Pacata Hibernia. 133
are the actors, otherwise I imagine there had fallen
out better success ; but we have some spirits in Spain
as that of Essex's was in England, and will never rest
until they have either ruined the kingdom or them-
selves ; but dare you, sir, impart this conference to
the President ?
Hae. I promise you if I live I will.
Soto. It may be out of this may proceed some good
effect, for from less beginnings than this have greater
matters risen.
Har. I believe you, although I have small hopes of
this.
SoTO. And why ? Cannot England stand without
the Low Countries ?
Har. Yes, against all the earth, but not so quiet if
they were yours.
SoTO. Why ? We will not ask any assistance from
the Queen, but only have her stand a neuter, and for
her safety and the kingdom's we will put in pledge
twenty of the best houses in Spain ; such as your
State will choose ; and if the State of England will
but look judicially into it they shall find the offer
honest, and fit to be accepted ; considering that the
Queen of England is by nature as mortal as others of
less quality ; and if she were dead, I know the next
that shall succeed will afford it and be glad of it upon
less conditions, or else I am deceived.
Har. But God be thanked we have no cause in
England to dream of succession, but hope she shall be
eternal to us.
SoTO. That were ill news to him who looks to
succeed.
Har. But, sir, to the matter ; because I have pro-
mised you to impart this conference to the President,
134 Pacata Hibernia.
let me entreat you to have something under your
hand to justify it.
SoTO. You shall have a pass (either for yourself or
any other) from me to come into Spain touching this
business. The effect whereof I most humbly refer
unto God, and so bid you farewell.
Pedro Lopez de Soto, Overseer-general of the army
of my Sovereign the CathoUc King, etc. For cer-
tain due respects, behooful for His Majesty's service,
this free passport, in his royal name, is assured for any
England ship which shall bring any dispatch from
Roger Harvy, Governor of the garrisons at Castlehaven
and Baltimore, directed and superscribed to me, which
shall happen to arrive in any port in Spain from the
date hereof to the end of July next ; by virtue whereof
His Majesty's chief officer that shall govern the
province or port where the said ships shall arrive shall
give commandment for the service of His Majesty that
both it, the seafaring men, and all other persons with
their goods, shall be freely received and entertained,
and accommodated to their Hking and content, until
the dispatch in the said ship, directed to me, be sent
to Don Pedro Franquesa. The said ship, with her
men and goods, may not only freely return to these
northern parts without any impediment, but rather to
be treated with all possible courtesies. And if any of
His Majesty's ships of war, or any of his subjects'
ships, shall meet with this EngHsh ship, either out-
ward or homeward bound, they shall permit her to
pass without any detention, it being convenient for His
Majesty's service so to do. Written at Baltimore, the
ninth of March, 1G02.
PiiDKo Lopez de Soto.
Pacata Hibernia. 135
Pedeo Lopez de Soto's Letter to Captain Rogeb
Harvy.
Althougli you be an Englishman and myself a
Spaniard, nevertheless, finding you to be, as it appears
to me, a man of honour in all your actions, I cannot
but assure you that I am extremely affectioned unto
you, and the cause that moves me to desire your
friendship and correspondence is the just respect I
have to the good proceedings of the Lord Deputy, and
the Lord President, and their ministers towards the
King my master, as also of you and the rest in the
service of your Prince, which hath obliged us to a
good correspondence. The passport which I left with
you shall be always faithfully accomplished when occa-
sion shall serve, and of the same you may be confi-
dent, for we will fully observe it. And so God keep
you. Erom the Groyne, the ninth of April, 1602.
Pedro Lopez de Soto.
To Captain Roger Harvy, Governor of
Castlehaven and Baltimore.
CHAPTER XXIX.
Don Juan embarked at Kinsale — The Lord Deputy departed from
Cork towards DuLlin — A letter from the Lord Deputy and
Council to the Lords in England — The Lord Deputy sickened
in his journey to Dublin — The Lord President surprised with a
fever in his return to Munster,
The eightli of March, Don Juan was at Kinsale,
hourly expecting a wind to be gone, and finding a
flattering gale went aboard. The Lord Deputy, on
the other hand, desirous to be at his work in Ulster,
for the prosecution of Tyrone, the day following
began his journey towards Dublin, on whom the Lord
President attended, until he had brought him out of
the province. But Don John, for want of a fair wind,
departed not from Kinsale until the sixteenth of the
same month. The day before the Lord Deputy's
departure, or the same day, I know not which, his
Lordship, being mindful of the sufficiency, blood, and
valour of Sir Richard Percy, caused him to be sworn
a Councillor of the province of Munster, and the night
that he left Cork he lodged at Cloyne, a town and
manor-house sometime belonging to the bishop of that
see, but now passed in fee farm to Master John Fitz-
Edmonds, who gave cheerful and plentiful entertain-
ment to his Lordship and all such of the nobility,
captains, gentlemen, and others that attended upon
him. The Deputy, as well to requite his perpetual
MAP OK CORK.
Vol. 11.
To fiicc piiK'e 137.
Pacata Hibernia. 137
loyalty to the Crown of England, as also to encourage
others in the like, at his departure honoured him with
the order of knighthood, and then continued his jour-
ney towards "Waterford, where he bestowed the like
honour upon Edward Gough and Richard Aylward,^
two old and well-deserving citizens.
The President, having attended the Lord Deputy to
Kilkenny, where they lodged in the Earl of Ormond's
house, and all things considered which concerned the
state of the kingdom, upon the four-and-twentieth of
March, the last day of the year 1601, the Lord Deputy
and Council made a dispatch into England, which here
ensues : —
A Letter from the Lord Deputy and Council to
THE Lords in England.
It may please your Lordships, having certain intelli-
gence since our coming to this place, that Don Juan
and all the rest of the Spaniards departed from Kinsale
on Tuesday the sixteenth hereof, and that the wind
since that time hath served them so well that we assure
ourselves by this they are near the coast of Spain ; we
thought fit hereby to give your Lordships notice
thereof that you may know that we are free now of
them all. Since our being here there hath been
brought in a notorious rebel, one William Mac-
Hubbard, lately taken in Upperossery, who of late
hath done great spoils and murders in these parts,
more than any other, so that we have caused him to
be executed in this town to the great terror of many.
About the same time that he was executed a son of
^ I think this is the first example of a knighthood in Ireland con-
ferred on a citizen.
138 Pacata Hibernia.
Garret MacMortagli's, named Morris MacGarret, died
of a hurt lately given him in fight, who was a most
dangerous young man, likely to trouble all the country.
The death of these two rebels, as also of a notorious
rebel, by birth of Munster, lately slain, called Dermot
MacAwley, who was an intimate man and a great prac-
tising instrument with Tyrone, will greatly quiet these
parts, and your Lordships can hardly think what a
great change we find already by their so happy and
timely cutting-off. As for Sir Finnin O'Driscall,
O'Donnevan, and the two sons of Sir Owen MacCarty,
they and their followers, since their coming in, are
grown very odious to the rebels of those parts, and are
so well divided in factions amongst themselves that
they are fallen to preying and killing one another,
which we conceive will much avail to the quieting of
these parts. I, the Deputy, am this day going towards
Dublin, whence your Lordships shall hear from me,
according to the directions given me by your Lord-
ships. And I, the President, am returning into
Munster, to attend my charge there. We have been
much importuned by the army in general touching an
abatement of half-a-pound of beef upon every flesh-
day, from every particular soldier, and of two herrings
every fish-day, and the horse-troops likewise find
themselves aggrieved that the victuallers charge them
with two shillings and sixpence increase in the issuing
of every barrel of oats, without any other warrant
than a private letter from Master Wade, Clerk of the
Council ; which although we conceive Master Wade
hath signified over upon such purpose of your Lord-
ships, or other good ground, yet in regard of impor-
tunities of the captains, and to prevent a general
mutiny of the army, in regard the soldiers are weak
Pacata Hibernia. 139
and mucli enfeebled by the last siege of Kinsale, and
that the prices of all things are increased above all
measure, by reason of the new standard coin, and that
the country is generally much harried and wasted, and
thereby great scarcity and wants grow here ; we hold
it meet, and accordingly gave direction to the com-
missary of the victuals to issue oats, as formerly, at
six shillings the barrel, and allow the soldier two
pounds of beef and eight herrings a day, according as
it was formerly accustomed, till your Lordships'
resolution were returned in that behalf, which we
humbly pray and expect. And so, having no other
matter at this time worthy the presenting to your
Lordships, we most humbly take leave.
The same day, after this letter was signed, the
Lord Deputy took his journey towards Dublin, but
was surprised with an ill disposition of health, which
so increased upon him that the next day he was
forced to be carried in his horse-litter, and so con-
tinued until he arrived there. And the President,
the aforesaid day returned towards Cork, was surprised
with the like accident, inasmuch as he was not able
that night to journey any farther than to Master
Geralt Comerford's ^ house, not distant from Kilkenny
above three miles, and there it appeared that he was
in a burning fever. Nevertheless, being transported
with a desire to be in his province, the next day he
removed, and so, by easy journeys, resting some days
upon the way, at last, upon the third of April, he
^ This gentleman was one of the judges. He had been Attorney-
General of Connaught under Sir E. Bingham's regime. The Low
Burkes, who were seldom out of rebellion, charged him with bein^r " a
great stirrer-up of wars," a curious charge to come from a nation so
awfully given to fighting as were the Low Burkes.
140 Pacata Hibernia.
came to Cork, but was exceedingly weak, and in many
men's opinion in danger of death.
The actions, accidents, and services of mark related
in this second book, for the reader's better memory, I
will briefly recount, which were as foUoweth : viz.
the sending of forces out to Munster into Connaught
to withstand the entrance of Connaught and Ulster
men into Munster ; the taking of James FitzThomas,
the reputed Earl of Desmond ; the apprehension of
Florence MacCarty ; the sending of a regiment . into
Connaught for the service of that province; the
sending of James FitzThomas and Florence prisoners
into England ; the restraint of certain principal
gentlemen of Munster that were apt to rebel; the
arrival of the Spaniards at Kinsale ; the Lord Deputy's
coming into Munster ; the siege of Kinsale ; the
landing of seconds from Spain at Castlehaven ; the
remarkable sea-fight in that harbour ; the revolt of
divers of the provincials ; the coming of Tyrone and
O'Donnell to raise the siege at Kinsale ; the famous
victory obtained against them and the Spaniards ; the
flight of O'Donnell, Redmond Burke, etc., into Spain ;
the honourable and advantageous composition ; the
rendering of Castlehaven and the castles at Baltimore
to Her Majesty; the surprising of the castle of
Donboy by O'Sulevan Beare ; the transporting of the
Spaniards into Spain ; and the departure of the Lord
Deputy out of Munster.
THE END OF THE SECOND BOOK.
o
MAP OK TIIK AKMV ON TlIK HEARK ( OUNTRY.
Vol II.
To fnce piiura 141.
PACATA HI BERN I A.
THE THIRD BOOK OF THE WARS IN
IRELAND,
Whereby that Country was reduced to Subjection and
Obedience.
CHAPTER I.
The estate of the province of Munster after the siege of Kinsale
— The war of Ireland censured to be lawfully maintained by
the rebels in the opinion of the learned men of Spain — The
names of the doctors of Salamanca who censured the lawfulness
of the rebellion in Ireland.
ALTHOtTGH the Spaniards, as is related, were sent away
out of Ireland, and the province of Munster cleared of
strangers, yet to regulate and draw into order the
Provincials who were revolted was a task of no small
labour for the President to undertake, being not un-
like the state of men's bodies, wherein relapses are far
more dangerous than the first sickness. Before the
coming of these Castilians the province, as you have
heard, was in so good conformity that the civil justice
without all contradiction, had as current passage as in
any of the former years of peace, and every man's
142 Pacata Hibernia.
cattle, without loss or danger, lay day and night in
the fields.^ But now the rebels and their hired
bonoghs swarmed everywhere, and especially in Car-
berry, Beare, Desmond, and Kerry, insomuch that
there was no place in them, or adjoining them, free
from these caterpillars, who, beholding the grievous-
ness of their oifences, grew to be desperate, concluding
themselves to be the children of perdition, and not
capable of Her Majesty's gracious mercy, whereby
their obstinacy was increased. In the tract of land
aforementioned there were no castles which were held
for the Queen but those which the Spaniards rendered
and which were guarded by the two Captain Harvys,
and Castle Mange, in Kerry, wherein a guard of Sir
Charles Wilmot's had continued all the time of the
siege at Kinsale ; all the rest were in the possession of
the rebels. In this distemper the province remained
when the Lord Deputy left the same.
But before I enter further into the progression of
the alfairs of Munster I beseech the reader to pardon
me for this ensuing digression, in which he may per-
ceive how the learned men of Spain, at Salamanca,
maintained and approved the rebellion in Ireland,
which was handled upon the seventh day of March,
1602, stilo novo.
In the name of God, Amen : The most renowned
Prince Hugh O'Neale doth make war for the defence
of the Catholic faith with the Queen of England and
* This, which would seem to us to be a modest achievement in the
way of administration, was in the sixteenth century regarded as a
wonderful success. Perrott relates that all over Ireland in his time
the cattle " would lye abroad at nights." Plainly the age was far
removed from the time when a lovely young maiden could travel
Ireland from end to end, singing and bearing gold and exliibiting her
beauty in a conspicuous manner.
Pacata Hibernia. 143
tlie English people; that is to say, that it may be law-
ful for him and the Irish freely to profess the Catholic
religion, which liberty the Queen of England doth
endeavour to take from them by force and arms.
There are two matters now in question about this
war. The one is, whether it be lawful for the Irish
Catholics to favour the aforesaid Prince Hugh with
arms and all other means in this war. The other is,
whether it be lawful for the same Catholics to fight
against the aforesaid prince without deadly sin and to
favour the English in this war, either with arms, or
by any other means, especially when, if they deny this
kind of help to the English, they expose themselves to
a manifest danger of their life or of losing all their
temporal goods. And, furthermore, since it is per-
mitted by the Pope that the Irish Catholics may obey
the aforesaid Queen of England, and acknowledge her
as their lawful Queen by paying tribute to her ; for it
seemeth that what belongeth to subjects to do may be
performed, that is to say, to fight against the Queen's
rebels, who deny their due obedience to her and seem
to usurp the land which is subject to her dominion.
That both these questions may be decided we must
hold it for certain that the Eomish Bishop hath power
to bridle and suppress such as forsake the faith, and
those who oppose themselves with arms against the
Catholic faith, when other means are not ministered to
overthrow so great an evil. And, further, it must be
concluded for infallible that the Queen of England
doth oppugn the Catholic religion, neither doth permit
the Irish publicly to embrace the Catholic faith, and
that for the same cause the aforesaid prince and others
before him, of whom the letters apostolical of Clement
the Eighth make mention, made war against her. These
144 Pacata Hibernia.
being tlius set down, the first question is easily re-
solved, for it is questionless, that any Catliolics what-
soever may favour the said prince, Hugh O'Neale,
in the aforesaid war, and the same with great merit,
and hope of most great and eternal reward ; for seeing
that the aforesaid prince doth make war by the
authority of the High Bishop for the defence of the
Catholic religion, and that the Pope doth exhort all
the faithful by his letters thereto (as by his letters is
manifest), and that he will extend his graces upon the
favourers of the prince in that war in as ample a
manner as if they made war against the Turks, no
man will in equity doubt that both the present war is
just, and that to fight for defence of the Catholic
religion, which is the greatest thing of all, is a
matter of great merit. And concerning the second
question, it is most certain that all those Catholics sin
mortally who follow the English standard against the
aforesaid prince ; neither can they obtain eternal sal-
vation nor be absolved of their sins by any priest,
except they first repent and forsake the English army,
and the same is to be censured of those who in this
war favour the English, either with arms or victuals,
or give them anything of like condition besides those
accustomed tributes which it is lawful for them, by
virtue of the Pope's indulgence and permission, to pay
to the kings of England or their officers, so long as
the Catholic religion shall flourish in the same. This
assertion is confirmed by this most manifest reason,
because it is sufficiently proved by the letters of the
High Bishop that the English make unjust war against
the said O'Neale and those that favour him. For
seeing that the Pope doth declare that the English
fight against the Catholic religion, and that they
Pacata Hibernia. 145
should be resisted as much as if they were Turks, and
that he bestows the same graces upon those who resist
them ; who doubteth the war which the English make
against the Catholic army to be altogether unjust ?
But it is not lawful for any to favour an unjust war,
or to be present thereat, under the pain of eternal
damnation. The Catholics therefore most grievously
offend who bear arms in the camps of heretics against
the aforesaid prince in a war so apparently impious
and unjust, and all those who assist the said war with
arms, victuals, or by any other means which of
themselves further the proceedings of the war, and
cannot give account of their indifferent obedience,
neither doth it anything avail them to scandal the
apostolical letters of surreption, for surreption cannot
happen where no petition of them is declared, in whose
favour they were dispatched. But the High Bishop
doth openly teach in those letters that he and his pre-
decessors had exhorted the Irish princes and all faithful
men to make that war, and to provoke them the more
thereto he doth enrich them with great favours and
indulgences. How may it then be that those letters
were surreptive which only contain in them an exhorta-
tion, strengthened with many great favours, for such
as did fulfil them ? Neither therefore can the Catholics
who assist the English defend themselves by the
reasons alleged in the second question, for no mortal
sin is to be committed, although either life or goods
stand thereupon ; but those things which further and
help to execute an unjust war are manifestly deadly
sins. It is permitted likewise to the Catholics to
perform such kind of obedience to the Queen as doth
not oppugn the Catholic religion ; neither ever was,
nor could it be the meaning of the Pope to allow them
VOL. II. L
146 Pacata Hibernia.
to use that obedience towards the Queen whicli dotli
manifestly disagree with the end and scope which he
had to spread the Catholic faith and religion in
Ireland ; but that it was his meaning and scope his
letters manifestly declare. By all which it remain eth
sufficiently apparent that the most famous Prince
Hugh O'Neale and other Catholics of Ireland making
war against a heretical Queen who opposeth herself
against the true faith, and no rebels at all, neither do
deny due obedience nor usurp unjustly the Queen's
dominions, but rather that they revenge themselves
and their country from impious and wicked tyranny
by a most just war, and defend and maintain the
holy and right faith with all their power, as becometh
Catholics and Christians. All and every of which we,
underwritten, do judge and approve as most certain
and true. Salamanca, the seventh of March, 1602.^
John of Segvensa, Professor of Divinity in the
College of the Society of Jesus, of this famous city
of Salamanca, do so censure.
I, Emanuel of Royas, Professor of Divinity in the
said College of Jesus, do agree in the same.
And I, Gaspa of Mena, Professor of Divinity and
Holy Scripture in the said College, do hold with the
opinion of these fathers, as being altogether true.
I, Peter Osorius, expounder for the sacred Canons
in the same College of the Society of Jesus, am
1 It would appear from this that the Pope only favoured the Irish
rebellion so far as it had or purposed to have a religious object, and
that in his view any insubordinate movement not having such a pur-
pose would be wicked rebellion. The Royalist Irish were all Catliolics,
but held that the Pope had no power to absolve them from their duty
to their sovereign. Generally speaking, the Catholic Irish have
always shown, and still show, a disinclination to take their politics from
Pome. Even O'Connell tore up a Papal rescript.
Pacata Hibernia. 147
altogether of the same opinion with the aforesaid
fathers.
The President, as is said, being returned to Cork,
after a few days began to recover, and finding his
strength increased, and consequently his health, began
to apply himself to his business. But before I speak
further of his progressions I must look a little back
to say something of things past.
L 2
CHAPTEK II.
The Earl of Thomond directed to march with an army into Carberry,
and his instructions — The Castle of Donboy fortified by the
rebels — The Earl of Thomond having placed convenient
garrisons in the west, returned to Cork — The Lord President
resolved to besiege the Castle of Donboy — The list of the army
in Munster — The Lord President advised not to enterprise the
winning of the Castle of Donboy, and the reasons why — The
Lord President perseveres in his resolution, and causeth the
army to march towards Donboy.
To make trial whether the rebels in the country of
Carberry would submit themselves upon the sight
of an army, having been lately wasted and spoiled by
the garrisons at Baltimore, Castlehaven and Bantry,
upon the ninth of March (which was the day the
Lord Deputy departed from Cork) the President
directed the Earl of Thomond, with two thousand
five hundred foot in list (which were by the pole
but twelve hundred foot and fifty horse) to march
into Carberry, and thence into Beare, there to view in
what manner the castle of Donboy was fortified, of the
incredible strength whereof much was noised. Many
other directions he had, and, for the better satisfaction
of the reader, I here insert the instructions them-
selves : —
Instructions given to the Earl of Thomond, the
Ninth op March, 1601.
First, as soon as possible you may, your Lordship is
Pacata Hibernia. 149
to assemble your forces together, consisting of two
thousand five hundred foot in list and fifty horse, and
because they lie dispersed, for the more expedition's