Central Park, in New York, was 45 miles); but even this was surpassed
on the 15th of November, 1871, when the anemometer showed that the
wind was blowing 151 miles an hour. The annual rainfall on Mt. Wash-
ington is 55 inches; in the centre of the State, 46 inches; along the sea-
coast, 35 inches. The isothermals for New Hampshire are: Spring, 40°;
summer, 62°-67° ; autumn, 43°-47°; winter, 15°-25° ; mean, 45°. The
climate, although rigorous, is favorable to longevity. Deaths are recorded
at the ages of 120, 116 and 115 years, Belknap's history gives a list of
91 persons who lived to the age of a century. Thirteen centenarians were
living in 1850.
Agricultural Productions. — The number of farms in 1870
was -!'U>42, averaging 169 acres each; 6 contained over 1000 acres. The
whole acreage in farm lands was 3,605,994, of which 2,334,487 acres were
improved and 1,047,090 acres in woodland; value of farms, S80,589,313;
of implements, $3,459,943; of live-stock, $15,246,545; of forest products,
$1,743,944; of orchard products, 8743,562; of market-gardens, $119,997.
Among the products were 1,800,704 pounds of maple-sugar, 16,884 gallons
of maple-molasses and 2446 gallons of wine. The value of the Indian
corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potato, tobacco and hay crops
of 1873 was $14,704,900. in 1874 there were in the State 47,500 horses,
118,100 oxen and other cattle, 92,700 milch cows, 37,800 hogs, and 237,700
sheep.
Manufactures. New Hampshire has fine water-power, and ranks
fourth in the value of cotton and woollen goods. A canal was built around
the Ajnoskeag Falls in 1816; but Manchester did not become a manufac-
turing town until 25 years later. A blast-furnace was erected at Franconia
CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 311
in 1811; an ore was obtained from a mountain in Lisbon which yielded
from 56 to 63 per cent, of pure iron. The number of manufacturing estab-
lishments reported at the last census was 3342; hands employed, 40,783;
value of products, $71,038,249. Among the leading values were: Cotton
goods, §16,999,672; woollen goods, $8,703,307; boots aud shoes, $4,780,-
020 ; printing, cotton and woollen goods, $4,670,333 ; lumber, $3,920,522 ;
tanned leather, $1,965,576; paper, $1,913,595; flouring-mill products,
$1,270,226; fire engines, $800,000; etc. There were 36 cotton and 156
woollen mills. In 1874 the number of cotton-mills was 42, haviug 855,189
spindles.
Minerals and Mining. — Copper, lead, zinc, tin and arsenic are
found. Gold has been mined in Lisbon to the value of $30,000 ; mica
is quarried ; soapstone is abundant, and the granite of New Hampshire is
extensively used. The product of the mines was $323,805 in 1870, of
which $309,720 was the value of quarried stone.
Commerce and Navigation. — Before the Revolution a large
trade in lumber and fish was carried on with the West Indies aud Great
Britain. This commerce was annihilated by the war, at the close of which,
in 1783, there was not a single square-rigged vessel in a seaworthy condi-
tion. Commerce gradually revived, and in 1806 the tonnage of Ports-
mouth was 22,798, and the total exports were valued at $795,263 ; 123
vessels cleared for the West Indies. This bright season of commercial
prosperity w y as closed by the embargo, Dec. 22, 1807 [see Historical
Sketch, page 114]. During the year ending June 30, 1874, 54 vessels en-
tered and 63 cleared in the foreign trade; value pf imports, $41,388. Three
vessels were built during the year, and there were 74 belonging to the cus-
toms district, of which 26 were employed in the cod- and mackerel-fisheries.
Railroads. — Ninety-two miles of railroad had been constructed up
to 1844. In 1873 the number of miles was 877 ; cost per mile, $24,009 ;
total capital account, $13,781,413; receipts, $3,618,460; receipts per mile,
$4126; receipts to an inhabitant, $11.24; net earnings, $1,166,274. The
mileage in 1874 was 946, under the control of 22 corporations. Rail-
roads are taxed at the same rate as other property, the " present value "
of the capital being fixed by the judges of the superior court.
Public Institutions and Education. — The State Prison at
Concord, established in 1812, has less than 100 inmates. The surplus
earnings of the prisoners amounted to more than ten thousand dollars.
The Asylum for the Insane, also at Concord, was opened in 1842. It had
received legacies and donations amounting to $244,180 up to 1874; number
of inmates about 275. A Reform School for boys and girls has been in
successful operation at Manchester since 1855, and receives about 150
pupils annually. The blind are supported at the Perkins Institute in
Boston, aud the deaf and dumb at the American Asylum in Hartford. A
312 BUBLET'S UNITED STATES
compulsory education law has been in force since 1871. All children be-
tw< i 11 the ages of 8 and 14 years arc required to attend school for at leasl
(i weeks in every year. In 1873-4 the State was divided into 2148 school
districts; value of school-houses, 82,208,025; pupils enrolled, 69,178;
teachers, 3812 ; amounl of State school fund, 8488,104; total expenditures,
8600,846. A normal school was opened at Plymouth in 1871. Five in-
stitutions afford t" young women the opportunities for higher education.
Phillips A.cademy, at Exeter, established in 1781, and Kimball Union
Academy, at Meriden, are ancient and flourishing schools. Dartmouth is
the only college [see American Education]. The census reported
i libraries, 033 religious organizations, with 624 edifices, and 51 news-
papers, 7 of them dailies. In 1875 there were 9 daily newspapers and 68
of all Kinds.
Cities and Towns. — Concord, the State capital, situated on the
Merrimack River, has a fine State-House, rebuilt in 1806. Water is drawn
from Long Pond at an expense of 8200,000. The city has extensive quar-
ries, 120 factories, the products of which are valued at 83,616,000 annu-
ally, 16 churches, 4 railroads, 2 daily newspapers, and the State library
of 11,000 volumes. Population, 12,241. Manchester is also on the Merri-
mack River, which is spanned by 5 bridges. There are 5 corporations for
the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, with a capital of $6,650,000;
number of looms, 7654 ; operatives, 9000, of whom 6300 are females. The
city library contains 18,000 volumes. Two daily and three weekly news-
papers are published. Population, 23,535, of whom 7158 were foreign
born. Nashua, at the junction of the Nashua River with the Merrimack,
has extensive cotton- and iron- mills, a library of 6000 volumes, 2 daily
and 2 weekly newspapers, 11 churches and (> railroads. The number of
inhabitants was 10,543. Dover (population, 9294) is the oldest town in
the Smte. It is situated on the Piscataqua River, 12 miles from the ocean,
and is engaged very largely in the manufacture of cotton and woollen
goods, boots and shoes, etc. There arc three weekly newspapers, 8
churches and 2 railroads. Portsmouth (9211) is the only sea-port in New
Hampshire, and it- commerce has already been noted. Its situation at
thr mouth of tin- Piscataqua affords a deep harbor never impeded by ice.
On the opposite side of the river is the Kittery Navy Yard. The other
leading towns of New Hampshire are Keene (5971 i, Rochester (4103),
Claremonl 4053), Exeter (3437), Lebanon (3094), Milford (2606), Lit-
tletOD 2446), Newport (2163), Hanover (2085).
Population.— The number of inhabitants in 1790 was 141,885;
$58; 1810,214,460; 1820,244,022; 1830, 269,328 ; 1840, 284,-
574; L850, 317,976; L860, 326,073; L870, 318,300. The number of for-
eign birth was 29,611 ; native birth, 2«s,(js«», of whom 212,374 were born
in the State. New Hampshire had received 46,495 from other States, while
CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 313
she had given to them 124,972 of her children, showing a loss to the Granite
State of 78,477. There was a decrease in population during the last decade
of 7773. The number of inhabitants to a square mile was 34.3. The
original settlers of New Hampshire were principally of Scotch and Irish
descent.
Government and Laws. — The general court, or legislature, con-
sists of 12 senators and 341 representatives. Biennial sessions are held.
The governor (salary, $1000) and his council are elected annually. Only
Protestants are eligible to the legislative and judicial offices according to
the Constitution. Three justices preside over the superior court, two terms
of which are held each year at Concord. The circuit court also has 3
judges, and at least 2 trial terms per year are held in each of the 10 coun-
ties. Judges are appointed by the governor and his council. A law has
recently been passed prohibiting marriages between first cousins. On the
1st of June, 1874, the State debt was $3,826,590; revenue for the year,
8740,002.24.
History. — The Piscataqua River was explored in 1603. Capt. John
Smith visited the Isles of Shoals in 1614. A settlement was begun near
the mouth of the Piscataqua in 1623 by a party of Englishmen who came
to fish and to trade. Dover was settled the same year. Exeter was settled
in 1638 by Wheelwright and his sister, Anne Hutchinson. Dover was
attacked by the savages June 27, 1689. Many houses were burned, 23
persons were massacred and 29 carried into captivity. Lovewell's fight
took place April 18, 1725. Only 9 out of a band of 34 men returned
unhurt. From 1680 to 1775 the seat of government was at Portsmouth.
The sons of New Hampshire bore a conspicuous and honorable part in the
struggle for independence. On the 21st of June, 1788, the Constitution
of the United States was ratified, and in 1792 the State Constitution was
adopted.
NEW JERSEY.
Situation and Extent. — New Jersey is bounded on the N. by
New York, E. by New York and the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Atlantic
Ocean and Delaware Bay and W. by the Delaware Bay and River, sepa-
rating it from the States of Delaware and Pennsylvania. It lies between
latitudes 38° 56' and 41° 21' N. and longitudes 1° 27' and 3° 6' E. from
Washington, or 73° 54' and 75° 33' W. from Greenwich. The extreme
length, from Cape May to the northern angle, is 1671 miles, and the great-
est breadth 59 miles. At the narrowest point, between Bordentown and
South Amboy, the State is but 32 miles in width. The geological survey
of New Jersey, with scientific accuracy, says: "In shape it bears some
resemblance to a bean." Its area is 8320 square miles, or 5,324,800 acres.
Physical Features. — Surface. — The southern portion is almost en-
tirely alluvial. A strip of marsh girts the sea-shore, with broad tracts of
314 BUBLEY'S UNITED STATES
.-alt meadow. Next to this is an immense sandy plain, seldom rising to a
height of 60 feet above the sea-level, until it reaches the Nevisink Hills,
opposite Bandy Hook, which have an elevation of 375 feet. Above Tren-
ton the country is more rolling and based upon the old red sandstone
formation. The north-western section is rugged and mountainous. A
range of hills, beginning at Bergen Point, skirts the Hudson River as the
Palisades and passes over into New York. Toward the Hudson the sides
hi an almost perpendicular wall from 300 to 400 feet high. < )n the
side the slope is very gradual. Rutherford Hill has an elevation of
1 l v ^ feet Twenty miles west of the Palisades there is another nearly
parallel range of hills. Six miles from Paterson is Sugar Loaf Peak, 1000
high. Along the north-west boundary are the Blue Mountains, through
which the Delaware River breaks at the Water Gap, the sides of which are
t high. At High Point, near the New York line, is the most ele-
vated land in the State, having a height of 1800 feet. Rivers, Lakes and
.—The Hudson River runs for 28 miles along the eastern border, re-
ceiving scarcely a tributary from New Jersey on account of the Palisades,
and the Delaware River constitutes the whole of the western boundary.
The three principal rivers within the State are the Ilackensack, 80 miles
long and navigable for 15 miles, which joins the Pa.-saic at the head of
Newark Bay; the Passaic, which has a fall of 72 feet at Paterson; and
the Raritan, emptying into the bay of the same name, which is navigable
to New Brunswick, 17 miles. Little Egg and Great Egg Rivers are the
principal streams which discharge their waters into the Atlantic Ocean.
Maurice River, emptying into Delaware Bay, is the largest stream in
Southern New Jersey. There are several lakes in the northern part, of
which the best known are Greenwood Lake, on the New York boundary,
16 miles in circumference, Lake Hopatcong, 5> miles long, Budd's Lake
and Green Pond. Newark Ray is 5 miles long and 2 miles broad. Staten
Island Sound separates Staten Island from the main land. From Sandy
Hook to Cape May is a long line of sandy beaches, interrupted by salt
water marshes and numerous inlets and hays. Barnegat Ray, 40 miles
long, and ( In at and Little Egg Harbors afford a safe anchorage for small
- Is, but there are no good harbors. Forests. — The sandy plains of the
south were originally covered with a growth of pine and shrub-oak. "When
these arc .in over, another growth is ready for the axe in from 25 to 40
year-. In the hilly district the principal trees are the oak, walnut, beech.
birch, ash, elm, Bugar-maple, pine, cedar, hemlock, etc.
Soil and Climate. — Sand and clay are blended in the alluvial
district of the Bouth, forming in many places a fertile loam. Beyond this
strip of loam are the -ami-plains, which have been but scantily cultivated.
Eighty year- ago these lands were worth fmm (> to 10 cents an acre.
Beds of marl underlie large portions of this district, and by its use the
CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 315
sandy soil is made to produce abundant crops. The last few years have
witnessed great changes in this portion of the State. Along the Hacken-
sack and Passaic Rivers are deposits of alluvium from 12 to 20 feet thick.
The climate is very variable. On the 22d of March, 1789, orchards were
in full bloom, but on the 23d snow fell to the depth of two feet, destroying
all the fruits for the year. In 1779 peach-blossoms and dandelions were
seen in February. The Delaware was entirely unobstructed by ice during
the winter of 1827-8. Several years of observation gave a mean temper-
ature of 50.2° at Newark, 51.2° at Paterson, 54.4° at New Brunswick and
52.4° at Cape May. The isothermals for the State are : Spring, 50° ; sum-
mer, 70°-75° ; autumn, 52°-55° ; winter, 15°-25° ; mean, 50°-55°. During
three years the rainfall at Paterson was 57.86 inches, and at Newark 46.82
inches.
Agricultural Productions. — A considerable part of New Jer-
sey is a huge market-garden for New York and Philadelphia. Its fruits
and vegetables are of excellent quality. As early as 1680 a settler wrote:
" I have seen an apple tree from a pipkin kernel yield a barrel of curious
cyder, and peaches in such plenty that some people took their carts a peach
gathering. They are a very delicate fruit, and hang almost like our onions
that are tied on ropes. My brother Robert had as many cherries this year
as would have loaded several carts." The last census reported 30,652
farms, containing an average of 98 acres each ; cash value of farms, $257,-
523,376; of farm implements, $7,887,991; of live-stock, $21,443,463; of
farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock, $42,725,-
198; of market-garden produce, $2,978,250; of orchard products, $1,295,-
282. The value of the Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat,
potato and hay crops of 1873 was $24,310,570. In 1874 there were in the
State 115,700 horses, 15,000 mules, 83,900 oxen and other cattle, 147,900
milch cows, 163,000 hogs, 125,900 sheep. Cranberries are extensively
grown in " The Pines " of the southern seaboard counties, a region contain-
ing 1,200,000 acres, heretofore uncultivated ; the yield in 1873 was 125,000
bushels, worth from $2.50 to 3.75 per bushel. Farming lands in New
* Jersey have an average value of $86.14 per acre, which is greater than in
any other State.
Manufactures. — The first saw-mill was built in 1682. Ship-build-
ing was begun in 1683. The second paper-mill in the country was built
in 1728, at Elizabeth. Window-glass was made in 1780. In 1830 the
manufactures of iron were valued at a million of dollars and of glassware
at half a million. In 1870 New Jersey ranked seventh in the value of
manufactured products and eighth in the capital invested. It stood next
to Pennsylvania in steel, next to New York in hats and caps and next to
Connecticut in India-rubber goods. The value of the molasses and sugar
refined was $11,199,740; flouring-mill products, $10,557,070; hats and
316 111' II LEY'S UNITED STATES
caps, $5,007,270; bleaching and dyeing, 84,889,695; trunks, valises, etc.,
83, 703, Odd ; jewelry, $3,315,679; printing, cotton and woollen goods,
$5,005,997. There were 17 cotton-mills in 1874, with 150,968 spindles.
Minerals and Mining. — Copper mines have been worked for 150
years. The deposits of zinc are very extensive and valuable. Freestone
from Little Falls built Trinity Church, New York, and other sandstones
of New Jersey are in high repute for building purposes. Marble, slate
and the lines! porcelain clay are found in large quantities. Iron mines are
wmked in the north-west counties. The product of the mines, quarries
and clay-hanks was estimated at five millions of dollars in 1875.
Commerce and Navigation. — The situation of the State gives
it immense facilities for commerce. Hudson county has been styled "the
land and ocean gate of America." A network of railways centre at Jer-
sey City, bringing produce from every part of the West directly to the
docks, where it is shipped for Europe. But this city belongs to the cus-
toms' district of New York, which receives credit for the business trans-
acted on the Jersey side. For the year ending June 30, 1874, the exports
at Newark were 883,997, at Perth Amboy, $3635; imports at Newark,
819,020, at Perth Amboy, 858,821. Seventy-five vessels were built in the
six customs' districts, to which 1196 vessels belong. The State ranks sixth
in the value of its fisheries, having 204 establishments, employing 947
hands; the value of the product was 8383,121, of which 8152,352 was
credited to the oyster trade.
Railroads and Canals. — Nine companies had been chartered to
build railroads previous to the year 1833, with an authorized capital of
87,140,000. The Camden and Amboy company was incorporated Feb.
4, 1830, with a capital stock of 81,000,000. Horses were the motive power
in carrying passengers from February until September, 1833; after Sep-
tember locomotives were applied to one of the three daily trains. The
railroad statement for 1873 was: Miles of railroad, 1418; cost per mile,
$115,829; capital account, 8151,388,606; receipts, 825,840,92:1; receipts
per mil-. $18,224; receipts to an inhabitant, 826.21 ; net earnings, >!».O08,-
513. In 1.S74 there were 1438 miles of railroad. Only Massachusetts and
Connecticut surpassed New Jersey in the proportion of railroad mileage to
extent of territory (one mile of railroad to every 5.8 square miles of.area).
A genera] railroad law was passed in 1873, so that the old stigma of mo-
nopoly is removed from New Jersey. Railroad corporations are taxed J
of 1 per '(Hi. nn the value of their property. The Morris Canal. 101 miles
long, connects Jersey City with the Delaware River, at Phillipsburg; it
was completed in August, 1831, at a cost of 2 million dollars, which was
Bwelled by subsequent improvements to 33 millions. The Delaware and
Rarit&D Canal connects the Delaware at Trenton with the ocean via Kari-
tan River and Bay. This canal is i\r>\ miles long, and cost 84,580,3!U.
CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 317
Population. — The early colonists were a mixture of Dutch, Swedes
and English. Settlers from New England came in considerable numbers.
The number of inhabitants in 1701 was 15,000; in 1737, 47,402, of whom
3981 were slaves; in 1745, 61,383; in 1790, 184,139; in 1800, 211,149;
in 1810, 245,562; in 1820, 277,426; in 1830, 320,823; in 1840, 373,306;
in 1850, 489,555; in 1860, 672,035; in 1870, 906,096. Of the latter num-
ber 188,943 were foreign born, and 717,153 native; 575,245 were born in
New Jersey, 5448 in Connecticut, 3359 in Delaware, 1948 in Maine, 6068
in Massachusetts, 1202 in New Hampshire, 1390 in Vermont, 1868 in
Ohio, 3384 in Maryland, 74,750 in New York, 31,947 in Pennsylvania,
2810 in Virginia and 434 in the Territories ; 148,830 native Jersey-
men were residing in other parts of the Union, and 141,908 persons had
come in from other States, showing a loss of only 6922. This deficiency
has been more than made up since the census by the overflow from New
York and Philadelphia. Dr. Franklin said : " New Jersey is like a cider-
barrel tapped at both ends." The past few years have seen it filling up at
both ends with great rapidity. In density of population New Jersey ranked
fourth among the States. The number of inhabitants to a square mile was
108.91, while Massachusetts contained 186.84, Rhode Island, 166.43 and
Connecticut 113.15 persons to a square mile.
Public Institutions and Education. — The State-Prison at
Trenton contained 653 prisoners on the 31st of October, 1874; receipts for
the year, $104,041, leaving a surplus over all expenditures of $45,234.
Prior to 1870 the prison was a tax upon the State, receiving an appropria-
tion of about 860,000 annually. An Industrial School for girls has been
established at Trenton. The State Reform School for Juveniles, at James-
burg, received nearly 300 pupils during 1874. An Asylum for the Insane
was opened at Trenton in 1868, which received 4588 patients within six
years; 655 remained at the close of 1874. Another institution for the
insane will be opened at Morristown in 1876. The building in process of
erection, at a cost of $2,000,000, is 1243 feet long and 542 feet in depth,
and will accommodate 1000 patients. The grounds comprise 416 acres.
About 840,000 is expended annually for the support of the deaf and dumb,
blind and feeble minded in the institutions of other States. All the public
schools were made free by an act passed in 1871. A compulsory education
law was passed in 1873. Corporal punishment is forbidden. No religious
service or ceremony whatsoever is allowed in the public schools of this State
except reading the Bible and repeating the Lord's Prayer. At the close
of the school year, August 31, 1874, there were 1493 school-buildings, 186,-
392 pupils enrolled in the public schools and 3216 teachers; 82,304,398
were appropriated for educational purposes ; the valuation of school prop-
erty was 86,000,732. Twenty-five of the buildings are worth from 850,000
to 880,000 each. A large and flourishing Normal School is located at
318 BUBLET'S UNITED STATES
Trenton. The Colli ge of New Jersey, at Princeton, rank.- among the oldest
institutions of the country [see American Education]. Rutgers College,
al New Brunswick, was chartered by King George III., and called Queen's
College after his consort. Its scientific school constitutes the State College
of Agriculture and the .Mechanic Arts, with a property valued at $292,200.
Burlington College is a Protestanl Episcopal institution, and Seton Ball, at
South Orange, is under the control of the Roman Catholics. The Stevens
Institute of Technology, at Boboken, has; an endowment of $650,000.
Four schools of theology are in successful operation — viz., the Theological
Seminary of the Presbyterian Church, at Princeton ; Theological Seminary
of the Reformed (Dutch) Church in America, at New Brunswick ; Drew
Theological Seminary (Methodist Episcopal), at .Madison; and a German
Presbyterian) Theological Seminary, at Newark. New Jersey has do law
or medical schools. There were, in 1870, 2413 libraries, 1402 religious
organizations, having 1384 edifices, and 122 newspapers, 20 of which were
published daily. In 1875 the whole number of newspapers and periodicals
was 177, of which 23 were dailies.
Cities and Towns. — Trenton, the State capital, situated on the
easl hank of the Delaware River, is the seat of several State institutions
already mentioned. It has very extensive potteries and iron mills and 5
daily papers. Population, 22,874. NewarL\ settled in May. 1666, by fam-
from New Haven and Milford, Conn., had 4838 inhabitants in 1811,
and 105,542 in 1870; the 'estimate for 1875 is not less than 125,000. It
contains more than a thousand manufacturing establishments, employing
nearly 30,000 hands and producing an annual value of 875,000,000.