within signal distance at irregular intervals during the night,
and will note in the log when such calls are not promptly
acknowledged. They will encourage men not on lookout duty
to practice night signaling with men belonging to adjoining
stations, but such practice must not interfere wit! the duties
of the lookout.
304. (1) The standard of proficiency for a person receiving
flashing light signals in a test for such proficiency shall be 30
letters per minute. The standard of expertness for such person
shall be 60 letters per minute. In either case, at least 85 per
cent of the letters sent shall be correctly received and recorded.
(2) The standard of proficiency for a person sending flash-
ing light signals shall be 30 letters per minute and the standard
of expertness for such person shall be 60 letters per minute. In
either case, all the letters composing the test shall be sent
correctly. (See art. 279.)
SEMAPHOBE.
305. Semaphore is the standard system of transmitting dis-
patches during daylight for short and medium distances. While
under ordinary circumstances it would not be used for the trans-
mission of signals, it may be used either as the primary method
of transmission or as a secondary method to supplement flag
signals then displayed.
306. It employs two hand flags from 15 to 18 inches square,
and either blue and white similar to the international flag " P "
or red and yellow similar to the international flag " O," the
color to be used which affords the better contrast to the back-
ground. The flags should be .attached to a light staff about 2
feet long.
307. The sender should select a background giving the greatest
contrast. Except under special conditions of light and when
the sun is in line with and back of the sender, the sky affords
the best background. The arms must be placed at the exact
positions indicating the letters, a distinct pause being made at
each position and the arms moved from position to position by
the shortest route.
308. The semaphore alphabet is printed as the characters ap-
pear with the sender facing the receiver. Thus the character
" B " is with the right arm extended horizontally.
309. Numbers shall always be spelled out.
310. The " break " and " answering " are shown in the plate.
CHAR-
ACTERS
HAND
FLAGS
CHAR-
ACTERS
HAND
FLAGS
CHAR-
AQERS
HAND
FLAGS
CHAR-
AQERS
HAND
FLAGS
A
B
C
D
E.
F
G
H
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
S
T
U
V
w
X
Y
MEN-
TION
ING
SIGN
BRMK
78 INSTRUCTIONS FOR COAST GUARD STATIONS.
311. Procedure signs ordinarily used are:
Error E agitated.
Interrogatory .INT.
Code follows _Br7
Signals follow TM!
Number of words or groups GE, (followed by number spelled
out.
End of word Break.
End of sentence (full stop) AAA( three a's).
End of dispatch AH.
Repeat all before word .IMI break AB break (word).
Repeat all after word .IMI break AA break (word).
Repeat word after word IMI break WA break (word).
Received (and communication
finished) R bre;ik VA (used only when
call flags are not used. When
call flags are used the haul-
ying down of the call signifies
HOIT ' ; ',.lkmtob m-elveU").:'
Move to your right __MR. X
Move to your left ML. 1
Move up __ .Mu. 1
Move down__ _ JVtD. 1
\ 312. To call a unit hoist the call of the unit for whom
signal or dispatch is intended, " two-blocked " (unless it is
necessary to make such a call while ilag signals are displayed at
the same yardarm, in which case the call 'may, be hoisted at the
dip). The receiving unit answers the call by hoisting the call
of the transmitting unit over the answering pennant (l).'at the
"dip," as soon as seen, and until ready to receive; (2) two-
blocked when ready to receive. When it is. not practicable to
all by flag hoist, and the " attention " sign is not sufficiently
definite to attract attention, the transmitting unit will use
three or four letters abbreviating the name of the unit called.
The receiving unit answers with the "answering" sign, and if
that be not sufficiently definite with three or four letters abbre-
viating the name of the unit answered. The transmitting unit
will then make "break" (II) and then GR, followed by number
,of groups or words, and then again makes break sign and pro-
ceeds with text of the dispatch, all numbers being spelled out.
1 May be used in wigwag also.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COAST GUARD STATIONS. 79
When the call and answer is by flag hoist the receiving unit will
dip the answering pennant immediately when a sign or word is
missed. If the call be other than by flag hoist, the receiving
unit will in such cases make "repeat" (IT). At the conclu-
sion of the dispatch the transmitting unit makes the break sign
and then makes 2H , and hauls down the flag call if used. The
receiving unit acknowledges the receipt of the dispatch (a) if
the call and the answer be by flag hoist, by hauling down the
answering pennant when the transmitting unit hauls down the
call; (&) if the call and answer be other than by flag hoist, by
making " R break VA." If there are additional dispatches to
transmit to the same receiving unit the transmitting unit makes
AR II B at the end of the dispatch, instead of AR. If the trans-
mitting unit indicates that there are further dispatches for the
same receiving unit, the receiving unit answers such signal with
" R II K " or " R II Q," as circumstances demand, instead of
" R II ^A," which last signal the receiving unit makes only
when all dispatches for her at that time have been received.
313. If during the sending of the dispatch the receiving unit
fails to receive any part of it for any reason, such as the sender
becoming obscured by smoke, etc., the receiving unit should dip
the answering pennant, if used. The transmitting unit should
then dip the call. When the receiving unit is again ready to
receive, it should two-block the answering pennant and the
transmitting unit shoiild then two-block the call and proceed
with the dispatch, starting with and repeating the last two or
three words transmitted before the answering pennant was
dipped. If the receiving unit requires more than the last word
or sign to be repeated, it should make the appropriate procedure
sign for repeating the required portion.
314. (1) The standard of proficiency for a person receiving
semaphore signals in a test for proficiency shall be 40 letters
per minute. The standard of expertness for such person shall
be 90 letters per minute. In either case, at least 85 per cent of
the letters sent shall be received and recorded correctly.
(2) The standard of proficiency for a person sending sema-
phore signals shall be 40 letters per minute and the standard
of expertness for such person shall be 90 letters per minute. In
either case, all the letters composing the test shall be sent cor-
rectly. (See art. 279.)
315. The letter "G" is designated for use in opening com-
munication by semaphore, wigwag, or flashing light between
Coast Guard stations and vessels of the United States Navy.
80 INSTRUCTIONS FOR COAST GUARD STATIONS.
The International Code pennant " G " will be used for the pur-
pose of opening communication by the semaphore and wigwag
between Coast Guard stations and vessels of the United States
Navy. The pennant " G " hoisted at the yardarni of a naval vessel
indicates that the vessel desires to communicate with the Coast
Guard station in sight by semaphore or wigwag. To answer the
station hoists the International Code answering pennant at the
"dip" (about two-thirds of the way up). The vessel then pro-
ceeds with the message. When the message is received and
understood the station hoists the answering pennant to the
yardarm. Both then haul down. If riot understood, request by
semaphore or wigwag, as the case may be, that the message, or
such part as may be necessary, be repeated. Similarly a Coast
Guard station desiring to communicate with a. naval vessel will
hoist " G " at the yardarm, and the naval vessel will answer by
hoisting the answering pennant at the " dip." The message will
then be sent and acknowledged as prescribed. To open com-
munication at night by flashing light the letter " G " will be
used as a call. Stations answer by making " G," and the mes-
sage will be sent as prescribed in article 302, " Instructions for
Coast Guard Stations." A naval vessel may arissver by making
her own call or making " G." It is the practice when com-
municating by Hashing light for the receiving station to make a
long dash after each word made by the sending station, which
is correctly received. If the dash is not made, the sending sta-
tion repeats the word until the receiving station indicates by
a long dash that the word is understood. When several naval
vessels are present the senior naval vessel will acknowledge the
call " G " when made by a Coast Guard station. The station
should in all cases determine the name of the naval vessel with
which it is communicating.
INTEENATIONAL CODE.
.
321. One drill with the International Code shall be held each
week, recitation and practice alternating. The recitation shall
consist of questions by the officer in charge to each member of
the crew upon the different flags of the code; upon one, two,
three, and four flag hoists, and the distinguishing flag or pen-
nant of each; the part of the code book necessary to turn to
when reading or in making a signal ; the manner of opening and
conducting communications by the International Code; special
distance signals; the "List of Merchant Vessels of the United
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COAST GUARD STATIONS. 81
States " ; and in actual communication by means of the minia-
ture signal flags provided each station. The "bridge" names
for the flags of the International Code as shown in this book
shall always be used.
322. Practice with the International Code shall be held out
of doors with the regulation flags. The crew will be divided
into two parts, one to send and the other to receive messages
prepared by the officer in charge with the view of testing the
knowledge of the crew in the various tables and parts of the
code, and in reading and making the official numbers of vessels.
To insure accuracy, a message shall in each case be written
out before being given to the sending squad, which will be re-
quired to look up and to record on the same or an attached sheet
of paper the corresponding signals. A separate line shall be
used for each hoist and its meaning, a straight line drawn down
the sheet separating the two. The receiving squad shall be
required to make a similar record of each hoist, carefully
checking the same while the hoist is still up. At the close of the
exercise the officer in charge will compare the messages received
with the ones sent to note errors or discrepancies and will in-
struct the crew regarding any that he finds. Each member of
the crew should be given an opportunity to find and record,
without assistance, one or more hoists and their meanings at
each drill. The practice should include making up the flags of
a hoist as soon as it is hauled down.
323. When two stations are within signal distance of each
other, the International Code drill shall be held between them,
the day to be agreed upon by the officers in charge. If atmos-
pheric conditions, force, or direction of the wind, assistance
work, etc., prevent the drill being held on the appointed day,
the respective officers shall select another day for the drill.
324. When a station is not within signal distance of another,
or when circumstances prevent a drill between two crews, a
temporary pole on which to hoist the answering pennant (which
nmy be an improvised one) should be erected well beyond
speaking distance of the flagpole and the practice conducted
as prescribed in the preceding article. The two parts of the
crew shall practice at both sending and receiving messages.
In the absence of a second set of international signal flags the
receiving party shall use the wigwag for acknowledging hoists
and making other necessary signals.
3407921 6
82 INSTRUCTIONS FOR COAST GUARD STATIONS.
325. No drill with the International Code shall be regarded
as a practice and recorded in the log as such unless it be held
out of doors with the regulation flags. All other exercises
\vith this code shall be recorded in the log as recitations.
3-6. The standard of proficiency in Internal ional Code
practice shall be the ability to read any signal displayed in one
hoist and give its meaning correctly in one minute, and to con-
vert any given message into its proper code signals at an average
speed of two minutes for each hoist in the message.
327. The standard of expertness in International Code
practice shall be the ability to read any signal displayed in one
hoist and give its meaning correctly in 20 seconds, and to con-
vert any given message into its proper code signals at an aver-
age speed of 45 seconds for each hoist in the message.
SIGNALS FOE USE AT WRECKS.
331. The following signals shall be used by the officers and
crews at Coast Guard stations as circumstances may require :
(a) Upon the discovery of a wreck by night, a red pyrotech-
nic light or a red rocket will be burned to signify. " You are
seen ; assistance will be given as soon as possible."
(&) A red flag waved on shore by day, or a red light, red
rocket, or red Roman candle displayed by night, will signify,
" Haul away."
(c) A white flag waved on shore by day, or a white light
slowly swung back and forth, or a white rocket or a white
Roman candle fired by night, will signify, " Slack away."
(d) Two flags, a white and a red, waved at the same time on
shore by day, or two lights, a white and a red, slowly swung at
the same time, or a blue pyrotechnic light burned by night, will
signify, " Do not attempt to land in your own boats ; it is
impossible."
(e) A man on shore beckoning by day, or two torches burning
near together by night, will signify, " This is the best place to
land."
332. Any of the signals specified in the preceding article may
be answered from the vessel as follows :
In the daytime, by waving a flag, a handkerchief, a hat, or
even the hand ; at night, by firing a rocket, a blue light, or a
gun, or by showing a light over the ship's rail for a short time
and then concealing it.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COAST GUARD STATIONS. 83
333. The officer in charge of every station shall see that there
is a staff for each of the flags carried on the beach cart for use
at wrecks. Each staff shall be 6 feet long, 1 inch in diameter
at the butt, and tapering to one-half inch at the top, where the
flag shall ho attached. The staffs shall be made of some tough
wood ; a crooked or condemned oar may be used for this pur-
pose. When properly fitted they shall be becketed under the
beach cart, the flags being under the body of the cart to protect
them from the weather.
334. The torches shall be secured to the headboard of the
beach cart by the fixtures supplied with them. The pots shall
be kept half filled with mineral oil and the boxes in the handles
kept filled with matches. The torch staffs shall be becketed on
the side of the cart. To extinguish the torch return it to the
pot, letting the cover attached to the torch fall into its place on
the pot. The extra cover, connected with a chain, is to cover
the pot while the torch is burning during rain or snow.,
335. When the two torches are used together, as directed in
paragraph (e) of article 331, they shall be attached to their
staffs and, if possible, stuck in the ground about 10 feet apart
in line with the beach.
336. One red and one white lantern (unlighted until required
for signaling) shall be carried on the cart, one on each side, at-
tached to the uprights. If a boat is to be used arid the beach
cart is not used, the necessary flags and lights to make the
signals directed in paragraphs (a) and (c) of article 331 shall
be transferred from the cart to the boat and taken to the beach
to be used, if necessary.
UNITED STATES STOHM SIGNALS.
341. Storm warnings are displayed by the I lulled Stales
Wrathor Bureau as follows:
84 INSTRUCTIONS FOU COAST GITAUD STATIONS.
EXPLANATION OF SMALL-CRAFT, STORM, AND HURRICANE
WARNINGS.
(1) The small-craft learning. A red pennant indicates that
moderately strong* winds that will interfere with the safe
operation of small craft are expected. No nigh* - display of
small-craft warnings is made.
(2) The northeast storm learning. A red pennant above a
square red flag with black center displayed by day, or two red
lanterns, one above the other, displayed by night, indicates the
approach of a storm of marked violence, with winds beginning
from the northeast.
(3) The southeast storm warning. A red pennant below a
square red flag with black center displayed by day, or one red
lantern displayed by night, indicates the approach of a storm of
marked violence, with winds beginning from the southeast.
(4) The southwest storm 'learning. A white pennant below
a square red flag with black center displayed by day, or a white
lantern below a red -lantern displayed by night, indicates the
approach of a storm of marked violence, with winds beginning
from the southwest.
(5) The northwest storm warning. A white pennant above
a square red flag with black center displayed by day, or a white
lantern above a red lantern displayed by night, indicates the
approach of a storm of marked violence, with winds beginning
from the northwest.
(6) Hurricane or whole gale warning. Two square flags, red
with black centers, one above the other, displayed by day, or
two red lanterns, with a white lantern between, displayed by
night, indicate the approach of a tropical hurricane or of one of
the extremely severe and dangerous storms which occasionally
occur.
348. Flags and pennants shown in Plates I and II are not
used by Coast Guard stations. They are inserted for g'eneral
information.
RESUSCITATION DRILL.
351. Resuscitation drill shall be held once each week and
shall be had with the whole crew when it consists of an oflirer
and six men or less. The officer is not required to take the
part of the patient. With more than six surf men present for
the drill, the officer shall direct the drill without taking part in
it. Each member of the crew shall participate in the drill and
be proficient in it.
DAY SIGNAL^ H
SMALL CRAFT ^ >,, >
. '> ,"* **"* ^
HURRICANE,
NE. STORM SE. STORM SW. STORM NW. STORM OR WHOLE GALE.
NIGHT SIGNALS
HURRICANE.
NE. STORM SE. STORM SW. STORM NW. STORM OR WHOLE GALE.
Ill
I
I
I I
FLAG, DOT AND DASH, PENNANT NUMERALS
_^________ 3 * 9 -' H * > , > I
1
8
SPECIAL FLAGS, PENNANtS ANDSIpjMS
COURSE
iPENNANT
ANSWERING
PENNANT
TURN
PENNANT
FIRST
REPEATER
DEPLOY
PENNANT
SECOND
REPEATER
FORMATION
PENNANT
THIRD
REPEATER
SPEED
PENNANT
DECIMAL AND
ONE HALF SIGN 1
POSITION
PENNANT
TACK LINE
SIGN
EMERGENCY
PENNANT
SIGNALS
SIGN
EXECUTIVE
SIGN
DESIGNATING
PENNANT
FULL STOP
SIGN
SQUADRON
FLAG
FINALE
SIGN
DIVISION
FLAG
FINISH
SIGN
INTERNATIONAL
"CODE FLAG" AND
"ANSWERING PENNANT"
PLATE III
QUARANTINE
(INTERNATIONAL Q)
SUBMARINE
WARNING
RED CROSS
PLATE ',1V
ALPHABETICAL CODE FLA^S 'A^D -fEflNASlV^ :
.,','... ' '
AFFIRMATIVE
INTERROGATORY
BOY
FOX
JIG
CAST
GEORGE
)l KING
DOG
HAVE
LOVE
MIKE
ROGER
WATCH
NEGATIVE
SAIL
X-RAY
OPTIONAL
TARE
YOKE
PREPARATORY
UNIT
ZED
QUACK
VICE
NOTE.-The dot and
dash equivalent of the
international flag "I"
when used as a signal
flag meaning "Inter-
rogatory" must not be
confused with the
Morse equivalent of
"I" (. .) when used as
a letter.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COAST GUARD STATIONS. 85
352. One of the crew shall take the part of the patient and
the others shall take position astride the patient's hips, at the
arms, holding the tongue, rubbing the limbs, applying hot-water
bottles, etc., and the position of " idle man." The position of
" idle man," on the patient's right, when he is lying on his back,
is designed to provide a breathing spell for the man astride the
hips before he works with the arms, as these two positions are
the most tiring in the drill.
353. At the beginning of the drill the officer shall be the first
man at the chest movement, except when he directs the drill, as
prescribed in article 351 ; No. 1, the " idle man " ; No. 2, at the
arms; No. 3, at the tongue; No. 4, rubbing the left leg; and
No. 5, rubbing the right leg. After about two minutes' prac-
tice each man shall move one place to the left, facing the
patient, and continue the drill ; thus the officer will move into
the position of " idle man " ; No. 1 will go to the arms ; No. 2,
to the tongue; No. 3, to the left leg; No. 4, to the right leg;
No. 5 will take position astride the body. After a further
practice of about two minutes each man shall, at the order
" Shift," move one place to the left, as before, the crew continu-
ing to rotate until each man has been drilled two minutes in
cjicii of the several positions. A new patient should be selected
at intervals of 9 or 10 minutes. Care must be taken in rotating
that the count is not interrupted or its cadence changed. After
the crew as a whole has been exercised, each man shall perform
the resuscitation of a patient without assistance, according to
the modification of Rule III, repeating all the rules necessary
and indicating by motions the several steps as he proceeds.
354. The recitation in resuscitation shall embrace the rules,
including the " modification of Rule III," " Treatment of frost-
bites," and " Saving persons from drowning by swimming to
their relief."
355. At the close of resuscitation drill the officer shall open
the medicine chest and question each man on the uses of the
remedies contained therein.
DIRECTIONS FOR RESTORING THE APPARENTLY DROWNED.
361. NOTE. These directions differ from those originally is-
sued to the service, by the addition of means for securing
deeper inspiration. The method originally published, known as
the Howard or direct method, has been productive of excellent
results in the practice of the service, and is retained here. It
is, however, here arranged for practice in combination with the
86
INSTRUCTIONS FOB COAST GUARD STATIONS,
Sylvester method, the latter producing deeper inspiration than
any other known method, while the former effects the most
complete expiration. The combination therefore tends to pro-
duce the most rapid oxygenation of the blood the real object
to be gained. The combination is prepared primarily for the
use of Coast Guard crews where assistants are at hand. A
modification of Rule III, however, is published as a guide in
cnses where no assistants are at hand and one person is com-
pelled to act alone. In preparing these directions the able and
FIG. 1. Expelling water from body.
exhaustive report of a committee of the Humane Society of Mas-
sachusetts, embraced in the annual report of the society for
"-96, has been availed of, placing the Department under
many obligations for its valuable suggestions.
RULE I. AROUSE THE PATIENT. Do not move the patient un-
less in danger of freezing; instantly expose the face to the air,
toward the wind if there be any ; wipe dry the mouth and nos-
trils ; rip the clothing so as to expose the chest and waist ; give
two or three quick, smarting slaps on the chest with the open
hand;.
1C the patient does not revive, proceed immediately MS follows:
Run-; IT. To ExrEL WATER FROM THE STOMACH AND CHEST
(see Fig. 1). -Separate the jaws and Ueep them apart by plac-
INSTRUCTIONS FOE COAST GUARD STATIONS.
87
ing between the teeth a cork or small bit of wood ; turn the
patient on his face, a large bundle of tightly rolled clothing be-
ing placed beneath the stomach ; press heavily on the back over
it for half a minute, or as long as fluids flow freely from the
mouth.
RULE III. To PRODUCE BREATHING (see figs. 2 and 3). Clear
the mouth and throat of mucus by introducing into the throat
FIG.
Movements to produce inspiration.
the corner of a handkerchief wrapped closely around th(
forefinger ; turn the pat lent on the back, the roll of clothing
being so placed as to raise the pit of the stomach above the level
of the rest of the body. Let an assistant with a handker-