has been an expenditure of nearly 90 millions of dollars. Property to the
value of seven thousand millions of dollars has been transported. Be-
tween the years 1836 and 1874 the amount of tolls collected was 6115,-
318,504. Six million tons of freight were transported in 1874, the value
of which was 8196,674,322.

Public Institutions and Education. — A State Board of
Charities has general supervision over the public institutions, with the ex-
ception of prisons. New York has three State-Prisons — viz., Auburn,
with 1292 cells; Clinton, with 548 cells; and Sing Sing, with 1200 cells
and 1306 prisoners. There are 6 county penitentiaries, located respect-
ively at New York, Brooklyn, Albany, Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo.
The population of all the prisons, in 1874, was 5940. Asylums for the
Insane have been opened at Utica (with accommodations for 600 patients I,
at Ovid, where 1000 can be provided for, at Poughkeepsie, Buffalo and
Middletown. Insane immigrants are taken care of by the State at the
hospital on BlackwelPs Island. Besides the six institutions above men-
tioned, there are several incorporated and private asylums, of which the
one at Bloomingdale is most widely known. For the blind there are Stair
institutions at Batavia and New York city. In the latter city also is the
School for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, which accommodates
550 pupils. At Binghamton is an Asylum for Inebriates, having 200
patients. An Asylum for Idiots has been established at Syracuse. The
House of Refuge for boys, on Randall's Island, will contain 1000, and the
Western Institution, at Rochester, 600. Free schools are established for
all between the ages of 5 and 21 years. A compulsory education law went
into effect Jan. 1, 1875, which requires all children between the ages of
8 and 14 to attend school for at least 14 weeks in every year. In 1874
the number of school districts was 11,995; teachers, 18,295; children of
school age, 1,560,820; school-houses, 11,739; total expenditures for school
purposes, $12,088,763. There are Normal Schools located at Albany,
Brockport, Buffalo, Cortland, Fredonia, Geneseo, Oswego and Potsdam.
These schools had, in 1874, 121 instructors and 2875 pupils. A new Nor-
mal College was opened in New York city in 1873 which will accommo-
date 1600 pupils. Twenty-six colleges and universities are reported, anion-



: 12 8 BUB L E T'S l TNITED STA TES

which are Columbia, Cornell, Hamilton, Union and Vassar. Thirteen
institutions for the higher education of young ladies report an attendance
of 2132 pupils. Professional instruction is afforded by 14 schools of the-
ology (among which are A.uburn, the General Theological Seminary of the
Protestanl Episcopal Church, Hamilton, Rochester and Union Theological
Seminaries, Dr. Talmage's Lav College ami Dr. Tyng's House of the
Evangelists), -1 schools of law (Albany, Hamilton, Columbia and the Uni-
versity of New York), 14 schools of medicine and 6 schools of science.
The [ndustrial College of Cornell University has received the land-grants
of Congress for agricultural education. All departments of the univer-
sity have a property estimated at 8:1,627,200. Located within the limits
of N'-u York State, although not belonging to it, is the United States Mil-
itary Academy at West Point [see Government and Laws]. In 1870
the State contained 20,020 libraries, 5627 religious organizations, with 5474
edifices, valued at $66,073,755, and 835 newspapers and periodicals, of
which < s 7 were published daily; 1086 periodicals (100 of them daily news-
paper- I were enumerated in 1875.

Cities and Towns. — New York has 24 chartered cities, which con-
tained in 1870 1,065,660 inhabitants, or 43.25 per cent, of the total popu-
lation of the State. In 1825 the entire city population was 279,031.
Albany, the capital, is situated on the Hudson River, 145 miles above New
York, al the terminus of the Erie and Champlain Canals. A bridge 1953
long and ciisting 81,100,000 spans the Hudson. Among the mosi
prominent buildings are the City Hall, Merchants' Exchange, Dudley
Observatory, Penitentiary and the new Capitol building, begun in 1< S 71
and designed to surpass any building in America. The city contain- 60
churches and supports 8 daily newspapers. Population in 1*70, (10,422,
and in 1*75, s5,584. Neiv York, the metropolis of America and the third
city of the civilized world, occupies the whole of the island of Manhattan.
133 miles long and 21 miles in extreme breadth, and 20 square miles of
Westchester county, which, was annexed in 1873. The principal public
buildiny> arc the City Hall, new Court-House, new Post-Office, costing
>7 .i iiih. nun. Bub-Treasury building. ( 'ustom-House, Oram! ( Vntral depot. 692
mg, 240 feet wide mid costing 21 millions of dollars, Masonic Tem-
ple, Academy of Design, Booth's theatre and the Young Men's Christian
Association building. Trinity church, with a spire 2* 1 feci high, is one of
the most conspicuous objects in the lower part of the city. St. Patrick's
Cathedral begun in 1858 . on Fifth Avenue, is ::l , -_' feet long. Many
..I' the business edifices rival the public buildings in cost and magnificence.

An g the most conspicuous of these arc the Western Union, Drexel,

Tribune, Evening Post and Herald buildings. There arc about a hun-
dred hotel-, of which 20 are first class. The poor and vicious classes are
■led for on t!.< most liberal scale. Blackwell's Island is entirely oc-



CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 329

cupicd by public institutions, including several hospitals, workhouses, a
penitentiary, almshouse, insane hospitals, etc. The number received into
all these institutions during the year 1874 was 195,438. More than 2500
men are employed upon the police force. The registrar of vital statistics
reported 28,597 deaths, 25,663 births and 8397 marriages during the last
year. New York has 25 miles of water-front available for docks. At
low tide there is a depth of 32 feet of water over the bar at Sandy Hook,
so that the largest vessels in the world can pass unimpeded. Six lines of
steamers run to South America and the West Indies, and 18 lines, with
175 steamships, to Europe. During the fiscal year ending June 30,
1874, $109,549,798 in duties were collected; the value of imports was
$395,133,622; of exports, $340,360,269; total foreign commerce,
$750,127,354, which was 57 per cent, of the whole foreign trade of the
United States. There were 19,640 vessels entered and cleared; 6630 ves-
sels belonged to the port, and 396, including 60 steamers, were built during
the year. For the month of July, 1875, the value of imports was
$26,189,364; of domestic exports, $23,671,774. More than 140,000 im-
migrants arrived during the year. In manufactures, also, New York ranks
as the leading city. It contained at the time of the last census 7624
manufacturing establishments, which employed 129,577 hands and pro-
duced articles valued at $332,951,520. The city valuation in 1875 was
$1,154,029,176, and the taxation, $34,620,874 ; the receipts into the trea-
sury for the year ending Aug. 1, 1875, were $40,133,614. During 1874
1357 new buildings were erected. The number of schools reported was
249; teachers, 2679; pupils, 236,543; number of colleges, 6; medical
schools, 6 ; theological schools, 2. There are 380 churches and 398 news-
papers and periodicals, of which 28 are published daily. An abundance
of pure water is supplied by the Croton aqueduct, 40} miles long and
completed at a cost of $25,000,000. Central Park, which contains 2 Cm-
ton reservoirs covering 142 acres, is 2} miles long and embraces an area
of 843 acres. The number of inhabitants in 1656 was 1000 ; in 1673,
2500; in 1773, 21,876; in 1800, 60,489; in 1870, 942,292; and in 1875
(State census), 1,064,272. Brooklyn, the third city of the republic in
size, is really a part of the commercial metropolis, with which it is con-
nected by 13 steam ferries. The union is to be made still closer by tin-
construction of a bridge 6000 feet in length, having a central span 1595
feet long and 135 feet above high water. Ten millions of dollars was the
early estimate of its cost, Later developments indicate that "the utmost
resources of the calculus" are inadequate to determine the amount of
money that will be required to finish the structure. The city is 71 miles
long and 5 miles in its greatest breadth, and covers an area of 21 square
miles. Its water frontage extends for 82 miles, along which are immense
warehouses receiving goods to the amount of $260,000,000 annually.



330 BURL E rS I TNITED STA TES

Three railroads terminate at the water-front, and most of the 25 street
railway- run to the New York ferries. Brooklyn is noted as the "City
of Churches" (it contains 240), among the most prominent of which are
Plymouth Church (Rev. Benry Ward Beecher's), St. Ann'.- and Holy
Trinity, the Church of the Pilgrims, the Roman Catholic Cathedral and
Talmage's Tabernacle. Most of the dead of New York are interred in
the cemeteries of Brooklyn. Greenwood Cemetery, containing 413 acres,
( \ pri ss Hill-. Evergreen and the Cemetery of the Holy Cross are among
the most beautiful. Prospect Park, begun in 1866, contains 550 acres,
and commands a magnificent view of the great cities and the bay. In
L706 the town contained 64 freeholders; in 1802, almost a century after,
the number had increased to 86. There were only 56 buildings at the
close of the Revolutionary war. In 1820 the number of inhabitant- was
7475; in L870, 396,099; in 1875, 483,252. During the year 1874, 1470
new buildings were erected. Williamsburg constitutes the eastern divis-
ion of Brooklyn. It contains a United States navy yard, with a dry-dock
constructed at a cost of 2 million dollars. The value of the manufactured
products from 1043 establishments, employing 18,545 hands, was
$60,8 18,673. Water is supplied from the Ridgewood works. Buffalo, the
eleventh city of the Union in size, is situated on Lake Erie at the head of
Niagara River, 295 miles from New York. It is the western terminus of
the Erie Canal, and is an important shipping-point for cattle, grain and
coal. There are very large iron-mills; ship-building is an important in-
dustry. The city has 80 churches and 9 daily newspapers. Population
in L870, 117,714, and in 1875, 134,238. Rochester, which contained
63,522 inhabitants in 1870 and 81,813 in 1875, is situated at the Falls
of the Genesee (96 feet in height), 7 miles from Lake Ontario. An al-
most unlimited water-power is afforded for the huge flouring-mills, ma-
chine-shops and other factories. Five daily newspapers are published,
two of them in the German language. Troy, situated at the head of tide-
water on the Hudson River, has extensive manufactories of iron. All the
railroads are concentrated at a union railroad depot 400 feet long. Pop-
ulation in 1870, 46,465, and in 1875,48,708. Syracuse, at the head of
< taondaga Lake, is the depot for immense salt-works, and contains numer-
ous furnaces, machine-shops, breweries, etc. The number of inhabitants
in 1870 was 43,051 ; in 1875, 49,808. The other leading cities with their
populations in L870 and 1875 respectively are I'tiea (28,804 and 32,689),

Kingsl 21,943 . Oswego (20,910 and" 22,280), Poughkeepsie (20,080

and 20,097 . Xonkers 18,357 and 17.742, a decrease), Auburn (17,225

and 19,616 . Newburgh 17,01 1 and 17,433), Elmira (15,833 and 20,093),

l ihoee 15,357 and 25,677), Lockporl (12,426 and 14,323 . Schenectady

11,026 and 12,807), Koine (11,000 and 12,511), Ogdensburg (10,076



CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 331

and 10,503), Watertown (9336 and 10,005), Long Island City (20,287
and 26,351) and Flushing (14,673 and 16,045).

Growth ill Population. — The number of inhabitants in 1701
was about 30,000; in 173J, 50,000; in 1771, 163,388. According to the
Federal census, the population at successive decennial periods has been as
follows: 1790, 340,120; 1800, 589,051; 1810, 959,049; 1820,1,372,111;
1830, 1,918,608; 1840, 2,428,921; 1850, 3,097,394; 1860, 3,880,735;
1870, 4,382,759. Of the latter number, 1,138,353 were born in foreign
countries and 3,244,406 in the United States ; 2,987,776 had their birth-
place in New York. While New York had received 256,630 from other
States, 1,073,573 of her own children were residing in other parts of the
Union, showing a loss to her, in native population, of 816,942. This State
ranked fifth in 1790, third in 1800 and second in 1810; the first place was
secured in 1820, and has since been held. The density of population is
93.25 to a square mile. Over 5000 Indians, belonging to the Six Nations
and settled upon seven reservations, are not included in the census.

Government and Laws. — The legislature consists of 32 sena-
tors and 128 assemblymen. Sessions are held annually, and each member
receives a salary of $1500 a year. Executive officers are elected for a
term of two years, with the exception of the governor and lieutenant-gov-
ernor, who serve for three years. Ten thousand dollars a year and a house
are the governor's remuneration. Seven judges constitute the court of
appeals, of whom the chief-justice receives 69500 annually and his asso-
ciates $9000 each. There are 8 judicial districts, of which the New York
district has 5 judges and the others 4 each. County courts are held in all
of the 60 counties except New York. The two cities of New York and
Brooklyn have special courts. All judges are elected by the people. The
value of taxable property in 1874 was $2,169,307,873. New York is
entitled to 33 representatives in Congress.

History. — As early as the spring of 1524 John de Verrazzano, a
Florentine in command of a French vessel, landed upon the soil of New
York. Henry Hudson sailed up the river which now bears his name in
September, 1609. A trading-post and fort were built near Albany in 1614
In May, 1626, Peter Minuit bought the island of Manhattan for 60 guil-
ders (about 24 dollars). The Swedish territory to the south was annexed
by Governor Stuyvesant in 1655. In August, 1664, the Dutch dominions
were surrendered to the English. Numerous battles were fought upon the
soil of New York during the French and Indian wars. The part which
New York took in the Revolutionary war is described elsewhere [see
Historical Sketch, p. 101]. During the war of 1812 the towns along
the Canadian frontier were much exposed to British depredations. Several
amendments have been made to the State Constitution, the last in 1*74.



332 B I '/:/./•: r>8 UNITED STATES

NORTH CAROLINA.

Situation and Extenft. — North Carolina is bounded on the N. W.
by Tenni - . N. by Virginia, I", and S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. \V.
and 8. by South Carolina and Georgia. It is situated between latitudes
83 53' and 36 33' N and longitudes 1° 35' E. and 7° 30' W. from Wash-
ington, or 75 25' and x I 30' W. from Greenwich. From east to west the
extreme lensrth is 490 miles and the extreme breadth from north to south
185 mill -. The area is 50,704 square miles, or 32,450,560 acres.

Physical Features. — Surface. — Near the sea-coast are extensive
Bwamps and salt marshes. Between Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds is a
tract 75 miles in length and 45 miles in breadth and extending over four
counties, which is called Alligator, or Little Dismal, Swamp. Baek of
the submerged land-, a low and nearly level sandy plain, with an average
slope of one foot to the mile, exteiiils inland for 150 miles to. the falls of
the Roanoke, the Yadkin and the Cape Fear. These falls mark the begin-
ning of the "hill country." which rises in a series of steps, at the average
rate of ten feet per mile, toward the Blue Ridge. In this section there are
elevation- from 200 to 1200 feet high. Mountains. — At the foot of the
Blue Ridge the ground rises from 1200 to 1500 feet, within a distance of
five or six miles, to a mountainous plateau elevated some 2500 feet above
the sea. The highest elevations east of the Rocky Mountains are in the
spurs of the Alleghany Mountains, which extend through the western part
of North Carolina. More than 20 peaks reach an altitude of 6000 feet,
while of the White Mountains [see New Hampshire] only Mount Wash-
ington attains that height. The principal summits are: Clingman's Peak
6941 fee! high . Buckley's Peak (6775 feet), Mount Mitchell (6732 feet)
and Roan Mountain fGSOO feet), all of which overtop the monarch of the
White Hills. Of inferior height are the Richard Balsam (6225 feet),
Grandfather's Peak 5897 feel and Sugar Loaf (5312 feet |. West of the
Blue Ridge 1 4 counties which belong to North Carolina are drained through
the Tenu Valley. Rivera. — Seven rivers of considerable size, all flow-
ing toward the Atlantic I >cean, have a part or the whole of their course
in North Carolina. Pc/inn'mi: on the north, the first river is the Chowan,
navigable lor 7"> mile-., which rises in Virginia and empties into Albemarle
Sound. Roanoke River is formed by the union of the Dan and the Staun-
ton, which have their sources in Southern Virginia. The length of the
main stream is 250 miles. Steamboats ascend as far as the falls, at Wel-
don, L50 miles. The Tar. navigable for 1<»<) miles, and the Xeu-e. which

is a broad lagoon for 40 miles and navigable for 120 miles, empty into

Pamlico Bound, ('ape Fear River, formed by the confluence of the Haw
and I teep Rivers, has a sufficient depth of water for sloops to ascend as far
as Fayetteville, 120 miles. The Yadkin rises in the flanks of the Blue
Ridge, and after a curse of 350 miles passes over into South Carolina,



CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 333

where it becomes the Great Pedee. The Catawba also flows into South
Carolina. West of the Blue Eidge are several small streams, which run
into the Ohio and Mississippi system. Sea-coast. — Sandy and barren islands
stretch along the 400 miles of coast, and shoals extend far out to sea, mak-
ing the North Carolina coast a terror to all mariners. Cape Hatteras is
the extreme headland. Cape Lookout and Cape Fear are less extended ;
but their names do no injustice to their dangerous character. Back of the
sandy islands are extensive sounds and deep bays. Pamlico Sound is s m
miles long, from 10 to 30 wide, and 20 feet deep. Albemarle Sound is 60
miles in length and from 4 to 15 in breadth. Currituck Sound, running
parallel with the ocean, is separated from it by a low sand-beach from 2 to
10 miles in width. Forests. — More than two millions of acres of swamp
land in the east are covered with a growth of cedar and cypress, very val-
uable for timber. The "piney woods" extend across the State in a belt
from 30 to 80 miles wide. Here grows to its perfection the long-leaved
yellow pine, or turpentine tree. Hard woods predominate in the western
section. Among the trees are the oak, hickory, walnut, maple, poplar,
bay, mistletoe, chestnut, tulip, aspen, ash, sycamore, beech, elm, mulberry,
black-walnut, live-oak, black thorn, myrtle, hawthorn, palmetto, etc.
Game is very abundant ; canvas-back ducks and wild geese are so numer-
ous that shooting them is a regular and profitable business for gunners
during the winter. The bear, deer and other wild animals are sometimes



seen.



Soil and Climate. — The swamp lands have a soil from 5 to 10 feet
deep, of which nine-tenths is a vegetable mould with a small admixture of
fine sand and clay. When drained, these lands produce very abundant
crops. Some of them have been under cultivation for a century and .-till
show no signs of diminished fertility. Much worn-out land is seen in the
great midland district, comprising 30 counties; but with sufficient fertiliza-
tion it can be profitably cultivated. The mountain region is well adapted
for grazing. A semi-tropical climate is indicated in the vegetation of the
south-east. Palmetto trees are found as far north as Cape Hatteras. The
fig and pomegranate attain the dimensions of large trees. Vegetation is
green all the year round in swamps and savannas, where cattle range with-
out need of any artificial shelter. Potatoes, cabbages and other vegetables
are planted in December to be ready for use in February and the early
spring months. In the hill-country the climate is cooler, but at Raleigh
peach trees blossom in March and the fruit ripens in June. In the valleys
of the mountain district exemption from frost can be expected only be-
tween April 25th and October 10th. The isothermal lines crossing Ninth
Carolina are: Spring, 55°-65°; summer, 72°-80°; autumn, 55°-<',.". ;
winter, 35°-50°; annual mean, 60 o -65°. Observations continued for a
series of years give the mean annual temperature at Smithville (near Cape



334 BUBLEY'S UNITED STATES

Fear) as 65.7 : Beaufort, 62.2°; Raleigh, 60°; Chapel Hill,59.7°; Ashe-
ville among the mountains . 54.45°. The annual rainfall is 45.65 inches.

Agricultural ProdUCtioUS. — Cotton is grown over nearly half
the >taic There were )•_' counties which produced over 400 bales each in
I860. In 1870 the production of cotton was 144,!):;.") hales; flax, 59,552
pounds; wool, 799,667 pounds; rice, 2,059,281 pounds; tobacco, 11,150,-
087 pounds; canc-molasse<, 33,XN<S gallons; sorghum, 621,<S55 gallons;
Bweet-potatoes, 3,071,870 bushels (outstripping Texas, which ranked next,
by more than 000,000 bushels). Rice is grown very largely in Brunswick,
the mosl south-eastern county. In the production of peas and bean- North
Carolina is surpassed only by New York. Pea-nuts, or ground-nuts, are
raised for exportation in immense quantities. The last census returns re-
ported the number of farms as 93,505, of which 116 contained more than
Kioo acres each, while the average size was 212 acres; value of farms, farm
implements and live-stock, $104,287,161; value of productions, including
betterments, etc., $57,845,940; value of the Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats,
barley, buckwheat, potato, tobacco and hay crops, in 1873, $22,964,647.
In January, 1873, the State contained 131,800 horses, 48,400 mules, 316,-
L00 oxen and other cattle, 199,100 milch cows, 823,300 hogs and 278,500
Bheep.

Manufactures. — One of the most prosperous industries is the man-
ufacture of tar, turpentine and resin from the long-leaved pine (Pinia yalus-
irii . In 1870 there were 147 establishments, affording employment to 959
hands. The production was 3,779,449 barrels of turpentine (total for all
the State-, 0,004,887 barrels), 456,131 barrels of resin (all the States, 646,-
243 barrels) and 300 barrels of tar; value of all these products, $2,338,-
309. Lumber was sawed to the value of $2,000,243. The value of flour-
ing-mill products was $2,232,404; cotton goods, $1,345,052; tobacco, $717,-
765; carriages and wagons, $340,284; total number of manufacturing
establishments, 3042; hands employed, 13,622; value of products,
$19,021,327.

."Minerals and Mining. — Gold has been obtained in moderate
quantities for many years. A branch mint was established at Charlotte

[see < Joins and Currency, page 106], where $5,118,645 in gold had been
deposited previous to its discontinuance, while $4,666,02(5 were >ent to the
Philadelphia Mint from North Carolina. The total gold product up to
June 30, 1*74, was £10,090,650. A nugget weighing 28 pounds was once
(bund in Cabarrus county. Silver to the value of nearly £50,0110 has also
been Ben! to the mint. There is an important zinc mine in Davidson
county. Copper, had, plumbago, limestone, marble, manganese, porcelain
clay, etc, are found, and marl is abundant. Bituminous coal exists
in large beds on the Cape Fear and Dan Rivers. The Shocco and White
Sulphur Springs are places of considerable resort.



CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 335

Commerce and Navigation.— There are 4 customs districts—
viz., Albemarle, Beaufort, Pamlico and Wilmington, to which 279 vessels
belong. For the year ending June 30, 1874, the value of exports was
$3,581,618; imports, $144,017. In the foreign trade 219 vessels entered
and 289 cleared; in the coastwise trade, 682 entered and 300 cleared,
making a total of 1490 vessels. Twenty-five vessels were built during the
. year. The fisheries are of considerable importance. Herring, shad, rock
and bluefish, mullet, etc., are caught in large quantities. A hundred thou-
sand barrels annually are packed on Albemarle Sound. Only Massachu-
setts and Maine employ more men in fisheries. The number engaged in
this business in 1870 was 1606; value of products, $265,839.

Railroads and Canals.— Eighty-seven miles of railroad had been
completed up to the year 1842. In 1873 the number of miles was 1265;