name of Ignatius XXIV. (17) At his death, one Peter, who took the
name of Ignatius XXV., assumed the office : but at the instigation of the
legitimate primate of the sect, he was banished by the Turks, and the little
flock of which he was the head was soon dispersed. (18) Of the African
Menophysites, the Copts notwithstanding their wretchedness, ignorance,
and poverty, firmly resisted the persons, who so often solicited them with
very advantageous offers to become united with the Romans. In what
manner the Abyssinians freed themselves from the yoke of the Romish
bishop, which they had indiscreetly assumed, and asserted their ancient in-
dependence, has already been stated. And it will now be proper to add,
that in some of the Lutherans a holy desire arose, to deliver the Abyssin
ian nation from the darkness of ignorance and superstition, and to bring
them to a better knowledge of religion. Prompted by such motives, Pe
ter Heyling of Lubec, a very pious and learned man, visited them in the
year 1634 : and after spending many years in Ethiopia, and being so pros-
perous as to become prime minister of state to the emperor, and having
accomplished much for the advantage of the people, on his return to Eu
rope he lost his life by means unknown. (19) Afterwards, Ernest duke of
Saxe-Gotha, whose exemplary virtue procured him the surname of Pious,
at the suggestion and recommendation of that extraordinary man Jol) Lu-

(16) On these subjects much information tins. Frcm Paris he went to Italy, and
may be obtained from Peter van Haven s thence to Malta, where he disputed with the
Travels in Russia ; which are extant in a Catholic priests. He now assumed the garb
German translation from the Danish. of a pilgrim, intending to travel into the East

(17) From the 15th century onward, all and acquaint himself with Oriental literature,
the primates of the Monophysite sect chose He proceeded to Constantinople, and thence
to bear the name of Ignatius ; for no other to Palestine and Egypt. He arrived in
reason, if I do not mistake, than to indicate Egypt in 1634, and so recommended himself
by their name that they are successors to Ig~ to the Copts, by his learning and his piety,
natius the bishop of Antioch in the first cen- that they esteemed him highly, and gave him
tury, and the legitimate patriarchs of that the title of Moollah. Meeting with the new
see. A similar motive has induced the Ma- primate of Ethiopia, who had come to Alex-
ronite primates, who also claim the title of andria for ordination, he joined him ; and on
natriatchs of Antioch, to assume the name of their way to Abyssinia, they met Mendcz the
Peter. For St. Peter is said to have gov- Portuguese Jesuit, just banished from that
erned the church of Antioch, before Ignatius, country, whom Heyling encountered and

(18) See Jo. Simon Assouan s Biblioth. confuted in a public dispute. Mendez wrote
Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana, torn, ii., p. to the pope, that if this Lutheran should go
482, and in Diss. de Monophysitis, iii., p. into Abyssinia, he would involve that whole
6, 7. nation in extreme heresy. He arrived there

!19) A valuable life of this man, was pub- in 1634, and was very popular and useful,
lisned in German, by Jo. Henry Michaelis, But how long he lived, and where he died, is
Halle, 1724, 8vo. Add Jo. Mailer s Cirn- very uncertain. A letter of his to H. Gro-
bria Litterata, torn, i., p. 253, &c. [His tius, dated at Memphis, Aug. 28, 1G34, re-
father was a jeweller of Lubec. After a good specting the disputes between the Melchites
education in his native city, he went to Paris and the Jacobites, is extant in Luddft
in 1627, having charge of four noble youth. Comment, ad Hist. ^Ethiop., lib. iii., r 8
There he became intimate with Hugo Gro- See Moller. loc. cit. 7V.]



HISTORY OF THE GREEK CHUftCH 353

doff, attempted to explore a way for teachers of the Reformed religion to
go among those distant Christians, by means of Gregory, an Abyssinian
who was then in Europe. (20) But Gregory perishing by shipwreck in
1657, Ernest sent Jo. Mich. Wanskben of Erfurth, in 1663, with very
wise instructions, to conciliate if possible the good will of the Abyssinians
towards the Germans. Wansleben however, lingered in Egypt ; and upon
his return, not being able to account for the moneys he had received, he
revolted to the Romish church in 1667, and became a Dominican monk. (21)
Thus the designs of this excellent duke were frustrated : yet they were
attended with this advantage, that Job Ludolf by his very learned and
elaborate works, threw much light upon the history, the sentiments, and
the literature of the Abyssinians, which before had been but little known
among the Europeans.

7. A considerable change took place in the affairs of the Armenians,
not long after the commencement of this century, originating from Abbas
I. the king of Persia, who for his achievements was surnamed the Great.
For he nearly laid waste all that part of Armenia which was contiguous
to Persia, with a view to prevent the Turks from invading his territories ;
and he caused most of its inhabitants to migrate and settle in Persia.
For what the Europeans endeavour to accomplish by erecting castles and
fortresses along their borders, the kings of the East prefer to cfTcd by de
populating the frontier parts and provinces of their kingdoms. The rich-
est and best of these Armenians removed to Ispahan, the capital of the
kingdom, and took residence in the splendid suburb which llie king called
Jutfa, where they have their own bishop. So long as Abbas lived, who
was a magnanimous prince and much attached to his people, 1h<?se exiles
enjoyed great prosperity ; but after his death, they were involved ia calami-
ties and persecutions. (22) And hence, not a few of them have apostatized
to Mohammedanism ; and it is to be feared, that this portion of the Arme
nian church will become wholly extinct. On the other hand, the Asiatic

(20) See Job Ludolf Js Preface to his him again to Egypt, to procure a fuller ac-
Comrnent. ad Hist. JEthiopicam, p. 31, &c. count of the state of that country, and to
Christ. Juncker s Vita Jobi Ludolfi, p. 68, purchase rare manuscripts for the king s li-
cStc. [Lvdolf became acquainted with this brary. But Colbert seemed dissatisfied with
Gregory, during his tour to Rome, and invi- his proceedings. For Wansleben was not
ted him into Germany. He resided a while in the least respected at Paris ; and from
at the court of Gotha ; but afterwards was vexation, he assumed in 1678 the vicarage
desirous of returning to his country ; and on of a village not far from Fontainbleau ; and
his way, at Alexandretta in Syria, lost his life died in 1679, in the curacy of Bouron, where
by shipwreck. Schl.] he was also vicar. Before his journey to

(21) Concerning this unstable and vicious Egypt, at Ludolf s request he went to Lon-
but learned man, much may be collected don, to superintend there the printing of th
from Jerome Lola s Voyage de 1 Abyssinie, first edition of his Ethiopic Grammar and
tome i., p. 198, 227, 233, 248. Ern Solom. Lexicon in 1661 : and there he aided Edm.
Cyprian s Catalogus MSS. BibliothecEe Castell, in the preparation of his Lexicon
Gothanae, p. 64. Euseb. Renaudot, Prsef. Heptaglosson. After his return from the
ad Historiam Patriarchar. Alexandrinorum. East, he wrote his Relatione dello Stato pre-
Jac. Echard and Quetif, Scriptores Ordinis sente dell Egitto ; and in 1677, his Nou-
Pnedicat., torn. ii.,p.693. Wehavehis His- velle Relation en forme de Journal de son
toria ecclesiae Alexandrine, and other works, voyage faite en Egypte. His History of the
which are not without merit. [The patriarch church of Alexandria, was also published ir>
af Alexandria persuaded him not to prose- French. Schl. ]

eute his journey into Abyssinia. After (22) See Jo. Chardin, Voyage en Perse,
changing his religion at Rome, he went to torn, ii., p. 106, &c. Gabr. du Chinon,
Paris, whence Colbert in tae year 1672 sent Nouvelles Relations du Levant, D. 206. &c.

VOL. III. Y Y



S54 BOOK I V. CENT. XVII. SEC. II. PART I. CHAP. II.

Armenians have undoubtedly derived no little advantage from the perma,
nent settlement of very many of their nation during this century, for com.
mercial purposes, in most of the countries of Europe, as at Marseilles in
France, and in London, Amsterdam, and Venice. (23) For not to mention
other things, this has afforded them an opportunity to print the Bible, and
many other books especially religious books, in the Armenian character,
in Holland particularly and in England ; and these books, being sent to
the Armenians living under the Persians and Turks, doubtless tend to pre
vent the nation which is rude and inclined to superstition, from losing all
knowledge of the Christian religion.

8. The disunion among the Nestorians, which rent that church in the
preceding century, could not be healed at all in this. Among the patri
archs of Mosul, Elias II. sent his envoy to Rome in the year 1607, and
again in the year 1610, to obtain the friendship of the pontiff; and in a
letter to Paul V. he avowed himself ready to sanction a union between
the Nestorians and the Romans. (24) Ettas III. though at first extremely
averse to the Romish rites, yet in the year 1657 addressed a letter to the
Congregation de propaganda fide, signifying his willingness to join the
Romish church, provided the pontiffs would grant to the Nestorians a place
of worship at Rome, and would not corrupt or disturb at all the tenets of
the sect. (25) But the Romans doubtless perceived, that a union formed
on the terms here stated, would be of no use or advantage to their cause :
for we have no information, that the Nestorians were at that time received
into the Romish communion, or that the prelates of Mosul afterwards were
again solicitous to conciliate the Roman pontiff. The Nestorian patriarchs
of Ormus, who all bore the name of Simeon, likewise made two proposals
in 1619 and 1653, for renewing their former alliance with the Roman
pontiffs, and sent to Rome a tract explanatory of their religious senti
ments. But either these prelates did not offer satisfactory terms to the
Romans,(26) or, on account of their poverty and very slender power, they
were despised at Rome : for it appears that from the year 1617, the pre
lates at Ormus were in a very low state, and no longer excited the envy
of those at Mosul. (27) There was however, a little poor congregation of
Roman Catholics formed among the Nestorians, about the middle of this
century ; whose bishops or patriarchs reside in the city of Amida or Pi-
arbekir, and all bear the name of Joseph. (28) The Nestorians inhabiting
the coast of Malabar, and who are called Christians of St. Thomas, so
long as the Portuguese possessed those regions were miserably harassed
by the Romish priests, especially by the Jesuits ; and yet no vexations,
nor menaces, nor artifices, could bring them all to prefer the Romish wor-

(23) Of the Armenians residing at Mar- (24) Jo*. Sim. Asfeman, Biblioth. Ori-

seilles, and the books they have printed there, ent. Clement. Vaticana, torn, i., p. 543;

see Rich. Simon s Lettres Choisies, torn, ii., torn, ii., p. 457 ; torn. TU., part i., p. 650.
p. 137. Of their Bible printed in Holland, (25) Asscman, loc. cit., torn, iii., part ii.,

he likewise treats, ibid., tome iv., p. 160. p. cml.

So also ^does Jo. Joach. Schrazdcr, in his (26) Asscman, loc. cit., torn, i., p. 531 ;

Thesaurus linguae Armenicas ; or rather in torn, ii., p. 457 ; torn, iii., part i., p. 622.
the Diss. de lingua Armenica, which is prefix- (27) Peter Strozza, Praefatio ad libruro

ed to this Thesaurus, cap. iv., p. 60. The de Chaldoeorum dogmatibus.
other Armenian books printed at Venice, (28) See Le Quien, Oriens Christianus

Lemburg, and especially at Amsterdam, are torn, ii., p. 1078
enumerated by this very learned man, loc.
tit., cap. ii,, xxv., &c., p. 38, &c.



HISTORY OF THE LUTHERAN CHURCH 355

sfiip before that of their fathers. (29) But when Cochin was conquered
by the Dutch in 1663, and the Portuguese were expelled from those re-
gions,(30) their former liberty of worshipping God in the manner of their
ancestors, was resto/ed to that oppressed people ; and they continue to en
joy it to the present time. At the same time, the Dutch give no trouble
to those among them who choose to continue in the Romish religion, pro-
vided they will treat kindly and peacefully those who differ from them.



PART II.

THE H STORY OF THE MODERN CHURCHES.



CHAPTER I.

H1STO*% OF THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH.

1. Adverse Events in the Lutheran Church. Hesse became Reformed. 2. Bran
denburg Reformed. 3. Attempted Union between the Lutherans and Reformed.
4. Decree of Charenton. Confeftnce at Leipsic. 5. Conferences at Thorn and
Cassel. J 6. Pacific Acts of John Duraeus. 7. John Matthias and George Calix-
t as . <J 8. External Advantages of the Lutherans. 9. Literature every where culti
vated. 10. State of Philosophy. Aristotelians every where reign. 11. Liberty in
philosophizing gradually increases. 12. Excellences and Defects of the Teachers.
9 13. The Faults of the Times often, rather than of the Persons. 14. Ecclesiastical
Government: Divine Right. 6 15. The more distinguished Lutheran Writers. 16,
17. History of the Lutheran Religion. 18. Dogmatic Theology. 19, 20. Com
motions in the Lutheran Church <J 21. Commencement of the Calixtine Controver
sies. 22. Continuation and Issue. 23. The Doctrines of Calixtus. 24. Con
tests with the Divines of Rinteln and Konigsberg. 25. With those of Jena. 26.
Origin of the Pietists. 27. Commotions at Leipsic. 28. Their Progress. 29.
Rise of the Controversies with Spener and the Divines of Halle. 30, 31. Their In
crease. <$> 32. Some sought to advance Piety at the expense of Truth : Godfrey Ar
nold. 33. John Conrad Dippel. 34. Fictions of Jo. Will. Petersen. 6 35. Jo.
Casp. Schade, and Jo. Geo. Boesius. 36. Contests on the Omnipresence of Christ ?
Body, between the Divines of Tubingen and Giessen. 37. Herman Rathman.
38. Private Controversies. 39. Those of Praetorius and Arndt. 40. Jac. Boeh-
man. 41. Prophets of this Age. 42. Ezek. Meth, Esaias Stiefel, and Paul Na
gel. 43. Christ. Hoburg, Fred. Breckling, and Seidenbecher. 6 44. Martin Seide-
lius.

1. THE evils and calamities which the Roman pontiffs, or the Aus-
trians, (often too obsequious to the pleasure of the pontiffs in things per
taining to religion), either brought or endeavoured to bring upon the Lu
therans, in various ways during this century, have been already mentioned,
in the history of the Romish church. We shall therefore now mention
only some other things, by which the Lutheran church lost something of
its splendour and amplitude. Maurice landgrave of Hesse, of the Cassel

(29) Of these, Matur. Veisse 1 1 Croze (30) Gautier Schouten, Voyage aux Indei
treats largely, Histoire du Christian! sme des Orientates, torn, i , p. 319, &c.. p. 466, &c.
Indcs liv. T., p. 344, &c.



356 BOOK IV. CENT. XVII. ^EC. IL PART II. CHAP. I.

family, a very learned prince, seceded from the Lutheran church : and he
not only himself went over to the Reformed, but also in the year 1604
and onward, both at the university of Marpurg and throughout his prov-
ince, displaced the Lutheran teachers who firmly resisted his purpose, and
commanded the people to be thoroughly taught the Reformed doctrines,
and public worship to be conducted in the Genevan manner. This design
was prosecuted with the greatest firmness in the year 1619, when he or
dered select theologians to proceed to the Dutch council of Dort ; and
commanded the decrees there made to be publicly assented to by his
church. The Reformed maintained formerly, that nothing was done in
this affair, which was inconsistent with equity and the highest moderation.
But perhaps all impartial men in our day, will admit without difficulty, that
many things would have been ordered somewhat differently, if that excel
lent prince had been less disposed to gratify his own will and pleasure, and
more attentive to those precepts which the wisest of the Reformed them
selves inculcate, respecting duty towards those who differ from us in mat-
ters of reiigion.(l)

2. Not long after, in the year 1614, John Sigismund also, the elector
of Brandenburg, left the communion of the Lutherans and went over to
the Reformed : yet with different views from those of Maurice, and with
different results. For he did not embrace all the doctrines, by which the
followers of Calvin are distinguished from the Lutherans ; but, in addition

(1) See Helv. Garth s Historischer Be- the state of things changed. He had been

i icht von dem Religionswesen irn Fiirsten- drawn over to the side of the Reformed, by

thumHessen, 1606, 4to. Ern. Solom. Cyp- some French Reformed noblemen s sons,

nan s Unterricht von kirchlicher Vereini- whom his father had procured through Beza

gung der Protestanten, p. 263, and in the to be his son s associates ; and after the

Appendix of Documents, p. 103, and the death of his father s brother, the landgrave

public Acts, which were published in the Lewis at Marpurg in 1604, he endeavoured

Unschuldigen Nachrichten, A.D. 1749, p. 25, to introduce the Reformed religion by means

&c. Here should be consulted especially, of a Catechism : and in the vear 1605, he

the writings that passed between the divines dismissed all the teachers at Marpurg, and

of Cassel and Darmstadt, which have a pub- in half the upper principality of Hesse,

lie character, Cassel, 1632, fol. ; Marpurg, (which had fallen to the house of Cassel),

1636, fcl. ; Giess., 1647, fol., of which, Chr. because they would not subscribe the result

Aug. Salig treats, in his Historic der Augs- of the Synod without some limitation ; and

burg. Confession, vol. i., book iv., ch. ii., p. he established Reformed teachers in their

756, &c. [Even from the time of the Ref- place. The dismissed teachers, among whom

ormation onward, there were individuals in the famous Balthazar Menzer was the most

Hesse, who were inclined towards the doc- distinguished, were afterwards received by

trines of the Reformed ; but the outward Lewis the landgrave of Darmstadt ; and a

tranquillity was not thereby destroyed. Phil- part of them were established in the newly-

ip the Magnanimous, and his successors, erected university of Giessen, and the rest

some of whom were not obscurely favour- were beneficed elsewhere. As is generally

able to the Reformed opinions, used all care the case when human passions become en-

to preserve this harmony. When the For- listed in religious contests, there were faults

mula of Concord produced so much disturb- on both sides, which no impartial man at the

ance in Saxony and Upper Germany, and present day, will approve. The Lutherans

threatened to destroy the peace which Hesse adhered too strenuously and too wilfully, to

had hitherto enjoyed, the Hessian princes certain subtle doctrines of the schools, and

published an edict in 1572. by which they to external rites which are not of the essence

endeavoured to preserve the union. Also of Christianity : and the Reformed, who had

m the general Synods of Treysa in 1577, of the court on their side, misused the power

Marpurg in 1578, and of Cassel in 1579, the which was in their hands, to the injury of

Kcssian clergy were required to subscribe the ancient rights of a community, whost

certain articles, designed to preserve the brethren they pretended to be. Schl.]
union. But under the landgrave Maurice,



HISTORY OF THE LUTHERAN CHURCH. 3ft7

co the Genevan form of worship, he considered only the Reformed doc
trines respecting the person of Christ and the presence of his body and
blood in the eucharist, as more correct and tenable than the Lutheran
views : but what they inculcate respecting the nature and order of divine
grace, and the decrees of God, he did not adopt. And hence, he would
neither send deputies to the synod of Dort, nor have their decrees respect-
ing these difficult points to be received. The same sentiments were so
far retained by the sovereign princes of Brandenburg who reigned after
him, that they never required Calvin s doctrine of absolute decrees to be
taught in the Reformed churches of their dominions, as the public and re-
ceived doctrine. It is also justly accounted an honour to John Sigismund,
that he gave his subjects full liberty either to follow the example of their
prince, or to deviate from it ; nor did he exclude from posts of honour and
power, those who deemed it wrong to abandon the religion of their fa
thers. Yet this moderation was not satisfactory to the violent temper of
that age. which was in many respects too rigid ; for not a few thought it
intolerable and provoking, that the prince should ordain that the professors
of both religions should enjoy equal rank and rights ; that odious terms and
comparisons should be abstained from in disputation ; that religious con-
troversies should be either wholly omitted, or explained very modestly, in
public discourses to the people ; and lastly, that those who disagreed,
should live together as friends and should interchange kind offices. And
from these views originated not only bitter contests, but also at times rash
end seditious commotions in the state ; in allaying which many years were
consumed in vain. The neighbouring divines of Saxony, and particularly
those of Wittemberg, undertook to defend the side of the Lutherans in
these tumults ; and undoubtedly with sincere and upright intentions, but
according to the customs of the times, in a style too coarse and not suffi
ciently temperate. And hence, not only was the Formula of Concord ex
cluded from a place among the books by which the public religion of the
Lutherans is regulated in the Brandenburg territories, but likewise the
citizens of Brandenburg were forbidden to study theology in the university
of Wittemberg.(2)

3. So many evils resulting from the discords of those who with equal
sincerity and fortitude had renounced papal servitude, that is, of the Lu
therans and Reformed, might suggest to some of the principal men and to
the most famous theologians of both parties, to look about them anxiously,

(2) The laws and edicts both of John Si- torie, part ii., book xvii., ch. vii., p. 965.
gismund and his successors, in relation to Ern. Solom. Cyprian s Unterricht von del
this famous affair, have been sometimes Vereinigung der Protestanten, p. 75, and
printed together. There is likewise extant, the Appendix of Documents, p. 225. The
a great number of books and pamphlets, Unschuldige Nachrichten, A.D. 1727, p.
from which a knowledge of these proceed- 1069, and A.D. 1732, p. 715. Those who
ings may be derived ; and of which, I would would persuade us, that the hope of extend-
rather refer to others for a full catalogue, than ing his power and influence, was not the least
give an imperfect one myself. Such a cata- motive with the prince for this change, con-
logue is extant in the Unschuldige Nachrich- jecture, rather than demonstrate and prove ;
ten, A.D. 1745, p. 34, &c., and A.D. 1746, for they do not support their opinion with
p. 326. See also., Jo. Charles Kocher, Bib- valid arguments. Yet it must be confessed,
(iotheca Theol. Symboltca, p. 312, &c. by such as carefully inspect the history ot
Those who wish to understand and form an those times, that they do not conjecture al-
estimate of the whole transaction, may con- together irrationally and without plausibility
suit Godj Arnfd? Kirchsi-und Ketzerhia-



358 BOOR IV. CENT. XVII. SEC. II. PART II. CHAP. I

for some means of uniting in bonds of mutual affection the communities
rent asunder and severed by their religious sentiments. No wise man
could be so ignorant of human nature, as to expect, that all difference of
opinion between them could be removed, or that either party would go over
to the sentiments of the other. And therefore those who undertook this
business agreed, that their only aim should be to persuade the disputants
that there was little or nothing of any importance to true religion and piety,
in all the points controverted between the parties ; that the fundamental
truths on which the plan of salvation rests, are safe on both sides, and that
their controversies related partly to things recondite and inexplicable, and
partly to things indifferent and far removed from the supreme object of a
Christian. Those who could admit these things to be true, must also ad
mit, that the existing difference of sentiment was no just impediment tc