want it to come up. I suggested everything that I could of that would
prevent it from comino- up. Then it has come up, and the Communists
are now saving the things against it which I warned of. This Kohl-
ber^v-McCarthy thing is something else. Kohlberg says it hrst, and
McCarthy theii repeats the same words, with the same intentiom

Senator Hickenlooper. I believe the record shows that the Com-
munists were advocating a pattern of action as far back as 19-29 along
this o-eneral line in China, the infiltration, capture, and all these things
thatliave come about, so there is a historical position of the Commu-
nist Party, I believe. I am not prepared at this moment to document
it, but it is here in the record some place.

Dr. Lattimore, there has come into my possession at this time wiiat
is alleo-ed to be a copy of a letter from you to Mr. Joseph Barnes,
written supposedlv from 111 Sutter Street, San Francisco, Cjilif., on
June 15, 1943, and supposed to be signed by you as Director ot Pacihc
Operations. As I sav, this is a copy. There is no official stamp on this
letter. It has tlie tlie word "Secret" marked at the top. In the sup-
posed copy of this letter, in the first paragraph, is a reason given
for marking the communication "Secret." I expect to make this letter
available for the records of the committee, and if it is a letter that you
have written, then I can show you a secret document, if it is officially
secret. If it is not a letter that you have written, then the "Secret"



STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION 471

mark on it is spurious. Therefore I, not desiring to make public any
matter tliat mialit be still ofticially secret — and I have no knowledge
whether it is still officially secret — if it is genuine or not, am going to
liand you this letter and tell you that it came into my possession as an
alleged copy of a letter Avhich you wrote at that time.

I would like to ask you to read it and then tell me whether or not
it is a copy of a letter which you wrote.

Dr. Lattimore. Should I read it aloud first?

Senator Hickexlooper. Xo. That is the reason I am giving it to
you to '^ead, because I didn't want to make it public if it is a secret
document.

(A brief intermission was had to permit Dr. Lattimore to read the
comnuniication referred to.)

Senator Tydings. The commitee will come to order.

Mr. FoKTAS. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, in
view of the peculiar situation that is here presented, as counsel for
Mv. Lattimore I would like your permission to make a brief state-
ment about this document.

Senator Tydixgs. Go ahead, sir.

Mr. FoRTAS. This document is presented here as a secret docmiient.
I do not know whether it is officially clasified as secret. It is my
recollection that Senator McCarthy referred to this same document
m his statement on the Senate floor 'on :\rarch 30, and in his statement
referred to this document as secret in a way that indicates that it
is classified secret.

Mr. Lattimore tells me that he will be able to identify it as a letter
he has written.

Senator Tydixgs. That he will be able to, or does ?

Mr. FoRTAS. That he does identify it as a letter that he has written,
and he will so state under oath.

I now state to the committee that it is Mr. Lattimore's desire that
consistently with Government regulations this letter be made public,
and on behalf of Mr. Latimore I respectfully request that the com-
mittee take whatever action is necessary to secure the declassification
of this document if it is classified, and to make it public, so as to avoid
any possible ihiplication that there is anything in this letter which
Mv. Lattimore does not desire the press and the public to see.

Xow, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, in making that request and in
making the statement that I have just made, we do not yield any point
that we have made, and which is referred to in Mr. Lattimore's state-
ment, with respect to the use of this letter by Senator McCarthy on
the Senate floor, presumably without securing its declassification.

Senator Tydings-. Mr. Fortas, so that we may understand exactly
what you are proposing. Dr. Lattimore desires that this letter be made
public?

Mr. FoRTAS. That is correct, sir.

Senator Tydings. His only reluctance to make it public so far as
he controls the situation is, he does not want to violate the classifica-
tion rules and regulations and laws?

Mr. FoRTAs. That is correct, sir.

Senator Tydixgs. That is the only objection he Avould have to mak-
ing it public now?

Mr. FoRTAs. Yes, sir.

68070— 50— pt. 1 31



472 STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION

Senator Tydings. I think, therefore, that the linrden of whether it
is a cLassified document or is not a chissified document should be
first borne and solved by whoever offers it. As Senator Hickenlooper
has it, I take it for granted he got it from somebody else, so I will
have to ask him if he will not declassify it, if that is possible, or it it
is not classified to establish that fact, so that we can admit it into
evidence and give Dr. Lattimore the benefit of the letter i± he desires

it made public. .

Dr Lattimore. I identify this as a letter written by me, and i wish
to have it put on the record, especially since it will niiilce clear the
fact that the quotations given from it by Senator McCarthy were
distorted and tendentious.

Senator Hickexlooper. Uy purpose in suggesting this letter to you,
Dr Lattimore, is that I personally feel that, inasmuch as the letter
was referred to, the entire letter should, if properly eligible to be made
public be put in the record. I do not want to violate an existing
legal secret classification. That is why I said, if you wrote it voii
had already seen it, so it was no secret to you, and you had classihed
it. If you did not write it, then the "secret" mark was a spurious mark
and would have no effect.

But now that we do not know, :SIr. Chairman, and 1 do not know,
whether this is still classified a secret document, do you recall whether
vou classified this "secret" under the existing authority at that time,
or whether you classified it in your official capacity as ^'secret," or was
that merelv a personal classification?

Senator "Green. Mr. Chairman, as one of the committee, it seems to
me I am justified in asking that examination based on this document
be deferred until it is declassified and we know what we are talking
about. Why should we sit here and hear this colloquy between these
two f^entlenien when we do not know what they are talking about?

Se^iator Tydings. The chairman, if he may, wants to try to accord
to any of his colleagues here every right that is possible, and not to
infringe on the right of examination. I am not going to make any
rulino-'^on it unless I am required to by the committee. However, for
whatever it is worth, I do not believe we should create an atmosphere
of mystery about a document that Dr. Lattimore is desirous of having
made public. I think we should withhold it until he comes back
attain, and in the meantime find out if we can make it public, before
w'e pursue this line of testimony, which I am fearful will only create
rumors and suspicions that may do the Government on one hand,
or this committee, or Dr. Lattimore, some injustice.

So I request my colleagues— I shall not make any ruling on this— to
abide by that observation. Then we can get Dr. Lattimore back and
make it all public, and then everybody, including the people of
America, will know what is in this document.

Senator McMahon. Mr. Chairman, may I ask Senator Hicken-
looper a question? Senator, as you see it now, who has the power to
declassify this document? Is it in the State Department?

Senator Hickenlooper. I presume whoever is the successor in

interest to the OWL

Senator McMahon. The State Department, I believe, took over tlie
OWL I guess the date of the letter would not be a secret. Wliat is
the date of the letter ?



STATE DEPARTAIEXT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY IXWESTIGATION 473

Senator TTickexlooper. June 15. 1948.

Senator ^NK'Mahon. How extensive were Senator ]\IcCartliy's quotes
from that letter?

Senator Hickenlooper. I don't recall.
Dr. Laitl-vlore. Faiily extensive.
Senator Greex. And incorrect?
Dr. Lattimore. And incorrect.

Senator Tydixgs. Gentlemen of the connnittee, in the interest of
fairness, if Senator Hiekenlooper will let me read the letter I will
take the responsibility of declassifyino: it right now.
Dr. Lattimori':. Thank 3'ou, Senator.

Senator Tydix^gs. I think if part of it, if it is declassified, has been
uttered on the Senator floor, that affects the integrity or the standing
of the charges made against this wit, that both he and the public are
entitled to have it all made public, so that no false inference can be
drawn from having given just a part of the document.

Senator Hickexlooper. I may say that the chairman may read it,
?o far as I am concerned, or any member of the committee may read
it, but I would suggest before the chairman undertakes the responsi-
bility of declassifying a matter that is legally classified that he ought
to think it over a little bit.

Senator Tydix^gs. I think that might have been a wise observation
if it nacl not been declassified on the floor of the Senate without per-
mission, to the detriment of the present man who stands accused of a
very heinous offense.

Senator Greex. jNIay I ask the Senator who put the stamp of "secret''
on it? Did he, or the person who gave it to him, or the State Depart-
ment, or who? It may not have to be declassified.

Senator Hickexlooper. I think Dr. Lattimore is the one who classi-
fied it "secret."' I personally think that so long as the letter was re-
ferred to on the floor of the Senate the whole letter ouffht to be in the
record eventually, but I think it ought to be properly declassified.

Senator Tyoixos. Unless I am overruled, I am going to ask IMr.
Fortas to read this letter in its entirety. I now ask for a vote of the
connnittee. If part of it has been put in, I Avant it all in.

Mr. Fortas: Senator, I will be glad to do it at your request, but you
are going to have to help keep me out of jail if I do it.

Senator Tydixgs. I will read it myself, so that I will be the one that
goes to jail.

Mr. Fortas. I will be glad to do it as your agent.
Senator McMaiiox. Mr. Chairman, may I ask Dr. Lattimore a ques-
tion ?

Doctor, it is apparent already, froui just reading a few paragraphs,
that you have classified this as secret.
Dr. Lattimore. That is right.

Spuator McMahox. It was written on June 15, 1943, about events
then existing at that time.
Dr. Lattimore. Yes, sir.

Senator ]\IcMaiiox. During the wartime period. I take it that
what is described there is dead and gxme except as it indicates your
attitude at tlie time. In your opinion does this prejudice the interest:
of tlie United States, to have it public at this time?

Dr. Latti.voke. Not in the slightest. In fact. Senator, I thir.k
It is to the interest of the United States that it should be made publico



474 STATE DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION

Senator Tydings. Let me read it, and I will take the responsibility.

Senator McMahon. I want to make very certain that the commit-
tee does not, in its anxiety to fjet the evidence out, give any aid and
comfoit to people who should not have it.

As I quickly look at it, it seems to be about past events and things
which would not be of any assistance to anybody else. It is all right
with me, Mr. Chairman.

Senator Green. I won't vote. I didn't have a chance to read it.
How did you vote, Senator ?

Senator Hickenloopek. I am utterly neutral.

Senator TydincxS. Mr. Fortas, you may read it at my request and
as an agent of the connnittee.

Mr. FoRTAS. The address on this letter is "111 Sutter Street, San
Francisco, Calif."

Senator Tydings. I would like to say before you read it that I have
no knowledge of what is in it; I diet not hear Senator McCarthy's
speech on the floor ; I don't know whether it hel])s Mr. Lattimore or
Avhether it hurts him, but I do not believe that it is fair play to have
a part of a document read anywhere in a trial as serious as this is,
in a hearing as serious as this is, without putting the whole thing in
so that no false conclusions can be drawn therefrom, and for that
reason, even though it may be stretching the law a bit, as the events
are all over and are now 8 years old, I cannot see M'here the interests
of the Government can be hurt in the slightest, and I think this hear-
ing is more important, perhaps, than any indirect injury that might
come from the reading of whatever may be in its dealing with events
of 8 years ago. So please proceed with it.

Mr. Fortas (reading) :

111 SuTTEK Street,
San Francisco, Calit., June 15, 1943.
Mr. Joseph Barnes.

Office of War Information,

224 West Fifty-seventh Street,

New York, N. Y.

Dear Joe : In your capacity as a member of our Personnel Security Committee
there are certain tilings which you ought to know about Chinese personnel. It
is a delicate matter for me to tell you about these things because of my recent
official connection with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. For that reason I am
marking this communication secret.

When we recently reduced the number of our Chinese staff in New York it
was quite obvious tlmt there was going to be trouble and that this trouble would
take the form of accusations against the remaining personnel. The fact is that
certain of tlie personnel with wliose services we dispensed had connections out-
side the office. This leads directly into the main question. It is extremely
important from the point of view of security that intelligence information should
not leak out of our office through our Chinese personnel. It is an open secret
in Washington that tlie security of various Chinese agencies there is deplorable.
Any pipeline from our office to any of those agencies is not a pipeline but
practically an open conduit.

However, it is not only a question of Chinese Government agencies. There is
also a well-organized and well-financed organization among the Chinese in this
country connected with .Wang Ching-wei, the Japanese puppet. This can be
traced back to the history of the Chinese revoluti(m as a whole. To present it
in the fewest possible words: f?un Yat-sen was largely financed for many years
by Chinese living abroad. Not only Sun Yat-sen but Wang Ching-wei had close
â– connections among the overseas Chinese. However much he is a traitor now. the
fact must be recognized that Wang Ching-wei is a veteran of Chinese politics
with connections which he has nourished for many years among Chinese com-
munities abroad, including those in the United States.



STATE DKPART.MENT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION 475

on' ti;rc<Ls? of 'r'fn'.'/.I'l..^' K^'i^"^^ '^^^^"'^ exclusively from a few localities
on tiie coast of CI una, practically every one of which is now occunied bv the
Japanese. Thus these Chinese in America have both fan.ily conSions and

o 'l;";tf''r;;iiM"'r'' '■■ • ""•"^' ^"^ ^'""^^-^^ ''' ^be Japanese, and because

or Jii.., uai.s ot political organizm- work Wans? Ching-wei knows all of these
connections and can apply pressure through them
,„9" tlit^ other side there is a special oi-ganization witliin the Kuom-intan^ or

polS ?ndZ-;fi .';"■'•' at Chungking which is charged wiu"mainSng
political and tinancial connections with Chinese overseas This overseas hn-

Hh/lf "^'';^ '^'''-''^''^ knowledge of the Chinese communities in Zerica and

H in everf rblnnf "'"â–  ''^a"' ''^''V '^ ''''^ ^"^^^^^ ^^^Ai^'t going oiever?
a> ine\ei J Chinatown in America between the Wang Ching-wei agents and

s ' blelo one^;;r,?o""^^ - I' '""'' '^ remembered that while^re Kifomintang
h^ \uVrt?Tf^ .In P"^"•'^^^^'''•^«^''l Po^tioal party among Chinese residenti

Ins ,l!i, fnnv.i. J' M P^^i-t.^' winch "owns" the Chinese Government and is

tnus able to make use of Chinese Government agencies

â– ifl?i|!.'}i'/' -n'"'"'' '''''' ""'"^i"^'"s Chinese in America who are politically un-
afiiliated. There are, of course, Communists but they have neither the monev

;):>n,rn V^'^^^"i,t'*i^" ^f ^^" ^^^-^"^ Ching-wei and Kuomintang groups The
genuinely unaffiliated Chinese are a curious compound product of Chinese pol^
tics and American environment. They tend to be intensely loyal to China as a
country without conceiving that the Kuom-intang or any other political organ
ization has a monopoly right to control of theii- thoughts and ac ions They

demamlfJtiem' 'tT^' ''^' '^ 'r^""''' ^^"^^^'^^ ^'^^ - ^^l not to have 't
S <Wn /. n ^7 '''''' 1-elnctant to support a regimented series of causes
h -inci iT s,n^ o ffn ""^^^^o^'^l^'-^ • I'l^e Americans, they often give moral and
hnancial support to a scattered number of causes, some of which may even
conflict with each other to a certain extent

tJi'm^rn^lin<?'^!r^" *^A ^^^''^"^ Ching-wei organizing group and the Kuomin-
w! ?3 / ^ "P ''} An:.erica cannot be fought out in the open. Both sides
ts ?n d ;/, . '■"""f .",' ^'''" °2f '^-*"'*"'^ publicity. Each is anxious to bring into
u^ to L Px3I// the unaffiliated Chinese as possible. Each is also anxious
not to be exposed as an "un-American" organization or a foreign political group
working on American soil. Both of them accordingly find it very gooS a?t?cs
not only to cover up themselves but to put pressure on those Whom they ai^
n nn'!f.«'' ^^"1"^ ""^"' ^^^''' '-"^'^•^' ^^ ^^^'^'"^^ unaffiliated Chinese of being Com-
Hin?it nnfs nl''" *'''' ''^^.^^^^''^tion which covers up the accuser at the same time
tnat it puts pressure on the accused

is?be''Nl?fM?"*f'^''-V'V''"^''-"^..P'''"*^ ^^ t^^ unaffiliated Chinese In America
Hnn ?>f , S "''' ^^'^^ ^^^^ '"^ '^^''' ^o^'J^- T'lii'^ i« controlled by an organiza-
tion of laundrymen. I understand that the shareholders number two or three

tlr^''aSoTll^'Z\T'.''''' '"^ ''!:'' ''''''''' "^ "^^ newspaper. The esseS
thing about these laundrymen is that in the nature of their business thev are
independent small-business men. This means that thev are on the one hand
fairly well insilred against Communist theology, since the small-business man
of whatever nationality is likely to be a man who had made his wav bv his
own initiative and enterprise and is therefore extremely suspicious of coilectivist
economic theories. On the other hand, these Chinese Lall busi lei prStors
are reluctant o submit themselves unquestioningly to the control of the vestel

n nfan.^ ""tIS' N^T.^,'"^"" n^-f" £'""'" ^" association with the domina'u S
mintang. The New China Daily News would probably not come under much

fn Wv-''^ '* "^.f" ""* '°-' '^" ^^'"^ '''''' '^ '•'^ ^"^ ^f ^"^ '^^«t edited Chinese pa irs
in America with a growing circulation. It does not need to be subsidized or
supported by a patron, like many, perhaps the ma.Tority, of Chinese papei-s It
pays dividends on its own merits. A number of Chinese language papers in
America receive subsidies from the Kuomintang. At least two an.FTrhaps

'y'f'JTr..'"^"''""' ^'■«™ ^^'^ ^^'-^"^ Ching-wei group. One or wo others
tiace back to the group within the Kuomingtang which was at one time headed

f.'^nl t/"^ S" "r-"^'."- ^ l^'-^^^^'- "f the right-wing faction withiif the Kur^,^!^
rang. The Hu Ilan-min group, though <mce regarded as right-wing conserva-
tnes. are now regarded in China as "old-fashioned liberals-'-liberal so to ^Tak
short of the New Deal. They are le.ss bitterly involved in (liiStown mS
than the Wang Ching-wei and Ku.>mintang groups. The two lat er wh c n re
engaged in handing out carefully colored ne'ws and doctored e 1 oria o Lies
Dniiv v^^^ 'T-^T ""^ '""'^ ^"^^"^ ^" ^^ unaffiliated paper like the New Ch na'
Daily News which, so to speak, flaunts its sins by being so readable that lie
Chinese public in America buys it for its own sake. eau.ioie mat rne



476 STATE DEPARTMExXT EMPLOYEE LOYALTY INVESTIGATION

politics of Chinese living ont ot ^^na These ^^ninee^ ^^^^^.^^^

{o the chariot wheels of Moscow ; ^"t ^^^ 7, 'Vai-rofleu willing to snpport parts
totalitarian -^ - "^at^on witTim Ch ^^^ 1,^. -^

of the program athocated bj ^^^^.,V"^''f.p, ,,,„„„ l^^in^ out of China that it is not
much a pait of the patteniot politics fUne^sem^^ p,ogram of

uncommon to find wealthy men <^ven " " o'^^^^j^^' ^'^ iSstance, conspicu-

the Chinese Communists •i\yli''^ti-'o n p For such pi'.-si^^ and independ-
ous in Malaya before the t/^^ /^^ S.ngapoie^ For such V^^^^^^^^^ , , ^,

^SlTtli^SdA^ot/t^^

JJiTaJLcJ^i^^a^^llo;' ile^^^^ Chinese abroad at the

same time that it demands tl^ir A - - -;^'S;;^^,ent small-business man,
In the specific setting of ^^"f'-i^f:j\is the mc^^^p^n lent ^^^^^^

ill! H^SHS^^^^^^

••X^d^^M M^ '^'S^^^H^Zor^r^TYor.. omce. conform excellently
to theS re iremeuts. Mr. Chi I have known for many yeai^. U t,l Ms
fnn!i vpstates were occupied bv the Japanese, he was a wealthy landloid. He

ei nlovee of an American Government agency, there will be no difficul y with
eStCmenf no irresponsible playing with Chinese politics, and no leakage to

^"Th?!'et?ntfon?f"both men is therefore a guaranty to the secrecy and security
of the wm^ of the OWI as well as a guaranty of the confident fulfil ment of
dfreTiver I m4e vou not to be high-pressured into getting rid of either man
T I'm w That both men mav be suhiected to attacks. Given time to work on it

coZd und.Xl^ trace' such attacks to their origin and give you the^faU
flefiils I doubt whether tlie Pei-sonnel Security Ccmimittee of 0\\i wouin
be able to rac-e S attacks, rooted in the intricacies of Chinese factiona
polit s to the r ;oun.e: but T should not like to see us placed m a position

here af?er getting rid of people now attacked, we would be forced to hii;e
pe^ le who would actually be the nominee of factions not under our controL

T is ftn- this reason that I have written this long letter to urge you to lepoit
to our Personnel Security Committee the necessity f.u- exercising pronounced
n gnosticism when anv of our Chinese personnel are attacked.
^In the meantime I am doing my best to check over our Chinese personnel m
San Francisco.



STATE depart:mext employee loyalty investigation 477

Once more I ur^e you to observe the strictest confidence in acting on this
letter, because in certain quarters it misht be considered that I am under a
moral oblijiation to see tliat ()\VI is staffed with Chinese who talie their orders
from some source other tlian the American Government.
Y'ours,

Owen Lattimore,
Director, Pacific Operations.

Senator Tydixgs. I hope before you leave tliis letter, Dr. Lattimore,
tliat you will put in the record what the charo-e was on the Senate floor
made by Senator McCarthy and then put that part of the letter which
you say was not correctly portrayed in its relations on the Senate
floor, directly following it, whenever it is convenient for 3^ou to do that
today.

Dr. Lattimore. Thank you, Senator. I was going to ask for per-
mission to do that. I have here before me only some notes from what
Senator ^McCarthy said on the floor, and not the full text of what he
said, but even from these condensed notes I can quote the following
to show the extreme distortion with which this letter was presented:

I quote ; and I am only quoting what is in direct quotes.

Senator Tydixgs. You mean you are quoting Senator McCarthy
now ?

Dr. Lattimore. I am quoting Senator McCarthy now :

* * * fraud and misrepresentation in his intended deception of his superior.
Another quote :

* * * an excellent example of the far-flung Communist discipline so much
insisted upon by Lenin.

Another quote :

O. L. urged strictest secrecy in getting rid of any Chinese wlio are loyal to our
ally Chiang Kai-shek, and the recruiting of personnel solely from the share-
holders of the Communist X'ew China Daily News.

Xow, Senator, I happen to know something about this subject be-
cause for many years, having been interested in recent Chinese po-
litical history, I had become aware of the importance in modern
development of the Kuomintang, of the overseas Chinese, That is a
subject which even to this day is inadequately documented.

I mention a special Chinese organization — may I have the letter? —
within the Kuomintang or Chinese Nationalist Party at Chungking
which is charged with maintaining political and financial connections
with Chinese overseas. I knew something about this because I used
to share a dugout in Chungking with the man who was the head of it,
and in the pre-Pearl Harbor days in Chungking, where we were