here, that M^ere, apparently, taken by the arresting agency at your
home, at the time of your arrest.
The general tenor of these documents seems to be that you should
well have been informed that the Chinese Communist Party was a
full-fledged member of the ECCI. I shall read from some of those.
The reason that I extend that thought is that you can see what I am
getting at. The ECCI is, of course, the executive committee of the
Communist International.
Senator Tydings. Do you think, INIr. Morris, it would be helpful
if these documents that you are quoting from were put in the record
in their entirety ?
Mr. Morris. Yes; I think the whole thing should go in.
Senator Tydings. May I ask, to keep the record straight, that the
reporter put in the record, immediately following the excerpts that
I read, the whole document, and not put the whole document in out
of context with the testimony.
STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION 1331
Mr. Morgan. Mr. Chairman, I don't wish to question that ruling
at all, hut I would like to suggest, again, the circumstances under
wliich these documents have been made available to us. I frankly
would appreciate an opportunity to clear it with the Department
of Justice, because they very courteously made tliem available to us
under certain circumstances, and if we are going to incorporate them
in their entirety, in our record, I think I would like to get clearance
on that.
Senator Ttdixgs. Let me modify and rescind and say, do not put
the whole document in the record, but we will keep them as exhibits,
so tliat the committee can look at the whole document if it wants to.
Senator Lodge. I thought we voted, unanimously, to get all of these
Amerasia documents, didn't we?
Senator Ttdings. But we can't get them unless the executive de-
partment turns them over to us.
ISh'. MoRGAX. Except that the Justice Department has made them all
available to the committee and its staff for such study and review as
we wish. These documents we have today, we specifically requested
of the Department for use in the examination. I shall be glad to try
to clear this with them, if 3'ou wish, Mr. Chairman.
Senator Ttdixgs. If we can get them cleared, we will put them all
in : if'we can't get them cleared, we will keep them as exhibits.
Senator Lodgk. What objection could the Department have? It
seems to me, if we ought to clear them with anybody, it should be
with the agency from which the documents came, in the first place.
Senator Tydixgs. Only that they are executive documents and
under the three-branch system of government which we have — if they
don't give them to us, there is no way that we can make them do so.
I want to cooperate, and get all of the information that we can, and I
think they will make them available.
Senator Lodge. I can understand that they are executive docu-
jiients. but I think it is extraordinary for the Department of Justice
to attempt to pass judgment on the classification that the Army, Navy,
and State Departments may put on a document.
Senator Tydixgs. All right.
Mr. ^Morris. In line with that, I will read you a few excerpts from
these documents and, again, if you think I have misinterpreted any
of them, I wish you would let me know. It is described here as
[reading] :
This is a first draft rough translation of a speech made in May 1941 at the
meeting of Yenan caclres by Mao Tse-tnng in which he maintains that tlie
method and system of study in the whole party slionld be changed for reasons
which he then discusses.
Apparenth% this is your own translation of Mao Tse-tung's speech.
I will ask you if that is not a fact? This was in your possession at
I lie time of your arrest.
Mr. SER^â– T^E. This was a part of the working materials which I had
been collecting. I had been trying, of course, to collect everything
that I could about the Chinese Communists, particularly source ma-
terials which they, themselves, had written or printed, at any time.
I don't believe that this translation is one which I, myself, made.
I think it is probably one that was made in Yenan and given to me.
]\rr. MoRp.is. Is that on your typewriter?
1332 STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION
Mr. Service. No; 1 am sure it isn't. I don't remember ever
typing it.
Mr. Morris. Do you recognize it ? It was in your possession at the
time of your arrest.
Mr. Service. I believe it was. I remember this particular speech
or paper, by Mao Tse-tung. It is quite a well-known one. I am
sure that I had one at one time.
Mr. jNIorris. May I read a few extracts from it. Again, if I make
an improper selection, I wish you would let me know [reading] :
We are learning the teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin hut the
way many of us learn tliem is directly in opjiosition to them. That is to say
these people departed from the fundamental principal which Marx, Engels,
Lenin, and Stalin have heen untiringly warning others : The unity of theory
and practice. Accordingly they invented a contrary principle : The separation
of theory and practice. Consequently both in schools and in education of
cadres while employed, the teachers of philosophy never ask the students to
study the logic of the Chinese Revolution, the teachers of economics never ask
students to study the characteristics of Chinese economics, teacliers of military
science never ask students to study the characteristics of Chinese military
problems, etc.
»
Again [reading] :
* * * Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin teach us to start out from real
facts and matter existing in the oh.iecti\e world and then deduce lawa from
them to ser\e as guiding principles for our action.
Again [reading] :
For cadres in offices and schools we ought to take the practical problem of the
Chinese devolution as the center of our study and start out from it to study
Marxism-Leninism. The way to study Marxism-Leninism isolatedly and stati-
cally should be discarded. In study Marxism-Leninism, the central material
ougiit to he the History of the CPSU, assisted by other materials.
The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union is a book
that sets forth with utmost clarity the principle that the Chinese
Connnunis Party is a full-fledged member of the Communist Interna-
tional '(
Mr. Service. I am sorry — to go into tliis would require a very long
tims. y\^e are starting out to engage in a rather involved discussion
of history and theory of the Chinese Communists.
Now, the meaning, the intent, of tlie major part of this talk, is
Senator Tydings. Is this Mao's talk 'i
Mr. Service. This is Mao s talk.
Mao is saying here, and he repeats it over and over again, that we
are Chinese, tiiat we must study the facts of the Chinese Revolution,
the facts of Chinese history ; we must not separate theory from prac-
tice. This is one of the basic doctrines in Mao Tse-tung\s program for
the sinicization, in other words, the making of the Chinese Commu-
nist Party Chinese. One of his great arguments was that we must
avoid subjectivism. Subjectivism he defined as merely aping, mimick-
ing foreign ideas and foreign theories.
Now, he goes into that in many of his books in this period, that tiie
foreign students who come back from abroad just become talkiuir ma-
chines, and parrots, and they try to apply what they learned abroad
without any relation to China.
Now, I ha\e repeatedly, m my reports, said— I have always said
that the party was Marxist; they insisted they were Marxist.
Mr. Morris. You don't say they are Stalinists, though?
STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION 1333
Mr. Skkvice. Yes; they do.
Mr. Morris. You said they are Stalinists?
Mr. Skrvice. They said, themselves.
Mr. Morris. Mao is saying it there, but your interpretations of the
Chinese Communist always refer to them as "democractic forces"
rather than as Stalinist forces.
Mr. Servick. As 1 say, it is a long and involved subject.
Mr. Morris. I realize that. I am just tr3'ing to get a general im-
pression and idea of this thing.
Mr. Service. They always insisted that they were Marxists, and I
so reported; and as good party members they insisted that they were
Stalinists. However, the leaders were trying to, during a period, to,
shall we say, nationalize the Chinese Communist Party, turn it away
from what they thought was impractical aping of foreign ideas, that
conditions in China are ditierent, we are a primitive agrarian society.
As I say, at the end, of course, here, he comes back, "'Of course, our
basic textbook is the history of the Communist Party in the Soviet
Union.""
Mr. Morris. Mr. Service, do your reports indicate that the Chinese
Connnunists are turning away from the Soviet Union toward the
United States ^ I read several of the reports to that effect. Shall
1 read them again ^ At the same time, reinforcement of the doctrine
of Marxism, Leninism, and Stalinism, based on a study of the history
of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union, is a complete contradic-
tion; they are direct opposites. How can you reconcile those two
facts? You have Mao Tse-tung, in a speech where he reaffirms the
principles of Marxism, Leninism, and Stalinism, he bases this on the
most basic book of the wdiole Communist Party, namely, the History
of the Soviet Union.
Mr. Service. For the record, he says, "party member." He can
say nothing else.
The intent, as I understood it, of the Avhole movement which he was
espousing was to try to adapt Communist in China to the conditions
of China and to make it independent as far as possible, and not de-
pendent on someone else. Communism in China, I believe, at that
time was different from the Soviet Union Communism. I do not be-
lieve that the Soviet Union had very direct control over it ; had not
had for some years.
Mr. Morris. There is one other thing I would like to introduce at
this point, which was also in your possession at the time
Mr. Service. May I
INFr. Morris, Yes, Mr. Service.
Mr. Service. May I read a section here from the testimony before
the loyalty board of Mr. George Kennan. Mr. Kennan is speaking.
He is referring to this period of 1944 [reading] :
Yes. That the Comnuinists felt themselves nii their own and were themselves
uncertain huw their relationshij) with the Soviet Government was going to shape
up when the war was over. Now, that being the case, I think it quite plausible
that during those years they wandered further from the typical Comintern out-
look of affiliation with the Soviet Government than perhaps any other Commu-
nist Party in good standing. And they we e also at that tune engaged in a war
with the Japanese and in the Far East a very considerable battle
Mr. Morris. Whose quotation is this, Mr. Service?
1334 STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION
Mr. Service. George F. Kenuan, in his testimony before the De-
partment of State loyalty and security board, as an expert witness
called by the loyalty "board to examine all of my reports [reading] :
They were also at tluit time ensaued in a war with the Japanese and in the
Far East a very considerable battle threatened their own power in China against
tlie Chinese Central Governuieiit. For that reason, I think it is no wonder
that they gave an impression of sincerity and concentration of purpose which
is not normally associated with the Communist movement throughout those
years. And, in these reports, which I think reflect quite faithfully what were
the real actions, the actions of the Chinese Communists at that time, in these
reports. I think it quite natural you don't find much reflection of the sort of thing
you asked about.
I think that the complete testimony of Mr. Kennan, which, as I
said before, I hope will be available to this committee, will answer a
great many of your questions.
Mr. Morris. Do you contend that the political orientation that the
Chinese Communists may once have had for the Soviet Union seems to
be a thing of the past, and they are carrying out democratic policies
which they expect the United States to approve and sympathetically
support? Don't you think there is a contradiction between that
thought and the basic thought of Marxism, Stalinism, and Leninism?
Mr. Service. Don't you think that Yugoslavia and Tito are not
oriented toward the Soviet Union at the present time ? The situation
is very similar.
Mr. Morris. In what respect? Do you think that Tito is teaching
Stalinism now ?
Mr. Service. I am sure that th^^y claim that it is Stalinism.
Mr. Morris. Do they adhere to the 21 points, as this material,
source material, that you had in your presence at the time, indicates ?
Mr. Service. I am sorry ?
Mr. JMoRRTS. ^Vell, let me get into the next document.
Senator Tydings. Before you leave that, am J "-^ understand that
your last answer to Mr. Morris' question is that ' . kened the Com-
munist movement in China somewhat to the mo^ vf: ,f the Commu-
nists in Yugoslavia, vis-a-vis Russia ?
Mr. Service. I do, in that they both have a st. , national bias.
Senator Green. I am at a loss to understand ist what your objec-
tive was. Was it not the objective to say what iiao's views were and
what effect those views had on the Chinese ? You were not expressing
your own views ?
Mr. Service. In most cases, I was simply reporting what they told
me and what I read in their books and publications.
Senator Green. But you weren't expressing your own views — you
were reporting his views ?
Mr. Service. That is right. And, in some cases, I commented on
those views. Generally peaking, it was simply reporting what tliey
asserted were their polic es.
Senator Green. As to these matters on which you have testified, it
was objective reporting — wasn't that it?
Mr. Service. That has been the decision of George Kennan, who,
I believe, is the best-qualified person.
Senator Green. Is that what the State Department expressed ap-
proval of, in expressing its appreciation of your work ?
Mr. Service. Yes, sir.
STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION 1335
Mr. ]M()i{jas. The reports from which I read those extracts were
reports of your own views ; they were not objective reports. You were
givino; your own opinion in those reports. I think, if you analyze the
record, you will find that is the case.
Let me get to the next material.
I have here a paper found in your possession at the time of your
arrest. I read the official description :
Two small books, one. Study the Material of the Thirteenth Plenum of the
ECCI, and the other, Revolutionary China Today, by Wang Ming and Kan Sing.
Also the following note, "Dear Mr. Service : T had hoped to be able to give you
this copy, but I cannot find my other copy. However, you may keep this one as
long as you need it."
Signed by a man named "Johnson."''
Xow. as i say, this is the official report of the ECCI. Some of the
extracts from this read as follows:
The Commintern and the CPC are fully entitled to demand from our fraternal
parties that they comply with one of the basic conditions of admission to the
Ct'mmiuteru which was adopted by the personal motion of Lenin himself and
reads as follows :
"Every party that desires to belong to the Communist International must give
every possible support to the Soviet Republics in their struggle against all coun-
terrevolutionary forces. The Communist Parties should carry on a precise
and definite propaganda to induce the workers to refuse to transport munitions
of war intended for enemies of the Soviet Republics, carry on legal or illegal
propaganda among the troops, which are sent to crush the worker-republics,
etc."
It goes on and says the same thing about the Japanese Communisf,
Party. It reaffirms all of tlie tenets and dogmas of the History of
the Soviet Union.
I say, Mr. Service, how can you possibly reconcile having all this
material in j^our possession ancl at the same time writing as you did
in tlie reports that I have read?
Mr. Service. M^t I see that, sir?
Mr. Morris. HT t
Senator Tyl. ror the purpose of identification, if I might
interrupt, what is . document you have in. your hand — who is the
author of it? ^ m [
Mr. Service. It iyia photostatic reproduction, I believe, of a
book V,
Senator Tydings. Of a book?
Mr. Service. Of two small books, one entitled, ''Study of the Mate-
rial of tlie Thirteenth Plenum of the ECCI"
Senator Tydixgs. AYhat is that— ECCI?
Mr. Service. It is the Communist International. I can't tell you
in detail what the letters stand for.
Mr. Morris. Executive Committee of the Communist International.
Senator Tti)ix(;s. Who wrote that one? a
Mr. Service. Tliat is hx Wan<r ^Minof. i
Senator Tydixgs. Who is Wang Ming?
Mr. Service. I would like to come to that later, if I may.
Senator Tydixgs. All right. Let's get the other, then.
Mr. Service. The other is, Eevolutionary China Today.
Senator Tydix(;s. "\^"luit ?
Mr. Service. ''Revolutionary China Today."
Senator Tydixgs. Who wrote that ?
68070 — 50 — pt. 1 8.5
1336 STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION
Mr. Service. As far as I can see, by Kan Sing.
Senator Tydings. How did you happen to have these books'?
]\Ir. Service. I would like to give a little of the history. •
Senator Tydings. I hope it Avon't be too long. I am not interested
in the history, but I would like to know how you got it.
Mr. Service. This book was loaned to ine by the man named John-
son, who was an employee, I believe, of the War Department, at tiie
time, engaged in research work.
Senator Tydixgs. There was no crime in having it.
Air. Service. Connected with the Far East.
Senator Tydings. Who are the two authors — are they Communists?
Mr. Service. I do not remember Kan Sing.
Senator Tydings. Who is the other fellow^
Mr. Service. The other fellow, Wang Ming, was a leader, an im-
portant leader, I believe, ranking leader of the Chinese Communist
Party, once, in the early lOoO's.
Senator Tydings. Now, I am up with the thing. Go ahead.
Mr. Service. The date of these books, I see no definite indication,
bufit is about 1934.
The Chinese Communist Party has had a historj^ of considerable
internal dissension and struggle for power. In the early days, there
is no doubt it was completely Ivussian-dominated and dominated by
the Communist International.
Mr. Morris. Do you think it is not now ?
Mr. Service. Will you let me continue, sir ?
Mr. Morris. I am sorry.
Mr. Service. Several leaders were, in effect, designated or sent out
by Moscow to run the show. Their policies were, shall we say, more
traditionally communistic, proletarian uprisings, and so on. The up-
risings which they urged, organized, were put down very promptly.
Mao Tse-tung was a leader of a group within a party ; Mao Tse-tung
had not studied in Moscow — who believed that the only successful
program in China would be a more moderate one, based on the farmer
and his hardships. '
Eventually, about 1935, or perhaps 1934, Mao Tse-tung won the
struggle for power in the Communist Party in China on his more mod-
erate — if we could use ''moderate" in comiection with comnuinism — •
theories. W^ang Ming and the others were discredited. Some of them
disappeared from the scene ; some of them returned to Moscow.
Now, I was very interested, as a student, because I was trying to
find out all I could about the Communists and their history, to get this
book, and to see what Wang Ming had said. Because Wang Ming
was in disgrace, I could not get it.
Senator Tydings. Why w^as he in disgrace?
Mr. Service. Because he was discredited, the leader who had been
discredited by ISIao, and who lost out in the struggle for power.
Senator Tydings. Go ahead.
Mr. Service. He was a Russian-Chinese Communist, whereas Mao
represented the Chinese wing of the Communist Party.
This book I found I could not obtain in Yenan when I was there.
I would inquire; "Yes; we will get you a copy." I made various
inquiries. 1 finally found out wdiy they would not give me a copy of
the book. It was proscribed. Wang Ming, himself, was living in
STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION 1337
retirement in Yenan. They allowed us to see him, but allowed no
one to talk to him.
So, when I came back to the United States, I made an eil'ort to,
through other researcli students, to get this book, which is quite a rare
item, so that I could read it. Actually, I had just received it and
never had a chance to read it.
Senator Tydixgs. How long hsul you had it before it was seized?
JNlr. Servick. I am not sure. Perhaps the date is on Mr. Johnson's
note here. I don't knoAv. I would have
Senator Tydings. It isn't important.
Mr. Sekyice. I would have to look through it.
The poiiit is, there was no question, in 1934, when this book was
written, that the Chinese Conuuunist Party was being dictated to and
run by the Communist Party of Russia.
Mr! MoRias. When I read from ISIao Tse-tung's report there, you
found, in INIao Tse-tung's own statement, a reaffirmation of all of the
principles of the Plenum of the ECCI?
]Mr. ii^ERviCK. The speech of Mao Tse-tung you read to me was in
1941.
Mr. Morris. This was a repetition of the speech he made in 1941.
Mr. Service. The speech was made in 1941.
Mr. MoijRis. This is comment on a speecli that he made in 1911.
Mr. S::rvice. This is a speech he made in 1941.
Mr. ]\i0RRis. What does it say after that? It makes comment on
it, doesn't it (
Mr. Sermce. 'T have now received the sketch of the report and have
had it published." In other words, he made, as often was done, a
speech, probably oral speech, without prepared text.
Mr. Morris. AMiat he is doing is bringing it up to date.
Mr. Service. Xo, sir.
]\Ir. Morris. He takes a speech that he made, and republishes it.
Mr. Service. I see no evidence that it is correct to say that it was
re]wblished in 1948, so far as I can see.
Mr. Morris. I didn't say "1948."
]Mr. Service. This is simply a text translation of a speech which
Mao gave in 1941, when ECCI was still in existence. It was not in
1945. Theoi-etically
Mr. Morris. I grant you that the date of the reaffirmation of prin-
ciples expressed in the speech does not appear from that document. It
is at some later time.
Mr. Service. I am sorry, I don't understand the question. I still
come back to the statement I made, that nobody announces more
positively that he is a Communist than Mr. Tito, these days.
Mr. Morris. I have a few more letters here. I wish you would ex-
plain the contents of some of them.
This is described as:
"Typewritten letter dated at Washington, April 16, 1945," and,
apparently, it comes from your typewriter. Would 3^ou look at it and
identify it, Mr. Service? It is written to "Dear Annelee and Teddy."
Is that your letter, Mr. Service?
Mr. Service. Yes. I think it was a start on a letter which I never
finished and never sent.
1338 STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION
Mr. Morris. May I read an excerpt from that, and ask for your
interpretation. [Reading:]
Deak Annelee and Teddy : The optimistically pleasant speculations we allowed
ourselves to indulge in on that last evening of mine —
And the street if crossed out —
at 879—
The address crossed off. Do you recall the conversation referred
to therein ?
Mr. Service. In a general way, sir.
Mr. Morris. ^V\\ixt was it, Mr. Service?
Mr. Ser^tlce. That in early April 1945, 1 received very urgent orders
to return to the United States by a certain date; there was no explana-
tion, but the fact that I was told to return here by a certain date gave
ground for speculation that there was another s])ecific job in mind for
me. The war was advancing rapidly in the Pacific. Our pleasant
speculations were that I was going to be sent out somewhere in the
Pacific, perhaps — well, I don't know where — somewhere in the Pacific.
Mr. Morris. The second paragraph reads :
The paper tiger roared loudly enough around here to drown out the very
general —
The word is crossed out.
hut-
Word crossed out —
timid — opposition.
Who is the paper tiger ?
Mr. Service. That is a popular Chinese nickname for General
Hurley. It was well-known to everyone.
Senator Tydings. Order in the court.
Mr. Morris (reading) :
And, hased on the Tiger's modest account of his achievements, the big boss
said : "Keep it up."
"Wlio was the big boss ?
Mr. Service. The big boss was the President.
Mr. Morris (continuing reading) :
After that, the table pounding in regard to yours truly was only a matter
of course.
Mr. Service. After that. General Hurley's demand for my recall