for the improvement of rivers and harbors.
GRANTS TO THE STATES
The first appropriation by Congress for internal improvement was
made in the enabling act for the State of Ohio, April 30, 1802. It
provided that one-twentieth part of the proceeds from the sale by
Congress of public lands lying in said State should be apphed to the
la^'ing out and making public roads from the navigable w^aters
emptying into the Atlantic to the Ohio River, to the said State,
and through the same, such roads to be laid out under the authority
of Congress, with the consent of the several States through which
the roads should pass. In the act of March 3, 1803, 3 per cent of
the net proceeds of land sales was given to Ohio for roads within
the State, and for no other purpose whatever.
Similar provisions for a grant of 5 per cent of the net proceeds of
the sales of public lands within each State have been made in the
subsequent acts for the admission of the various public-land States
to the Union. In the different acts there is some variation in the
purposes for which the grants were made. The early acts usualh^
made the appropriation for roads and canals; later acts (after 1836)
made the proceeds available for roads and internal improvements ;
and the act for Nevada (1864) applied it to roads and irrigation
pitches. Beginning with the four States admitted in 1889, the
proceeds of tliis 5 per cent grant have been granted as a permanent
lund for the support of common schools.
Up to 1887 the amomits accruing to the various States for the
proceeds of the cash sales of public lands aggTCgated $7,123,549.83.
The States have insisted that they were entitled to 5 per cent not
only on the cash sales, but also on the value of public lands within
their limits set aside for permanent Indian reservations and dis-
posed of in satisfaction of bounty-land warrants and agricultural
college or other scrip issued by the United States in pa\anent of its
obligations. A bill now before Congress proposes to recognize this
claim, which it is estimated will amount to about $8,182,000.'*
o Congressional Record, vol. 42, p. 4380.
177
178
REPORT OF THE INLAND WATERWAYS COMMISSION
CANAL GRANTS
In 1824 a special canal act for Indiana was passed, but this was not
utilized. The first effective act making grants of land to States for
the specific purpose of securing construction of canals was passed
March 2, 1827. This act gives such grants of land to the States of Indi-
ana and Illinois. Two and a half sections of land on each side of the
canal were granted, the United States reserving alternate sections,
thus beginning a policy which has become the rule in land grants for
improvements. Part of the grant made to Indiana by this act of
1827 was afterwards transferred to Ohio.
Additional grants of land for canals were subsequently made to
all of the above-named States and also to Wisconsin and Michigan,
as is shown in the following table. The total area of all grants made
to the States for canals from 1827 to 1866 has been 4,424,073.06
acres.
Table 50 — Land grants for canals
(Forty-sixth Congress, third session, H. Ex. Doc. 47; pt. 4. "The Public Domain," 1881, p. 2581
State. I Date of law.
Indiana.
Ohio.
Illinois.
Wisconsin
Michigan .
Mar. 26,1824
Mar. 2, 1827
May 29,1830
Feb. 27,1841
Aug. 29,1842
Mar. 3,1845
May 9,1848
Mar. 2,1827
June 30,1834
May 24,1828
Apr. 3,1830
May 24,1828
Mar. 2,1827
Aug. 3,1854
June 18,1838
Apr. 10,1866
Mar. 1,1872
Mar. 7,1874
Aug. 26,1852
Mar. 3,1865
July 3, 1866
July 6,1866
Vol. 4, p. 47...
Vol. 4. p. 236. .
Vol. 4, p. 416..
Vol. 5, p. 414..
Vol. 5, p. 542..
Vol. 5, p. 731..
Vol. 9. p. 219..
Vol. 4, p. 236. .
Vol. 4, p. 716..
Vol. 4, p. 305. .
Vol. 4, p. 393..
Vol. 4, p. 306. .
Name of canal.
rotal acres
granted
and cer-
tified.
Wabash and Erie Canal.
Wabash and Erie Canal.
[Miami and Dayton
General canal purposes j 500,000.00
234,246.73
29,552.50
259,368.48
24,219.83
796,630.19
113,348.33
266,535.00
333,826.00
Vol lO^T) 344 li*"'^^^''' I^li°^°'^ River to Lake Michigan
Vol. 5, p. 245. . ] Milwaukee and Rock River Canal
Vol. 14, p. 30. . j Breakwater and Harbor Ship Canal
Vol. 17, p. 32.-1 Breakwater extending time to Apr. 10, 1874.
Vol. 18, p. 20. .i Breakwater extending time to Apr. 10, 1876.
Vol. 10, p. 35. . ; St. Marys Ship Canal
Vol. 13, p. 519 11 Portage" Lake and Lake Superior Ship
Vol. 14, p. 81.. J Canal.
Vol. 14, p. 80.. Lac La Belle Ship Canal
290,915.00
125,431.00
200,000.00
750,000.00
200,000.00
200,000.00
100,000.00
RECAPITULATION
1 , 457, 366. 06
1 , 100,361. 00
290,915. 00
.325, 431. 00
1,250,000. 00
\
Total 4, 424, 073. 06
Indiana...
Ohio
Illinois
Wisconsin.
Michigan . .
STATE SELECTION ACT
By an act of September 4, 1841, Congress granted to the States
named in the act and "to each new' State that shall hereafter be
admitted into the Union" 500,000 acres of public lands for internal
improvements, including the land granted to such States for such
purposes before their admission.
GOVERNMENT AID TO INLAND NAVIGATION
179
Selections under this act amounted in 1880 to 7,806,554.67 acres,
as shown in the follo^^^no; table:
Table 51 — State selectionsO'
[Fifty-sixth Congress, third session, H. Ex. Doc. 47; pt. 4 (1881). "The Public Domain," p. 2.5.')]
State.
Illinois
Missouri
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Michigan
Arkansas
Florida
Iowa
Wisconsin
California
Kansas
Mimiesota
Oregon
Nevada
Nebraska
Colorado
Total
Not selected
Selected to June 30, 1880.
Acres.
Disposition.
209,085.50
500,000.00
97, 469. 17
500,000.00
500,000.00
500,000.00
500,000.00
500,000.00
500,000.00
500, 000. 00
500, 000. 00
500, 000. 00
500,000.00
500, 000. 00
500.000.00
500,000.00
500,000.00
Satisfied.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
484,184 selected.
Satisfied.
Do.
487,709 selected.
Satisfied.
Do.
Do.
470,014 selected.
Satisfied.
302,541.20 selected.
7,806,554.67
255,551.74
7,551,002.83
o Ohio and Indiana had already received their quota for internal improvements, and Illinois and
Alabama had received part of the 500,000 acres under grants previous to the State Selection Acts.
See above table of Land Grants for Canals.
NAVIGATION GRANTS
By an act of August 8, 1846, a grant of land was made to the Terri-
tory of Iowa for the purpose of improving the navigation of the Des
Moines River from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork. This act was a
peculiar one and was the subject of much departmental and judicial
construction" and finally was partially merged into the grant in aid
of the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines and Minnesota Railroad. Another
act passed the same day as the Iowa grant (August 8, 1846), gave to
Wisconsin when admitted as a State land for the improvements of the
Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and to build a canal to connect them.
LATER STATE GRANTS
In the enabling acts for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and
Washington (Februarv 27, 1889), Idaho (July 3, 1890), W^yoming
(July 10, 1890), and Utah (July 16, 1894), in lieu of the grant of land
for internal improvement, 500,000 acres were given«for specific edu-
cational or charitable institutions and public buildings, except in the
case of Utah, where 650,000 acres were given for these purposes and
500,000 acres in addition for irrigation works.^
«See Railroad Co. r. Litchfield, 23 Howard, 66.
b State grants of public lands, issued by the General Land Office, March. 1896, pp.
8 and 9.
180
REPORT OF THE INLAND WATERWAYS COMMISSION
SUBSCRIPTIONS
In addition to the land grants to States, Congress subscribed to
the stock of various canal companies, as shown in the following table :
Table 52 — Acts of Congress authorizing the Government to subscribe for or purchase
stock of private canal companies or loan money to the same
Date of act.
Mar. 3,
Mar. 2,
May 13,
Mar. 2,
May 18,
Mar. 2,
July 25,
Jan. 11,
May 24,
Mar. 3,
June 25,
1825
1829
1826
1829
1826
1829
1866
1868
1828
1837
1832
Canal company.
Number
|of shares.
Amount.
Chesapeake and Delaware .
do
Louisville and Portland. . .
do
Dismal Swamp
do
do
Chesapeake and Ohio .
2,250
2,250
1,000
1,350
600
200
10,000
$225,000
225,000
100,000
135,000
150,000
50, 000
1,000,000
300,000
100,000
Remarks.
Purchase or subscription.
Do.
Sale of shares.
Sale postponed to Feb. 8, 1868.
Loan to Alexandria Canal.
Loan to Alexandria Canal for
aqueduct.
APPROPRIATIONS
The following tables show the appropriations made by Congress
for river improvements (excluding harbors) and canals, from 1802 to
1900, with a statement of subsequent appropriations for river and
harbor improvements from 1900 to 1907:
Table 53 — Acts of Congress making appropriations for rivers and canals. 1802-1900
[Analytical and topical index, reports. Chief of Engineers, 1866-1900.]
Date of act.
Rivers.
Canals.
.\pril6, 1802
April 18, 1806
February 10, 1809 .
March 3, 1821
May 24, 1824
March 3, 1825
May 13, 1826
May 18, 1826
May 20, 1826
March 2, 1827
Do
March 3, 1827
May 19, 1828
May 23, 1828
May 24, 1828
March 2, 1829
Do
Do
March 3, 1829
April 23, 1830
March 2, 1831
Do
Julys, 1832
March 2, 1833
â– Do
June 28, 1834
June 30, 1834
Do
Do
February 24, 18.35 .
March 3, 1835
July 2, 1836
.July 4, 1836
March 3, 1837
April 20, 1838
Julv7, 18.38
March 3, 1839
July 20, 1840
March 3, 1841
August 23, 1842...
830,
000.00
448. 71
150.00
,000.00
30,
3,
150,
000.00
000. 00
383. 40
000.00
500.00
513.00
30, 000. 00
$25,000.00
300, 000. 00
100,000.00
150, 000. 00
1,000,000.00
50,
95,
46,
200,
;54,
15,
95,
155,
000.00
694. 72
880.00
000.00
970. 32
000.00
900.00'
527.00
17,
231,
395
160,
754,
70.
408.
15
i;
75
100
000.00
240. 63
000.00
000.00
600.05
000.00
963.00
000.00
573.00
000.00
075.39
,000.00
000.00
Date of act.
Canals.
200, 000. 00
133, 500. 00
28,337.55
15, 000. 00
300, 000. 00
10,000.00
March 1, 1843
Do
June 11, 1844
June 15, 1844
Do
February 26, 1845
March 3, 1845
Do
March 2, 1847.....
March 3, 1847
March 3, 1849
August 30, 1852...
July 22, 1854.
Julys, 1856.
Do
Do
August 16, 1856. . .
June 9, 1860
June 12, 1860
Julvl, 1864.
June 23, 1866
March 2, 1867
Do
July 25, 18(58
April 10, 1869
December 23, 1869
July 11, 1870
Julv 15, 1870
January 18, 1871
Februarj- 2, 1871
March 3, 1871. . . .
June 10, 1872....
• Do
March 3, 1873. . . .
Do
Do
Aprils, 1874
May 11, 1874.....
June 23, 1874
Do
GOVERNMENT AID TO INLAND NAVIGATION
181
Table 53 — Acts of Congress making appropriations for rivers and canals, 1802-1900-
Contiuued
Date of act.
March 3, 187.5
July 31, 1876
August 14, 1876....
February 7, 1878...
April 30," 1878
.Tune 18, 1878
Do
Juno 20, 1878
January 13, 1X79. . .
March 3, 1879
June 28, 1879
June 14, 1880
June 16, 1880
Do
March 3, 1881
Do
March 21, 1882
May 4, 1882
August 2, 1882
August 7, 1882
Do
March 3, 1883
Do
January 19, 1884 . .
March 12, 1884
Julyo, 1884
July 7, 1884
Ma,v26, 1886
August 4, 1886
Augusts, 1886
February 1,1888...
March 30, 1888
April 2, 1888
August 11, 1888....
Do
October 2, 1888....
October 19, 1888...
Riyers.
Canals.
$3,
000.00
000. 00
:m. 00
000.00
900. 00
000.00
.513.00
.")3fl. 72
600. 00
000.00
500.00
010.00
000.00
000.00
000.00
000. 00
000.00
900.00
000.00
970. 18
460.00
000.00
000.00
100.00
.500.00
479. 32
492. 00
404. 57
025. 00
380. 32
800. 00
572. 48
633. 77
733. 13
000.00
525. 06
$780, 000. 00
"456,666.06
7, 500. 00
425, 000. 00
368, 000. 00
'432,' 755.' 36
317, 000. 00
'325,'666.'66
530, 000. 00
'"68i,'256.'66
"i,'.576,"m66
Date of act.
March 2, 1889
February 22, 1890...
August 30, 1890
September, 19,1890.
September 30, 1890. .
January 19, 1891....
March 3, 1891
Do
Do
July 13, 1892
July 28, 1892
Augusts, 1892
March 3, 1893
Do
August 18, 1894
Do
August 23, 1894
Do
March 2, 1895
Do
February 26, 1896...
May 1, 1896
June 3, 1896
June 11, 1896
Do
February 26, 1897...
March 31, 1897
June 4, 1897
July 19, 1897
July 1, 1898
January 5, 1899
March 3, 1899
June 6, 1900
September 19, 1900..
Total
Rivers.
862,
1,50,
3,
14, 428,
162,
2,
1,
300,
1,000,
12, 8.56,
109,
115,
7, 349,
95,
6, 701,
5,335,
6,
1,
â– 15,
6, 770,
17,
11,340,
980,
060.00
000. 00
735. 0(3
050. 00
178. 04
128. 87
9,50. 00
000.00
000.00
529. 00
W;7. 41
000. 00
500.00
986. 65
180. 00
000.00
325. 28
916.97
000. 00
700. 00
500. 00
811.96
625. 46
000. 00
Canals.
250, 000. 00
250, 000. 00
9, 789, 333. 00
1,156,015.65
7, 575, 989. 56
100, 000. 00
14,626,409.25
8, 725, 017. 00
167, 000. 00
82, 367, 000. 00
206, 899, 183. 81
600, 000. 00
'i,'6i8,'683.'66
2, 444, 653. 00
425, 000. 00
300, 000. 00
483, 865. 00
335, 000. 00
179, 597. 00
8, 265. 19
1,575,000.00
'i,'877,'746.'66
748, 000. 00
1,110,000.00
30,245,387.24
Table 54 — Appropriations for river and harbor improvements, 1900-1907
1900.
1901.
1902.
1903.
Regular appropriations ! $16, 195, 623. 75
Permanent annual appropriations 291, 000. 00
Indefinite appropriations (opening
and cleaning of canals and remov-
ing sunken vessels) 1,013,975.33
$7,046,623.22
291,000.00
1,009,268.22
$32,565,199.94
297,600.00
1,100,120.59
$20,228,157.00
297, 600. 00
1,196,361 30
Total , 17, 500, 599. 08
8,346,891.44
33,962,920.53
21,722,118.30
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.
Regular appropriations
Permanent annual appropriations
Indefinite appropriations
$10, 872, 200. 00
297,600.00
1,135,792.81
$26,561,281.75
297, 600. 00
1, 116, 829. 48
$17,664,0.50.04
297, 600. 00
1,273,819.32
$43, 315, 813. 00
297, 600. 00
1,512,176.76
Total
12,305,592.81
27,975,711.23
19,235,469.36
45,125,589 76
RECAPITULATION
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1908
$17,
8,
33,
21,
12,
27,
19,
45,
500,599.08
346,891.44
962,920.53
722,118.30
305, 592. 81
975,711.23
235, 469. 36
125,589.76
Total .
186.174,892.51
5. GOVERNMENT SLACK-WATER RR^RS
Facts relating to the Government slack-water rivers are set forth
in the accompanying table, which shows the location of each stream,
the navigable length of the river and the slack-water portion, the
nmnber and dimensions of locks, traffic statistics, and the total Gov-
ernment expenditures so far as ascertained, with such "remarks" as
are needed to call attention to special facts concerning each river.
The rivers included in this table are only those where navigatiim has
been improved by means of locks and dams. It does not include
many rivers where the Government has carried on improvements of
other kinds; nor does it include rivers for which slack- watering
projects have been urged or authorized, but on which no important
work has yet been completed.
Where two dates appear in the column headed "Year" under
"Traffic" the statistics are for the fiscal year ending June 30.
182
GOVERNMENT SLACK-WATER RIVERS
183
-HCOCCO)
O (NC<3
—liO QO
S Ol
03 S
5*3 3'
o ^ ^ -*
C5
y S
a -5;
O . 9-2 5:^
p g f. o o . fH ;
3 bolz; m 2
c O- u
S.'S^
o —
c a.
.2 w =s
W J=T3
® ^ - '
Q =- ' ° o
n0.2o§
O M a 3 g
go
OQ O '^
S
8
I
SO
eg
f5 a
•o^
2-^
2 s
I"
O O « O Oco
0.0^0
184
EEPORT OF THE INLAND WATERWAYS COMMISSION
a .' £ Mm-a s 2 d S'O
.2S|^ca§5g5fl;
«T3^I^OiO e3.a+f QJ X
, (S.2 B St- " * 3
Si2^>^^ 5•i:2„â–
o ftS '-M .a g"^ ^ "
oOig.a-ggaoM'^*-
5§t2>§»
s °,„ o -d
.s S a !>i.2 H
S«o^-5gd
d S p.3 £ B §
+i ^ o » o. =3
> 2-c S ffl*^ >
â– ^ _a M !a !c .2 t.^
.2 M S O -^ 'S ®
M ,a t. o a o3 1.
8co
rjoi^'^ ^
OO 'f ^
0:0-.^ rt
^ ceo :c
000 O
Oi G^ ^ 05
(MC3 tD'J'
(M-* "OOO
CO X O t—
O
— S § ffi ss
Ci3
3 0?
00
000
C :C o
«j O O
â– 1^ â– !->
o s cs
II
^^
ll|o
2h^-
Boa,
\ ^-t
C.£tf
2 "i 5'
50
- a
3
I 12; s
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■« 03
. 1^
^ 53' • • © s +^
I §13*5
^ -3 •§ ti C; •^
w 2:2:
2 5 S
.i a Q
3^
s
■3 , § ^
f il
avigable section—
Pittsburg, Pa.
ack-wat(>r section
Pool formed by
Island, Pa.
Pools formed b
2 and H, Pa.
ile section
en, Ohio,
atcr sectioi
s above Zan
5 ^
c
'5'i Si;
S
!2; M
2
3
!2; M
r
s
GOVERNMENT SLACK- WATER RIVERS
185
s
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oo
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o
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ctlon—
V. Va.
ection-
Va.
ction—
Shoal,
ection-
Shoal.
a
o
•• M - ^
>-,
awha
ble
sville
â– atcr
on, \
•5
S5 '^ =3
Kan
aviga
Burn
ack-M
Crest
Kan
aviga
Loup
ack-\
Loup
andy
aviga
Willi
Fork
Levis
II
3^: w
â– ^^ M
w!z;
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g 3
> o
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a o o
e;
ag
^!
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ftS>
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a f « s
o q3-2 ^
agT;5;
w SSl
a:^
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"^ ^ ca
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=s . 3 " 2 o d,t;'^ fe o n
IM o a c3 1-
^^?r|-2 2.2="Sd2n°^
E>S§3>g.g.2§.2;§
02;E-rH^00f^w;Z
u'a 'u' - ,ca<-»t-,j<^ a a o s.
W i^W "-I
CDX3 .-,£3:
,£ -J ? i; a ,5 3 ,■>''
■• 03 a ? C_, J3 o>-!h (
O ca Wo
ai673— S. Doc. ai-'o, HO-1 liJ
awf ggn
186
KEPORT OF THE INLAND WATERWAYS COMMISSION
O
ooo s
(i
^
ea
Q u
S" 2
> s ° i
, MfLl a;^
+^ m
If:
O >-i
X 'I'
IS
O 03
:S 1^
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O 3^
c3k' 03
oS^_g^
3 "g -g g ^ , J
2 a " a
:« « 5o |.2
S "^
I i"
M3J
.. . . 'p *
hi «J esO
giz;
M 2!^ M
GOVERNMENT SLACK-WATER RIVERS
187
SIN O 00 "5
(N â– ^ -n" rt (M
o
a
q;
3
o
o
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>
s
a
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btPaa
3 ftg >>•§ ft;2; § a
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odS'Si^2'§o=3|;^|S.SU2§^
2S^^°S2;:|.gi^^rr|2 35
6. CANALS IN THE UNITED STATES
LOCATION OF CANALS
Canals in the United States include: (a) Government canals, (6)
State canals, (c) private canals.
Geographically they are distributed as shown on the accompanying
map prepared in the oflBce of the Bureau of Corporations.
LOCATION OF GOVERNMENT CANALS
Grouped with reference to their situation, Government canals are
as follows :
Lake Group
1. Canals on the through route between Buffalo and Duluth,
including the St. Clair Flats Canal and the St. Marys Falls Canal.
2. Branch canals of the lake group, represented by the Sturgeon
Bay and Lake Michigan Canal; the Portage Lake and Lake Superior
canals, and the Portage Canal connecting the Fox and Wisconsin
rivers.
3. Lake harbor canals, or those of a rather local nature, including
the Duluth Ship Canal and the Benton Harbor Canal.
Jklississippi Valley
4. The Illinois and Mississippi Canal (Hennepin), which has just
been completed, uniting the waters of Lake ]\lichigan with those of
the Mississippi River.
5. The Des Moines Rapids Canal near Keokuk on the tlirough
Mississippi river route between St. Paul and St. Louis.
6. The Louisville and Portland Canal on the through route between
Pittsburg and Cairo.
7. Tennessee River canals, establishing through communication
between Chattanooga, Tenn., and Paducah, Ky., including the Big
Muscle Shoals Canal, Elk River Shoals Canal, and Colbert and Bee
Tree Shoals Canal.
Atlantic and Gulf Coast
8. The Estherville-Minim Creek Canal, a successor in a way to the
old Santee River Canal in South Carolina. The purpose of the
Estherville-Minim Creek Canal is to furnish an outlet for the Santee
River into Winyah Bay.
9. Gulf canals, embracing Port Arthur Canal, at Port Arthur,
Texas; the Morgan Ship Canal, a link in the waterway connecting
Houston with Galveston Bay; and the Galveston and Brazos Canal,
extending from Galveston Bay to the Brazos River.
Pacific Coast
10. (^anals of the Pacific coast include the Cascades Canal, an
improvement of. the Columbia River, Oregon, where it passes
188
CANALS IN THE UNITED STATES 189
through the Cascade Mountain range; and the Lake Washino;ton
Canal, Washington, a waterway in course of construction, which is to
connect the waters of Lake Union and Lake Washington with those
of Puget Sound.
LOCATION OF STATE CANALS
State canals in operation exist only in New York, Ohio, Illinois,
and Louisiana. Their relative importance is in the order named.
New York Canals
The several canals of this State, which are of more than local impor-
tance, are as follows:
1. Erie Canal.— The main line of this canal extends from Albany to
Buffalo, 352 miles, and forms part of the through route between New
York City, via the Hudson River, and Chicago, Duluth, and other lake
ports.
2. Ghamplain Canal. — This canal unites the Erie Canal, Lake
Champlain, and the St. Lawrence River, with which Lake Cham-
plain connects by means of the Richelieu River and the Canadian
Chambly Canal. The Champlain Canal extends from Whitehall to
West Troy, 66 miles.
3. Black River Canal. — This canal with its feeder and reservoir, and
the Black River Improvement, a State enterj)rise, collectively em-
brace more than 90 miles of waterways. This waterway does not
open through communication between Lake Erie and the Hudson
River on the one hand and Lake Ontario on the other, the Black River
not being navigable between Carthage and Lake Ontario.
4. Os'wego Canal, running from Oswego on Lake Ontario to Syra-
cuse on the Erie Canal, a distance of 38 miles. This canal is fed by the
Oswego River, which forms part of the waterway, the bed of the river
bemg canalized for about half the total distance. Ramifications of
this canal include the Baldwinsville Side Cut, the Oneida River Im-
provement, and the Seneca River Towing Path.
5. Cayuga and Seneca Canal. — This canal is 23 miles long and ex-
tends from Montezuma on the Erie Canal to Geneva on Lake Geneva.
The Cayuga branch of the canal is 2 miles long. Formerly this canal
was of much importance, because of its relation to the continuous
line of inland waterways between the Erie Canal and Chesapeake Bay
via the Chemung Canal and the canals of Pennsylvania. This line,
however, is now abandoned through the greater part of its length.
Ohio Canals
The two State canals of Ohio cross the State from two different
points of Lake Erie. The Ohio and Erie Canal, generally called the
"Ohio Canal," runs from Cleveland to the Ohio at Portsmouth, a
distance of about 309 miles. It is joined at Lockbourne by the
Columbus navigable feeder, 11 miles m length. At Roscoe the old
Walhonding Canal, which connects with the Ohio Canal, is still used
for a distance of 6 miles. The other Ohio State canal is the Miami