus, iii.
142.
vital properties due to the act of organisation, iii.
142.
II. History of opinions, iii. 143.
abstract terms used in the earlier ages of the
world expressing a vague idea of a property
inherent in a body that exhibits it, iii. 143.
the term life as applied by the older philosophers,
iii. 143.
tendencies in the unenlightened mind from which
the foregoing modes of explaining vital pheno-
mena have resulted, iii. 144.
modification which the forementioned doctrines
have undergone, iii. 144.
distinctness of life and mind, iii. 144.
doctrine of the vital principle put forth by Barthez,
vis medicatrix naturas of Hoffman and Cullen,
nisus formativus of Blumenbach, organic agent
of Dr. Prout, and organic force of Miiller, iii.
145.
Hunter's doctrine of the vital principle, iii. 145.
precise import attached to the term, iii. 146.
Dr. Prout's definition, iii. 146.
III. Nature and causes of vital action, iii. 146.
all changes the results of the properties of matter
called into exercise by appropriate stimuli, iii.
146.
functions groups of vital phenomena, iii. 146.
dependence of vital actions upon external stimuli,
iii. 147.
every class of organs is excited to action by its
particular stimuli, iii. 147.
conditions of a more general nature requisite for
the performance of vital actions, as heat, light,
and electricity, iii. 147.
analogy of vital phenomena to those of the uni-
verse at large, iii. 147.
illustration the earth, solar system, and universe,
iii. 147.
illustration the steam-engine, iii. 148.
conclusion vital actions the properties of organs
called into action by appropriate stimuli, iii. 148.
IV. Connexion between vitality and organisation, iii.
148.
probability that the properties which give rise to
vital action exist in all forms of matter, or at
least in all of those forms of it capable of be-
coming organised, iii. 148.
total change effected in the properties of certain
forms of matter by their entrance into new
combinations due to the act of combination,
as analogous to vital properties being due to
the act of organisation, iii. 149.
no property 'distinct from the matter which ex-
hibits it, or capable of being superadded to it or
abstracted from it, analogy of the magnetic
properties of iron to vitality considered, iii. 149.
evidence of vitality being due to the properties of
matter in the condition of organised tissues, to
be found in the vital actions themselves, iii. 149.
the assertion that the existence of organisation
implies a previous existence of life, considered,
iii. 150.
many actions performed by living beings common
to them and inorganic matter, iii. 150.
preparation of materials for organization, iii. 150.
V. Changes in composition, iii. 151.
formation of proximate principles, iii. 151.
grounds for the assumption of a distinct set of
vital affinities, iii. 151.
reasons for believing that the compounds with
which organic chemistry supplies us have a si-
milar constitution to that of inorganic com-
pounds, iii. 152.
the arguments in favour of vital affinity drawn
from the spontaneous decomposition of organic
matter, considered, iii. 152.
^ organic matter, considered, iii. 152.
presumed impossibility of artificially pro-
ducing organic compounds or proximate
principles, considered, iii. 153.