transferred to the present Fellows of Harvard College to be held by them
in full property subject to the following conditions, viz.: The income of
said property to be paid as it accrues and as an addition to the present
salary now received by him to Dr. Jeffries Wyman, the Hersey Professor
of Anatomy, as long as he remains in office; and further also for the
term of his natural life unless he shall have previously and not of his
own accord, and not from infirmity have resigned said office or shall
have been removed from it from some cause implying unworthiness on
his part.
" After the death of said Wyman my desire is that the said fund shall
remain for the support of said Professorship to be managed and the
income to be appropriated therefor in such manner as the President and
Fellows shall think proper.
" (Signed) Thomas Lee."
On March 21, 1857, John Bacon was elected University
Professor of Chemistry for the Medical School.
A committee was appointed by the Medical Faculty, No-
vember 21, 1857, to consider and report upon the expediency
of establishing a Summer School of the Harvard Medical
School. Upon the report of this Committee it was voted
(Jan. 18, 1858) to request the Corporation to establish a
MEN AND MANNERS 535
course of Medical Instruction during- the period intervening
between the winter courses of Lectures; the proposed course
to be under the direction of the Medical Faculty. This the
Corporation did (February 27, 1856) through the following
resolution :
' That the Medical Faculty be authorized to establish a course of
Medical instruction during the period intervening between the winter
courses ; it being understood that no change is contemplated in the amount
or character of the present winter instructions nor in the requisites for a
Medical degree, nor in any of the Rules and Statutes of the Medical School
now in force ; and that no additional pecuniary charge will be incurred
by the College.
: That each Professor shall have the charge of and be responsible for
the instruction in his own department during the Summer as well as
during the Winter Session ; with the understanding that if a Professor
desires to have a Demonstrator or an Assistant during the summer session
he shall be allowed to select one with the approval of the Faculty. Such
Assistants standing in the same relation to the Faculty and to the Uni-
versity as the present demonstrator of Anatomy."
During the discussion on the question of establishing a
continuous course of studies, such as it was believed the sum-
mer school would inaugurate, the practice of conducting all
the examinations in writing was instituted, an early step in
the direction of our present methods at the Medical School.
The success of the summer school was assured financially by
the generosity of Messrs. William P. Sturgis, John C. dish-
ing, Thomas Lee, and Jonathan Phillips, each giving five
thousand dollars towards a fund for this department in the
University. The fund thus created was used to liquidate the
debt on the North Grove Street building. It created also
the nucleus of a fund to be called the "Jackson Medical
Fund." * The first session of the Summer School was begun
March 15, 1858. The Catalogue of that year states :
'"The Corporation of Harvard University, at the instance of the Med-
ical Faculty, acting upon the experience of the Tremont Street School.
* See Appendix, Chapter XXI 1.
536 HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
which has extended over a quarter of a century, have decided to intro-
duce a similar system of instruction into the Medical Department of the
University.
" Accordingly, medical instruction will hereafter be given by the Faculty
during the whole year with the exception only of appropriate vacations.
The summer instruction which has hitherto been given by the Tremont
Street School — an institution for private medical instruction — will for the
future be given by the Medical Faculty of the College under the auspices
of Harvard University.
" By adopting this course — in reality extending medical instruction
thro the year, a part of which will be devoted to lectures, and a part
to other modes of systematic study and training — the faculty believe that
they are offering to medical students the best possible method of pre-
paring themselves for the practice of medicine and surgery, and to the
medical community the best assurance that Harvard University is using
its utmost endeavors to elevate the character of the Medical profession.
" This proposed method of imparting medical education, by means of
lectures during one portion of the year, and of recitations and study
and closest observation during the other portion, under the supervision
of the same instructors, so that there may be a mutual adaptation between
the lectures of the professors in winter and the studies and observations
of the students during the summer, is believed to combine greater ad-
vantages for medical instruction than any other system.
" In order to carry out this plan of medical education, all the facilities
which Harvard University possesses for medical education will be em-
ployed. The plan of instruction and the character of these facilities are
as follows :
"Each year is divided into Two Terms or Sessions.
" During the winter session, lectures will be given as heretofore, com-
mencing on the first Wednesday in November, in Theory and Practice of
Physic, Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence, Anatomy and Physiology,
Pathological Anatomy, Surgery, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Chem-
istry, Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Surgery.
"During the Summer Term, instruction will be given by means of reci-
tations from text books, demonstrations, etc., in all the branches just
enumerated, except in Clinical Medicine and Clinical Surgery. Both the
latter will be taught practically thro' the year at the Massachusetts
General Hospital.
" Instruction by lectures is also given at Cambridge during the Summer
Session — in Botany by Professor Gray; on Comparative Anatomy by Pro-
fessor Wyman; in Zoology by Professor Agassiz; and in Accoustics and
Optics by Professor Lovering. To these lectures students of the Summer
Session of the Massachusetts Medical College will be admitted without
extra charge.
MEN AND MANNERS 537
" The instruction which is given during the summer will be superin-
tended in each department by the professor who lectures in that depart-
ment in the winter.
" The Faculty recommend to students constant attendance at the Hos-
pital, and to those who are able to pass the whoie three years of pupilage
under their direction, the selection of certain branches during the first
two years of preparation to the exclusion of others.
" Thus they advise that the first year should be mainly devoted to
Anatomy and Physiology, Chemistry, Pathological Anatomy, Surgery and
Dissection.
" For the second year, they advise the study of Theory and Practice,
Midwifery, Diseases of Women and Children, and Medical Jurisprudence,
Materia Medica and Pharmacy, Diseases of Eye and Ear, Clinical Obser-
vations at the Hospital and a continuation of Dissection.
" The Third year should be devoted to a review of these branches, or of
such of them as the student finds himself to be least acquainted with.
During the last year the student is supposed to know his own deficiencies
and to have made a choice of the direction he is likely to follow,* and
therefore to select for himself those branches which are best adapted to
his wants.
" Jn accordance with the present arrangements the academic year of
the School is divided into two sessions, viz., the winter term, extending
from November to February, inclusive ; and the Summer Term extending
from March to October, inclusive.
" The winter Term includes the Medical Lectures at the College. In-
struction by recitation is given during the Summer Term. Gentlemen
who spend one or more years at the school, will have Lectures, Recitation,
or Examination daily, throughout the academic year.
"The collateral reading which has been pointed out by the Faculty,
will advantageously occupy all the time not required to prepare for the
regular exercises of the School.
" Students who waul to go over the whole ground in a single year, and
propose to follow the plan arranged for that purpose, will have two, and
perhaps three recitations a day. Their opportunity for collateral reading
and clinical observation will, of course, be more limited than if they
remained in the school a longer period.
" The Faculty, however, cannot impress too strongly upon students the
importance of not undertaking too many studies at once. Those who try
to go over the whole ground in a single year, are in great danger of
acquiring only a superficial knowledge of their profession.
"The dissection room of the school is at the Massachusetts Medical
College.
* First suggestion of specializing.
538
HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
' Terms for Summer Session $ico.oo without extra charge for dissec-
tion or otherwise. For the Winter Session, not including dissection,
$8o.co; Matriculation fee, $3; payable but once."
The number of students in this first session was, 34.
following program was advertised :
The
COURSES OF THE FIRST TWO YEARS.
Month. First year.
Anatomy & Physiology. 2 a week
March Surgery 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
April Anatomy & Physiology. 2 a week
Surgery 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
May Anatomy & Physiology .2 a week
Surgery 2 a week
Chemistry 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
June Chemistry 2 a week
Hospital
July Chemistry 2 a week
Hospital
Aug. Vacation
Hospital
Sept. Anatomy 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
Oct. Anatomy 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
Nov. Public Lecture
at the Mass. Med. College.
Weekly examination on each
course delivered at the College
Dec. Ibid
Jan. Ibid
Feb. Ibid
" Daily visits to Hosp. 3d yr. stu
Second year.
Theory & Practice 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
Theory & Practice 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
Theory & Practice 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
Midwifery, Sic, diseases of
women and children 2 a week
Hospital
Midwifery, &c 2 a week
Materia Medica 2 a week
Hospital
Vacation
Hospital
Midwifery, &c 2 a week
Materia Medica 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
Materia Medica 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
Public Lecture
at the Mass. Med. College.
Weekly examination on each
course delivered at the College
Ibid
Ibid
Ibid
dents elect their own course of studies."
ONE YEAR COURSE, TWO YEARS IN ONE.
March Anatomy & Physiology. 2 a week
Surgery & Hospital. . .2 a week
Theory & Practice. .. .2 a week
Practical Anatomy
April Anatomy & Physiology. 2 a week
Surgery & Hospital. ..2 a week
Theory & Practice. .. .2 a week
Practical Anatomy
May Anatomy & Physiology .2 a week
Surgery & Hospital. ..2 a week
Theory & Practice. .. .2 a week
Chemistry 2 a week
Practical Anatomy
J Line Chemistry 2 a week
Midwifery, &c 2 a week
Hospital
July Chemistry 2 a week
Midwifery 2 a week
Materia Medica 2 a week
Hospital
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
I )ec.
Ian.
Feb.
Vacation
Hospital
Materia Medica 2 a week
Midwifery 2 a week
Anatomy
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
Materia Medica 2 a week
Anatomy
Practical Anatomy
Hospital
Public Lecture
at the Mass. Med. College.
Weekly examinations on each
of the courses delivered at Col-
lege.
[bid
[bid
Ibid
MEN AND MANNERS 539
John Ware resigned his professorship July 31, 1858, and
the Corporation in accepting the resignation (August 28,
1858) voted:
' That in accepting the resignation of Professor Ware this Board cannot
refrain from expressing their regret at the serious loss which the Medical
School incurs in this event.
' That the President in communicating this vote to Dr. Ware be re-
quested to signify to him the sense entertained by this Board of the great
value of his services to the University for the twenty-six years during
which he has been connected with it. resulting as well from the soundness
of his judgment and the excellence and weight of his character, as from
his learning nnd professional eminence."
Arrangements were now made by which students were
permitted to visit the Boston Dispensary (1858) during the
continuation of the Lectures at the School. For the facilities
thus afforded the School paid one hundred dollars, and later
two hundred dollars to the Physicians and Surgeons of the
Dispensary.
The resignation of Ware resulted in the following further
changes :
George C. Shattuck resigned his professorship in Clinical
Medicine, January 22, 1859, and was immediately elected
Hersey Professor of Theory and Practice of Physic. Henry
Tngersoll Bowditch was elected (January 22, 1859) Professor
of Clinical Medicine.
The question of honoring the name of James Jackson by
some appropriate memorial was considered further by both
Faculty and Corporation. The former suggested that the
name James Jackson he prefixed to that of the Medical
School. Finally a letter signed by the Subscribers to the Med-
ical Fund* was sent to the Corporation, suggesting thai the
name of James Jackson be in some way connected with the
* Josiah Quincy, Wm. Sturgis, John P. Cushing, (by Wm. Sturgis,
Atty.), Thomas Lee, J. Phillips, Nathl. Thayer, Mary Pratt, II. II. Hunne-
well, R. M. Mason for S. E. Mason, N. T. Bowditch for Wm. Bowditch.
540 HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
Medical Department of the University, urging that they be-
lieved such a measure would be highly acceptable to the com-
munity, that it would materially assist in securing the amounts
proposed to be raised by the Medical Faculty for the benefit
of the Institution, and furthermore that it would be an honor
justly due to Jackson for his eminent services to the College
and to Medical Science, as well as a suitable expression and
memorial of the public esteem which he had won by his per-
sonal and professional character; and by a long life of use-
fulness. This resulted in the following action by the Cor-
poration April 30th, 1859: —
" Whereas the President and Fellows of Harvard College fully concur
in the sentiments of respect for Dr. James Jackson expressed in the
foregoing communication and in the opinion of the fitness and propriety
of permanently connecting his name with an Institution which he has done
so much to build up and make useful to the public.
' Therefore, Voted ; That the Fund by the contributors whose names
are given above together with such additions as shall be made to these
sums, shall be called the ' Jackson Medical Fund.'
" Voted That the Professorship of Clinical Medicine, which was first
filled by Dr. Jackson shall be known hereafter under the name and style
of Jackson Professorship of Clinical Medicine."
At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 the School had
as a Faculty :
Thomas Hill, D. D., President ; D. Humphreys Storer, Dean, Professor,
Midwifery and Medical Jurisprudence; John B. S. Jackson, Professor,
Pathological Anatomy ; Plenry I. Bowditch, Jackson Professor, Clinical
Medicine; Oliver W. Holmes, Professor, Anatomy and Physiology; George
C. Shattuck, Hersey Professor, Theory and Practice ; John Bacon, Pro-
fessor, Chemistry ; Henry J. Bigelow, Professor, Surgery ; Edward H.
Clarke, Professor, Materia Medica.
The course of lectures was still seventeen weeks, beginning
on the first Wednesday in November. After this the Summer
Course began and continued up to' November in the manner
described above. The following schedule illustrates the daily
division of time: —
MEN AND MANNERS
541
ORDER OF LECTURES, DAILY.
" Hour.
Monday.
Tuesday.
Wednesday
Thursday.
Friday.
Saturday.
9 o'clock
10 o'clock
11 o'clock
Shattuck
(Hosp.)
Bigeiow
Clarke
Shattuck
Jackson
Clai ke
Ware
Bigelow
Shattuck
(Hosp.)
Clarke
Ware
Bigelow
Storei
Bigelow
(Hosp.)
12 o'clock
Storer
Bacon
Storer
Bacon
Museum
I o'clock
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holmes
Holme -
4 o'clock
Shattuck
(Ho-
.
— FEES —
"' Fees for Lectures, $8o.oo.
" Matriculation, $3.00.
'"'Demonstrator's Ticket (optional), $5.00.
" Fee for Graduation, $20.00.
"' Use of Library and attendance on Hospital, Free."
The Medical Faculty approved the following nominations
(January 27, i860) of assistants in the Summer School:
Calvin Ellis, Richard M. Hodges, Joseph F. Gould, William
E. Coale, Francis Minot, and Fitch E. Oliver, (February 17,
i860). This session of the School suffered in the attendance
of students on account of the War. Henry I. Bowditch, in
his account of the School Alumni, says that in the summer of
1862 almost every student had left, in response to the re-
peated calls of the Surgeon-General for volunteers. The part
these and other alumni played in the war will be reserved for
record in a separate chapter.
The right to certain lots of land about the Medical School
building had been more or less in dispute ever since Samuel
Parkman's death in 1854. The question was settled by the
President and Fellows voting (August 30, i860) to give a
deed to the Parkman heirs, disclaiming all right to land on
the western side of the Medical School building on North
Grove Street; also in relation to the land on the eastern side
of the building.
542 HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
In 1862 permission was granted, by which the Lectures at
Cambridge were made available to students of the Medical
School, without extra charge. Later when this privilege was
made reciprocal the Medical Faculty protested, and in 1882
the President and Fellows defined explicitly the relationship
between the two departments of the University, namely that
the attendance upon lectures in the Medical School by under-
graduates from Cambridge could not be counted as a condi-
tion for recommending a candidate for a Medical Degree.
Instruction in Chemistry was now (1862) continued
through the second year course in the Summer School. It
was also decided to divide the classes into sections in order
that the facilities at the Hospital and Dispensary might be
made more available, — one third of the class to attend the
Hospital, "east wing"; one third the Hospital "west wing";
one third the Dispensary, on Mondays. These sections were
to interchange on Wednesdays, and again on Fridays, thus
giving each section a visit to the two wings of the Hospital
as well as to the dispensary each week. Henry I. Bowditch
was to give a Clinical Lecture of about half an hour's dura-
tion on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays.
In 1863 the weekly clinical conference, which had been
established under G. C. Shattuck, was transferred to Bow-
ditch. The University Lectures were reestablished this year,
and O. W. Flolmes was requested by the Faculty to give a
course of Lectures on the microscope.
On April 23rd, 1863, Calvin Ellis was elected Adjunct
Professor of Theory and Practice. On October 10th, 1863,
George Hayward died ; "A child of the College, he was loyal
to its interests throughout life. In his prime he was a faith-
ful Professor in one of its departments of instruction, and in
his later years he brought to its service in the Board an affec-
tionate zeal, prudent counsel, and a large and varied knowl-
edge of men and affairs."
MEN AND MANNERS 543
The Corporation voted (June II, 1864) to establish in the
Medical School a Professorship of the Physiology and Path-
ology of the Nervous System, the duties of the Professor "to
be such as may be determined from time to time, and the com-
pensation of the Professor to be derived from fees." Charles
E. Brown-Sequard was chosen for the chair. Upon the resig-
nation of Storer as Dean (September 12, 1864) G. C. Shat-
tuck was elected to that office.
The newly opened City Hospital was offered to- the School,
in 1864, as a place of instruction for medical students.
By a vote of the Corporation, October 20, 1865, Calvin Ellis
was transferred as Adjunct Professor from the Department
of Theory and Practice to that of Clinical Medicine, and Ed-
ward Buckingham was elected Adjunct Professor of Theory
and Practice. This change was made because the Corpora-
tion thought it inadvisable to have two Adjunct Professors
in one department and none in other departments.
Many changes now resulted. The Faculty were anxious
to obtain the endowment from the Hersey Professorship,
"which this Faculty have always maintained was intended
for the Medical School rather than for the College." With
this end in view it was suggested that Jeffries Wyman, in-
cumbent of the Hersey Professorship of Anatomy since its
separation from the Medical School in 1847, be elected a
member of the Medical Faculty. It was voted by the Cor-
poration on January 20, 1866, that "Professor Wyman be
added to the Medical Faculty, and that he be permitted to
deliver annually a course of lectures at the Medical School in
Boston." Thus the question was again deferred, but not
settled. At this same meeting of the President and Fellows,
Tosiah Stickney Lombard was chosen Assistant Professor
of Physiologv in the Medical School, and it was then stipu-
lated that "when an Adjunct Professor is hereafter appointed
his term of office shall be considered as closing with that of his
544 HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
professor." On January 27, 1866, Richard M. Hodges was
chosen Adjunct Professor of Surgery ; on February 24, 1866,
James C. White was chosen Adjunct Professor of Chemistry;
and on May 26, 1866, David W. Cheever was chosen Assist-
ant Professor of Anatomy. The examination of a patient
by a student in the presence of the Professor or his Assist-
ant, and a written statement of the diagnosis of the case, was
thought sufficient examination in the Clinical Department.
In 1866 the ever-recurring question of fees was considered
by the Medical Schools of Philadelphia, New York, Brook-
lyn, and Boston, and it was mutually agreed that the fees
should be raised. At the Harvard School there were now
nine departments in which instruction was given during the
winter term: (1) Anatomy and Physiology, (2) Surgery,
(3) Chemistry, (4) Theory and Practice of Physic, (5) Mid-
wifery and Medical Jurisprudence, (6) Materia Medica, (7)
Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous System. (8) Clin-
ical Medicine, and (9) Pathological Anatomy. The aggre-
gate fees of these departments amounted to ninety-five dol-
lars for each student attending a full course of lectures. It
was voted to raise the fees to one hundred and twenty dol-
lars, distributed as follows: Anatomy and Physiology, $18;
Surgery and Clinical Surgery, $18; Chemistry, $18; Theory
and Practice, $12; Midwifery and Medical Jurisprudence,
$12; Materia Medica, $12; Clinical Medicine, $12; Physiology
and Pathology, Nervous System, $12; Pathological Anat-
omy, $6. Total, $120.
On account of the continued absence from the country of
Brown-Scquard, it was arranged that in the event of his not
returning the price of tickets in the separate departments be
as follows: Anatomy and Physiology, $20; Surgery, $20;
Chemistry, $20; Theory and Practice, $15; Midwifery and
Medical Jurisprudence, $15; Materia Medica, $12; Clinical
Medicine, $12; Pathological Anatomy, $6. Total, $120.
MEN AND MANNERS 545
The excess of the new rates over the old was to be paid
into a contingent fund. This contingent fund was to be
assessed for the current expenses of the School in the same
way as the fees of each department are now assessed, and the
remainder, after this amount was withdrawn, was to be di-
vided among the teachers according to a vote of the Faculty,
it being optional whether the whole or a part should be ap-
propriated for the current expenses. In the Summer School
the fees were fixed at fifty dollars for those attending the
Spring term only; seventy-five dollars for Spring and Sum-
mer students ; thirty dollars for the Autumn students. The
fee for the three terms to be one hundred dollars. However,
a student could take a ticket for one month, for which the
fee was twenty dollars. The title Assistant in a Depart-
ment was now changed to Instructor (September 17, 1866).
The use of the microscope was receiving more attention.
To supplement the lectures given by O. W. Holmes, there
was a small room fitted up by Calvin Ellis, where a separate
laboratory was established. There the student might study
normal and pathological histology far better than in any