cost per mile, $29,399; total capital account, $35,425,096; receipts,
$2,897,488; receipts per mile, $2405 ; receipts to an inhabitant, 82.61 ; net
earnings, $1,312,062; 1447 miles were in operation in 1874. Dismal
Swamp Canal connects Albemarle Sound with Chesapeake Bay.
Public Institutions and Education. — The State Peniten-
tiary contained 445 convicts, November 1, 1874. A State Insane Asylum
was opened in 1856, which has treated over 1100 patients; 247 remained
at the close of 1874. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the
Blind contained 208 pupils, of whom 64 were colored ; an annual appro-
priation of $40,000 is made for its support by the State. The above three
institutions are all located at Raleigh, the capital. The Constitution pro-
vides for a permanent school fund for the maintenance of free public
schools. This fund in 1874 amounted to $2,190,564. The number of
children between the ages of 6 and 21 years was 348,603; public schools,
3311; teachers, 2690. Separate schools are provided for colored children.
The Ellensdale Teachers' Institute, aided by the Peabody fund, and the
Normal School at Wilmington, supported by the American Missionary
Association, give instruction to teachers. There are five colleges — viz.,
Davidson, North Carolina, Rutherford Male and Female, Trinity, Univer-
sity of North Carolina and Wake Forest College. The University of
North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, chartered in 1789, was temporarily sus-
pended in 1871. A College of Physicians and Surgeons has been organ-
ized. Instruction in theology and law is afforded by Trinity College. The
census reported 1746 libraries, 64 newspapers and periodicals (increased
in 1875 to 106, 9 of which were published daily) and 2683 religious
organizations, having 2497 edifices.
Cities and Towns. — Raleigh, the State capital (population, 7790 i,
situated near the Neuse River, contains a State-House, built of granite,
which cost $500,000, and was, at the time of its erection, one of the finest
capitols in the Union. Three of the State institutions before mentioned
336 /,' l TR l !â– ; YS l -SITED STA TES
are located al this city. It is connected with all quarters of the State by
railroads. Ten periodicals were published in 1875, two of them daily.
Wilmington (population, 13,446), the largest city and principal sea-port,
tuated "ii the Gape Fear River, 34 miles from the sea. During the
civil war this was the favorite port of the blockade runners. Nearly 400
els ran the blockade between October, 1863, and December, 1364.
The export and import trade during the year ending June 30, 1*04, was
,185,000. Ten years later, June 30,1874, the total was $3,677,822
(less than one-seventeenth as much). Wilmington has steam saw- and
planing-mills, machine-shops and turpentine distilleries and three daily
newspapers. Newbem, on the River Neuse, 40 miles above its entrance
into Pamlico Bound, has direct steamboat communication with Norfolk,
Baltimore and New York, and carries on a large trade in cotton, lumber,
iish and naval stores. It is also a place of considerable manufactures,
having founderies, machine-shops, turpentine-works, grist- and saw-mills,
etc. There are 6 churches and 4 newspapers, one of which is published
daily. The number of inhabitants in 1870 was 5849, of whom 3829 were
colored. Fayetteville (population, 46(30), 100 miles above Wilmington, on
the Cape Fear River, has a large trade in lumber, tar, turpentine, etc.
Charlotte (population, 4473) is the centre of the gold-mining district, and
now has an assay-office, which was formerly a United States mint. It
is at the intersection "of 3 railroads, and has 6 newspapers, 3 of which are
published daily. The other principal towns are Beaufort, Asheville,
Washington, Plymouth, Goldsboro', Tarboro' and Edenton.
Population. — The original settlers were Irish and French. Some
Scutch refugees came in after the battle of Culloden. A few Germans
have made their home in North Carolina; but the number of persons of
foreign birth in 1*70 was only 3029, which is less than one-third (.2827) of
1 per cent, of the entire population. The number of inhabitants at >ucces-
sive decennial periods has been as follows: 1700, 393,751 (slaves, loo, .172 ;
187,103 (slaves, 133,296); 1810, 555,500 (slaves, 168,824); 1820,
529 slaves, 204,917); 1830, 737,987 (slaves, 245,601); 1840, 753,-
419 -lav-. 245,817); 1850, 869,039 (slaves, 288,540); 1860, 992,622
(slaves, 331,059 ; L870, 1,071,361 (free colored, 391,650). The native
population was 1,068,322, />f whom 1,028,678 were born in North Caro-
lina and 39,644 wen- immigrants from other States, while 307,362
native North Carolinians were residing in other parts of the Union,
showing a loss to this Commonwealth of 267,718. The old North
State ranked third in population in 1790, held the fourth place until
I, and in 1,870 ranked fourteenth. There were 21.13 inhabitants to
a square mile.
Government and Laws.— The legislature consists of a senate
of 50 members and a house of representatives of 120 members, elected for
CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 337
two years and paid $5 per day besides mileage during the sessions, which
are held biennially. The governor (salary, $4000) and other executive
officers are chosen for a term of four years. Appellate jurisdiction is ex-
ercised by the supreme court, which consists of 5 judges. There are 12
judicial districts, in each of which terms of the superior court are held,
presided over by a single judge. All judges are elected by the people
for a term of 8 years. Persons who deny the being of Almighty God
are ineligible to office. The State debt on the 1st of October, 1874,
was $38,921,848. North Carolina is entitled to 8 representatives in
Congress.
History.— In 1584 Queen Elizabeth granted letters patent to Sir
Walter Raleigh "for the discovering and planting of new lands and coun-
tries." The first explorers landed on Roanoke Island July 4 (O. S.) of
that year. Charles II. granted Carolina to 8 noblemen in 1G68. Six years
later the population was about 4000. The division between North and
South Carolina was made in 1697. War was waged with the Tuscaroras
until 1713. "The first blood for liberty" was shed at Alamance, in May,
1771, and the first declaration of independence in the United States was
made at Charlotte, Mecklenburg county [see Historical Sketch, page
100]. The battle of Guilford Court-House, March 15, 1781, drove the
invading British army under Cornwallis from North Carolina. In 1789
the Constitution of the United States, which had been rejected in 1788, was
adopted. In February, 1861, the people voted against calling a conven-
tion to consider the question of secession. After the attack upon Fort
Sumter the governor of North Carolina seized possession of the fort.- at
Wilmington and Beaufort, the Mint at Charlotte and the United States
Arsenal at Fayetteville. An ordinance of secession was passed, and the
Constitution of the Confederate States was adopted May 21. Fort Hat-
teras and Fort Clark were taken by the Federal forces Aug. 29. Gen.
Burnside and Commodore Goldsborough captured Roanoke Island Feb. 8,
1862, and the city of Newbern March 14. Wilmington was taken on the
22d of February, 1865. Hostilities were closed by the surrender of Gen.
Johnston's army April 26. The present Constitution was ratified in 1868.
OHIO.
Situation and Extent. — Ohio is bounded on the N. by Michigan
and Lake Erie, E. by Pennsylvania and West Virginia, S. by West Vir-
ginia and Kentucky and W. by Indiana. It is situated between latitudes
38° 27' and 41° 57' N. and longitudes 3° 34' and 7° 49' W. from Wash-
ington, or 80° 34' and 84° 49' W. from Greenwich. The extreme length
is 228 miles, the breadth 220 miles and the area 39,964 square miles, or
25,576,960 acres.
Physical Features. — Surface. — The general surface of Ohio is
22
BURLE1 'S UNITED STA I
that of a greal plain, descending from the foot of the Alleghaniea toward
the Mississippi Valley. The lowest point is 425 feet above the sea level
and the highest 1540 feet, on the Bumrait between the Scioto and Miami.
Ajnong the principal elevations are Round Knob (1409 feet), Bald Moun-
tain 1391 feet), Mount Tabor 1365 feet), Little Mountain (1340 feet),
Stul: - M luntain 1301 feet) and Fort Bill i 1286 feet). Cincinnati is
tide-water, Cleveland 685 feet, Qrbana 1044 feet and Hud-
Bon 1137 feet A chain of low hills, which constitutes the water-shed be-
i Lake Erie and the Ohio River, extends along the 41st parallel of
latitude. Along the lake are cliffs, sometimes attaining a height of 750 feet
above the water surface. The south-east section of the State is undulating,
and precipitous hills, 600 and 700 feet in height, extend along the banks
of the <>hi«>. Numerous "mounds," supposed to be the work of a race
now extinct, >till exist, together with the remains of very extensive fortifi-
cations. Rivera and Lakes. — The Ohio River winds along the southern
boundary with a gentle current for 435 miles, It is subject to great fresb-
1 1 1 the spring of 1832 the stream rose to a height of 63 feet above
low-water mark. The width opposite Cincinnati is about 1600 feet. Flow-
ing into the Ohio are the Muskingum, navigable to Dresden, 95 miles; the
i, 200 miles in length; the Great Miami, 150 miles long, and the
Little Miami. The principal streams emptying into Lake Erie are the
Maumee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga and Chagrin Rivers. Fish are abundant,
including the catfish I sometime- weighing 90 pounds), sturgeon, pike, perch,
shail. etc. Lake Erie affords a navigable water frontage of 230 miles on
the north. Tlere are many -mall lakes and hasius along the water-shed;
more than one hundred have been noted in Summit county within a radius
of 2n mile-. Fbrest8. — Forty-five species of trees have been noticed which
-row to a height of more than 40 feet. When the whites first came to the
in 1810, they found in the primitive forests the buttonwood, butter-
nut, dogwood, slippery and white elm, buckeye, sassafras, spicewood, red-
hud, cofl . linden, pawpaw, poplar, locust, mulberry, birch, beech,
nut. hornbeam, black-walnut, hickory, hemlock, sycamore, oak I white,
black, Spanish ami red i, arbor vita, mistletoe, ash, aspen, yew, red cedar,
maple, spruce, gum, pine, willow, hackberry, persimmon and many others.
n species of maple, 11 of walnut and 20 of oak arc catalogued. It
In- been observed that the timber of the Western country is softer and
than in the Atlantic State-, owing probably to its more rapid
growth. Birds.- -Among the native bird- are the turkey-buzzard, hawk
plea-am. partridge, bluejay, w 1 duck, sparrow, redbird,
dpecker 5 Bpecies), eagle, raven, crow, kingfisher, wren, owl,
-p.il-' . ' te.
Soil and Climate.— Over more than half the State the soil is of
diluvial origin. In the north the drift deposit is principally clay. The
CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 339
southern counties of the "Keserve" have more of gravel and sand. This
is a fine grazing country. The river bottoms contain an alluvium of very
great fertility. The climate is subject to great variations. On the morn-
ing of June 5, 1859, there was a remarkable frost, which killed much
of the wheat and fruit in the State. "There were frosts on 8 days of May
in 1861, and light ones on the 27th of June and 3d of July" (Bureau of
Statistics). The extremes of temperature at Marietta during 28 years
were 22° below zero and 99° above. During a series of years the mean
temperature at Cleveland was 49.77°; at Marietta, 51.86°; at Cincinnati,
54.67°. For the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the minimum temperature
noted by the Signal Service Bureau for Ohio was 2° at Toledo, and the
maximum 103° at Cincinnati. The isothermal lines for the State are:
Spring, 50°; summer, 70°-74°; autumn, 50°-55°; winter, 30°; annual
mean, 50°-55°. Cincinnati is on the same isothermal lines with Lyons,
Milan and Constantinople. The annual rainfall is 33.38 inches at Cincin-
nati and 38.43 inches at Cleveland.
Agricultural Productions.— Ohio at one time ranked first in
the production of grain. It 1$73 it occupied the third rank in the pro-
duction of Indian corn, fourth in oats, fifth iu barley and seventh in wheat.
The number of farms reported in 1870 was 195,953, of which 69 contained
more than 1000 acres each, while the average size was 111 acres. The
acreage of improved land was 14,469,133 (only Illinois and New York had
more); value of farms, farm implements and live-stock, 81,200,456,541
(next to New York) ; value of farm productions, including betterments, etc.
8198,256,907 (next to New York and Illinois). In 1874 Ohio contained
738,600 horses (only Illinois had more), 22,300 mules, 882,900 oxen and
other cattle (next to Texas and Illinois), 778,500 cows (next to New York >,
4,639,000 sheep (next to California) and 2,017,400 hogs. Fruits grow in
great abundance, and nearly 350,000 acres are devoted to orchards. In
1872, which was an exceptionally good year, the apple crop was 23,000,000>
bushels and the peach crop 405,619 bushels.
Manufactures. — This State ranks third in the number of manufac-
turing establishments and fourth in the value of products. It stood first
in the fabrication of agricultural implements, and next to Illinois and Mis-
souri in pork-packing. The total number of manufacturing establishments
reported at the last census was 22,773; hands employed, 137,202; value
of products, 8269,713,610. The principal industries in value were: Flour-
ing-mill products, 824,965,629; clothing, 813,194,998; iron, rolled and
forged, 813,033,169; agricultural implements, $11,907,366 ; iron, pig, $10,-
956,938; pork packed, 810,655,950. The number of hogs parked in the
winter of 1874-5 was 871,736; value, 816,597,490.
Minerals and Mining - . — Fields of bituminous coal extend over
10,000 square miles of area. There are 30 counties in which it is profit-
340 BUBLET'S UNITED STATES
al.lv mined. The production ,,f 1*73 was 87.794,240 bushels. Iron is
mined in 20 counties to the amount of nearly 350,000 tons per year.
M n- than 4 million bushels of sail and 1,315,000 gallons of petroleum
.... produced in L873. < Sypsum, lime, potter's day and the finest quality
building-stone are found in abundance. The mining product of 1870
was $7,751,54 1. from 535 establishments.
Commerce and Navigation.— The 200 miles f coast on Lake
Erie afford direct communication with the Atlantic Ocean through the
River St Lawrence, and the 435 miles f Ohio River navigation are con-
cted, through the Mississippi, with the Gulf of Mexico, so that vessels
built in ( >hio can sail direct to foreign ports. The customs districts on the
lake have their ports of entry at Cleveland, Sandusky and Toledo. During
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1874, the value of imports was $554,376,
and the value of exports $3,528,729 ; 1362 vessels entered and 1388 cleared,
in the foreign trade; 8417 entered and 8460 cleared, in the coastwise trade;
219 vessels belonged to Cincinnati and 609 to the lake ports. Twenty-
eight vessels were built upon the lake and 40, of which 19 were steamers,
upon the Ohio. Cincinnati is a port of entry and delivery. The value
fish< ries in 1S70 was 8383,121, giving to Ohio the fifth rank among the
St ites.
Railroads and Canals. — The four great trunk-lines from the At-
lantic cities to the Mississippi cross this State, fn 1842 the first mile of
railroad was completed; in 1874 the statistics were: Miles of railroad,
4378; cost per mile, $74,254; total stock and debt, $298,931,461 ; gross
earninj 7,177,129; net earnings, $10,182,894. Of navigable canals
the State has 796 miles, including feeders and side-cuts. These were con-
structed between the years 1825 and 1844, at a total cost of $14,688,667;
average cost per mile, 818,453. The Ohio and Erie Canal, connecting the
river at Portsmouth with the lake at Cleveland, is 309 miles in length and
I • - 1,695,204. The Miami and Erie, connecting Toledo with Cincinnati,
ttends for 250 miles, and was constructed at a cost (with improvements
and repairs of $7, 163,69 1. The State also contains more than 6000 miles
of turnpike- and plank roads.
Public Institutions and Education. — The State Peniten-
tiary, erected in 1813, contained 1005 prisoners Nov. 1, 1874. The Deaf
and I > i i 1 1 1 1 » Asylum, opened Feb. 11, 1869, was constructed at a cost of
>0. Both the above institutions, together with the Asylums for the
• and I>nml). the Blind and the Idiotic, and the Central Ohio Lunatic
Asylum, are located at Columbus. Other Asylums for the Insane have
bden opened at Newburg, Dayton, Athens. Longview and Toledo, of
which the first three are wholly, and the last two partially, supported by
the State. Upwards Of 1000 patient- were senl to these hospitals for the
insane during the year 1874. An Industrial School for girls has been
CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 341
established at White Sulphur Springs, and a Reform School for boys was
opened near Lancaster in 1857. The latter institution has a farm of 1170
acres; nearly 2000 boys have been already admitted. The school statistics
for 1873-4 were: School-houses, 11,688; value, $18,829,586; teachers,
22,375; children of school age (6 to 21 years), 985,947; revenue for
school purposes, $8,300,594. There are 32 colleges (of which Oberliu had
1330 students), 12 schools of theology, 3 of law, 11 of medicine and 4
of science. Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, at Columbus, pos-
sesses a property valued at $904,000. A building has been erected which
will accommodate 500 students. The last census reported 17,790 libraries,
395 newspapers and periodicals, 26 of them daily, and 6488 religious
organizations, having 6284 edifices. In 1875 the number of newspapers
had increased to 537, of which 35 were published daily.
Cities and Towns. — Ohio contains 31 cities. Columbus was made
the State capital by an act passed Feb. 14, 1812. It occupies a central
position on the Scioto River, at the intersection of eight railroads, 110 miles
north-east of Cincinnati. The principal State institutions are concentrated
here, including the Penitentiary and the several asylums tor the insane,
blind, deaf and dumb and idiotic; there are also State and United States
Arsenals. The Capitol was completed in 1861, 15 years after its commence-
ment, at a cost of $1,365,171. Eight periodicals are issued, 2 of them
daily, and there are 45 churches. The number of inhabitants in 1870 was
31,274. Cincinnati, the "Queen City of the West," is situated upon the
Ohio River, 500 miles above its mouth. A suspension bridge, 2252 feet
long, spans the river. There are 8 lines of river packets; steamboats 300
feet long and 90 feet wide come up to the docks. The city has a water
frontage of 10 miles. Aline of hills from 400 to 450 feet high extends in
semicircular form some distance back from the river, affording the finest
sites for residences. Among the principal public edifices are the Court-
House, Hospital, Public Library, Opera-House, St. Peter's Cathedral and
the United States government buildings. The manufactures arc very ex-
tensive; there are 4000 establishments, employing 58,000 hands and pro-
ducing an annual value of $145,000,000. Pork-packing is a hading
industry, although Chicago has taken the first place, which was once held
by Cincinnati. During the season of 1873-4, 581,253 hogs were packed.
The city contains 25,000 dwellings, 160 churches and 11 public libraries.
Sixty -two periodicals are published, 9 of them daily. The population in
1800 was 750; in 1810, 2540; in 1820, 96U2; in 1830, 24,831 ; in 1840,
46,338; in 1850, 115,436; in 1860, 161,044; and in 1870, 216,239, of
whom 136,627 were natives of the United States. The valuation of prop-
erty in 1873 was $185,645,740. Thirteen railroads enter 4 depots. (
land (population, 92,829), situated on the shore of Lake Erie, is called the
"Forest City." The Court-House, City Hall and United States buildings
342 BUBLEY'S UNITED STATES
Bre fi ne B tone edifices. The Ohio and Erie Canal brings a large business
to the city. Five railroads centre in a mammoth union depdt There are
â– lv Km lanufacturing establishments, 90 churches and 6 daily news-
papers. Toledo population, 31,584), on the Maumee River, mar the
ctremity of Lake Erie, has a fine harbor, and is connected with
Cincinnati and Evansville, In. liana, by canals. Six railroads meet in one
(l.'l.Mt. Five daily newspapers are published. The other principal towns
Dayton (30,743 . Sandusky 13,000), Springfield (12,652), Hamilton
(11,081 . Zanesville 10,011 I, Akron (10,006), Chillicothe (8920), Canton
. Steubenville (8107), Youngstown (8075), Mansfield (8029) and
.,;,,]< 6698). In L873, 19,750 new buildings were erected in the State,
dt' which 15,172 were dwellings and 145 factories.
Growth in Population.— At the beginning of the present cen-
tury Ohio ranked eighteenth in population among the 20 State- then com-
posing the American Union. She took the third place in 1840, and has
since retained it. The number of inhabitants at successive deeennial
periods has been as follow- In 1800, 43,365; 1810, 230,760; 1820, 581,-
295; L830, 937,903; 1840,1,519,467; 1850,1,980,329; 1860, 2,339,511;
1 B70, 2,665,260. Between 1800 and 1810 the increase was 408.7 per cent.;
during the last decade, 13.92 per cent/ The number of inhabitants to a
Bquare mile was (It;. 69. A stream of emigration has been pouring from
Ohio westward. Indiana, Illinois and Iowa were settled to a considerable
tent by people from this State; 70,000 went to Iowa in 7 years. The
returns of 1870 showed that 806,983 of the children of Ohio were residing
in other parts of the Union, while it contained 450,454 natives of other
States and 372,493 persons of foreign birth, making a total of 822,947
idents who were not native to the soil. It has been computed that the
centre of population for the republic is at Wilmington, Clinton county,
Ohio, 45 miles oorth-east of Cincinnati.
Government and Laws. — The legislative authority is vested in
:i general assembly, consisting of 36 senators and 105 representativ -
Biennial sessions are held. Executive officers are elected for a term of
two years. Four thousand dollars salary is paid to the governor. The
supreme court consists of 5 judges, who receive $3000 .-alary each. Courts
of common pleas and also probate courts are held in each of the 88 coun-
ties. All judges are elected by the people. The value of taxable property
in 1 s 7 I was 11,580,379,324; 1<"> s national banks were in operation, having
a capital) - 000. The State debt was $7,988,205 on the 15th of
N irember in the above-mentioned year.
History. La Salle sailed alongthe Ohio River in 1680. In March.
1786, a plan wa- formed in Connecticut for the planting of a colony upon
the hank- of the Okie. \ company of 47 emigrants reached the site of
M nil:. 7th of April, 1787, and began the first settlement About
CENTENNIAL GAZETTEER AND GUIDE. 343
the same time Congress began to exercise jurisdiction over the territory
north-west of the Ohio. The old story of Indian outrages was repeated.
General St. Clair was defeated by the Miamis in 1791. In 1794 Gen.
Wayne achieved a brilliant victory over the savages, and hostilities were
soon suspended. Ohio was admitted to the Union as the seventeenth State
on the 19th of February, 1803. Conflicting claims to the land were urged
by several States, and most of it was ceded to the General Government.
Connecticut reserved 3,666,921 acres in the north-east, along Lake Erie,
which has since been known as the "Western Reserve."
OREGON.
Situation and Extent. — Oregon is bounded on the K by Wash-
ington Territory, E. by Idaho, S. by Nevada and California and W. by the
Pacific Ocean. It is situated between latitudes 42° and 46° 20' N. and
longitudes 39° 44' and 47° 35' W. from Washington, or 116° 40' and 124°
35' W. from Greenwich. The length from east to west is 360 miles, the
breadth from north to south 275 miles and the area 95,274 square miles,
or 60,975,360 acres.
Physical Features. — Surface. — Along the Pacific coast the ground
is very much broken and the mountain spurs jut out in bold headlands and
capes, among the most prominent of which are Capes Orford, Arago, Per-
petua, Foulweather and Lookout. Some twenty-five miles back are the
Coast Mountains, from 1000 to 5000 feet high. East of this range is the
Willamette Valley, having a width of from 50 to 100 miles. The valley
of the Umpqua and the valley of the Rogue Rivers, separated from each