139, 692
280, 078
Free 119,459
120, 084
289, 543
Slave 20, 927
19,608
\(i.^.&
Nonresident colored natives. 468
299
767
Free... 414
236
660
Slave 54
63
117
Resident colored foreigners .. 982
652
1 , <B4
Free ... 302
254
r )5t(
Slave 680
398
1,078
Nonresident colored foreigners 253
43
296
Free ... 248
40
288
Slave 5
3
I'oKTo KH'ANS BY SKX.
Porto Ricaiis
".>r. 117
286 764
1583 308
1 Including Vll IMTSOH.S not classified.
TYPE OF MESTIZO.
CENSUS OF 1860.
CENSUS OF 1860 continued.
POPULATION BY MARITAL CONDITION, RACE, AND STATUS.
33
Race, sex, and status.
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Total.
Total
433, 973
123, 326
25,882
1 583, 308
White
211,400
73, 913
15,093
300,406
Male
112,530
37,155
4,643
154,328
Female
98,870
36,758
10,450
146,078
222,573
49, 413
10, 789
282, 775
Male, free
92,190
24, 598
3,635
120,423
Female free
89,354
24,220
7,040
120, 614
Male, slave
Female slave
21,271
19,758
338
257
57
57
21,666
20,072
1 Including 127 persons not classified.
POPULATION BY RACE, STATUS, SEX, AND AGE.
Age period.
White.
Colored.
Total.
Free.
Slave.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Under 1...
4,020
35,330
30,476
13,832
15,228
14,958
19, 146
9,653
6,318
3,790
928
249
273
92
29
6
3,991
32,600
27,290
17, 331
15,346
15,200
15, 732
8,725
5,556
2,563
988
273
326
69
67
21
3,935
31, 187
25,983
11,257
10,212
10, 469
12, 243
6,526
4,658
2,635
872
185
153
45
48
15
3,764
27, 571
23,535
14,223
12, 718
12, 411
11, 762
7,072
4,383
1,809
907
167
168
32
60
32
574
3,584
3,935
2,273
2,026
2,220
3,239
1,902
1,047
597
190
36
29
6
6
2
549
3,499
3,441
2,594
2,133
2,221
2,792
1,605
778
294
116
15
23
5
5
2
16,833
133,771
114, 660
61,510
57,663
57,479
64,914
35,483
22,740
11,688
4,001
925
972
249
215
78
1-7. ..
8-15
16-20.
21-25
26-30
31^0.
41-50
51-60
61-70 ...
71-80
81-85
86-90
91-95
96-100
100+
All ages .. .
154,328
146, 078
120, 423
120, 614
21,666
20,072
1583,308
1 Including 127 persons not classified.
POPULATION BY RACE, SEX, AND LITERACY.
Literacy.
White.
Colored.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Able to read
27, 219
127,109
17,695
128,383
3,714
138, 375
2,758
137, 928
51,386
531, 795
Unable to read
Total
154, 328
146, 078
142, 089
140,686
J 583, 308
849001
1 Including 127 persons not classified.
34 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF PORTO RICO, 1899.
CENSUS OF 1860 continued.
POPULATION BY RACE AND OCCUPATION.
Occupation.
White.
Colored.
Total.
Ecclesiastics. . .
159
159
874
874
Officials retired
49
49
Military in active service
11,133
44
11,177
Military retired .
117
12
129
Proprietors
8,865
4,563
13,418
Laborers
17, 395
9,642
27, 037
Traders
3,091
321
3,412
Manufacturers
20
6
32
871
512
1 383
Teachers
154
15
469
Day laborers
18,833
21,775
40,608
853
672
1 .">>.=>
17,993
17,286
35 279
Total
80,703
54,848
135,551
CENSUS OF 1877.
DE JURE POPULATION BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIONALITY.
Race and nationality.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Total <lf jure population
367,832
361, 613
729, 445
363, 291
359, 313
722 604
White Spanish subjects
204, 305
198, 735
403,010
White foreigners
2, 053
1,258
3,311
Mulatto Spanish subjects .
117,860
119,685
237, 035
Mulatto foreigners
556
637
1,193
37, 193
37, 531
74, 724
Black foreigners
1,834
1,467
3,301
4,541
2,300
6 841
White Spanish subjects
2,979
1,295
4,274
201
35
236
Mulatto Spanish subjects
907
682
1,589
Mulatto foreigners
20
3
23
415
274
689
Black foreigners ...
19
11
30
DE FACTO POPULATION BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIONALITY.
Total de facto population
369,054
362, 594
731, 648
363, 291
359, 313
722,604
White Spanish subjects
204,305
198, 735
403,040
White foreigners
2,053
1,258
3,311
Mulatto Spanish subjects
117,860
119,685
237,035
Mulatto foreigners
566
637
1,193
37, 193
37, 531
74, 72 1
Black foreigners
1,834
1,467
3,301
Vonri'xidenN who were present
5,763
3,281
9,044
White Spanish subjects
3,028
1,741
4,769
White foreigners
500
92
592
1,278
935
2,213
Mulatto foreigners
208
57
260
571
378
949
Black foreigners
183
78
261
CENSUS OF 1887.
35
CENSUS OF 1887.
DE JURE OR RESIDENT 1'nPULATION BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIONALITY.
Race and nationality.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Total tlrjurt population
396,577
397,055
793, 632
391,311
394, 178
785,489
White Spanish subjects
232,883
231,107
463,990
White foreigners. .
1,678
1,228
2,906
118, 758
123,221
241,979
453
521
974
Black Span is) i subjects
36,812
37,467
74,279
Black foreigners
727
634
1,361
5,266
2,877
8,143
White Spanish subjects
3.507
1,721
5,228
White foreigners
75
31
106
Mulatto Spanish subjects
1,223
809
2,031
Mulatto foreigners
9
3
12
444
311
755
Black foreigners
9
2
11
DE FACTO OR PRESENT POPULATION BY SEX, RACE, AND NATIONALITY.
Total dc facto population
399, 021
399,544
798,565
Residents who were present . .
391, 311
394, 178
785,489
White Spanish subjects..
232, 883
231,107
463,990
White foreigners
1,678
1,228
2,906
Mulatto Spanish subjects
118, 758
123,221
241,979
Mulatto foreigners . ..
453
521
974
36,812
37,467
74, 279
Black foreigners
727
634
1,361
7,710
5,366
13, 076
White Spanish subjects
4,824
3,188
8,012
White foreigners
15
10
25
Mulatto Spanish subjects
2,092
1,599
3,691
Mulatto foreigners
1
2
3
Black Spanish subjects . .
773
566
1,339
Black foreigners
o
6
DE JURE POPULATION BY SEX AND RACE.
Race.
Male.
Female.
Total.
White
238,143
234 087
472 230
Mulatto
120,442
124,554
244,9%
Black
37 992
38 414
76 406
Total
396, 577
397,055
793,632
DE FACTO POPULATION BY SEX AND RACE.
White
239,400
235,533
474, 933
Mulatto
121,304
125,343
246 647
Black.
38,317
38,668
76,985
Total
399,021
399,544
798,565
POPULATION BY MARITAL CONDITION.
Condition.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Single
314,536
298,710
613 246
Married . . .
76 156
75 371
151 527
Widowed
13 595
28 340
41 935
Total
404 287
402 421
ig06 708
1 8,143 absent residents are included.
36 REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF PORTO RICO, 1899.
CENSUS OF 1887 continued.
POPULATION BY SEX AND LITERACY.
Literacy. Male.
Female.
Total.
Able to read and write 57, 216
39,651
96 867
Able to read onlv 5 662
8 851
14 513
Unable to read . '. 341 409
353 919
t'.'i.-> 828
Total 404, 287
402 421
1806 708
1 8,143 absent residents are included.
POPULATION BY AGE AND SEX.
Age period.
MuK-.
Female.
Total.
Under 1
11 273
10 833
2 1 ) 106
1-5
68 095
65 160
133 255
6-10
64,957
61,902
TV. .VJ
11-15
48,979
45,489
<M 4tW
16-20
39 083
46 975
N; II.YS
21-25. . .
37,182
38 753
""> "3-")
26-30
34,256
38 685
72 941
31-40
42,048
42,710
84 758
41-50
26 638
26 262
"V 'HHJ
51-60
20,772
15 430
;;>, -v>
61-70 '
7,614
6 318
13 932
70+
3,390
3,904
7 294
Total ...
404,287
402 421
1 806 708
1 8,143 absent residents are included.
TOTAL POPULATION BY SEX.
Male....
Female .
404,287
402,421
Total 1806,708
FORM OF POPULATION SCHEDULE.
If the population schedule adopted for the Porto Rican census be
compared with the schedule of the Eleventh Census of the United
States, it will be found that, while in general design they are the
same, they differ in respect to the number of inquiries, and that the
latter is the more comprehensive of the two. "This is quite natural
and results from the simple and homogeneous character of the popu-
lation of Porto Rico, in which a less extensive investigation is neces-
sary to determine the state of the population than in the United
States. In Porto Rico the industries of the people are quite limited
and a very large majority of the population is native.
The population schedule used in the present census, translated into
English and reduced in size, is as follows:
1 8,143 absent residents are included.
POPULATION SCHEDULE.
37
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38 KEPORT ON THE CENSUS OF PORTO RICO, 1899.
METHOD OF TABULATION.
It was decided that to save time, which was important, the tabulation
should be done by machine, and not by the old hand-tally system.
As the electric tabulating machines, invented by Mr. Herman Hol-
lerith, had been successfully used in tabulating the Eleventh Census
of the United States, and were to be used again in the Twelfth, and as
his system was known to be accurate and expeditious, it was adopted.
Its operation is described by Mr. Hollerith as follows:
' ' The population of each enumeration district was first established
by a so-called 'rough count'; that is, the number of persons recorded
on each schedule were counted by two clerks independent of each
other, and where such counts disagreed, a third, or even a fourth,
count was made to determine the correct population of each enumera-
tion district.
"The detailed tables were then prepared by means of the electric
tabulating s} T stem. For this purpose all the necessary data- relating
to each person were expressed by means of holes punched in certain
places in a card by means of the key -board punch.
Pattern of the card.
1234
X
X
1 2
B
V
0123
S
Cu Cn It Af
5678
Dw
J
3 4
N
H
4 5 10 15
C
PR Esp PtAst
1234
B
1
5 6
M
18 20 21 25 30
UI
WI Ing Su Ch
Esp
5678
2 3
7 8
Ch
35 40 45 50 55
V
SA Ir Nr Jp
Cu
1234
4 5
9 10
Jp
60 65 70 75 80
Un
CA Sc Di OC
Sus
5678
6 7
11 16
In
85 90 95 100 Un
MX Al OE
Ex
M
<>
1234
21
g a
EU Fr *
Til
cc
W
5678
Po
X
b
5
15 10 5 X(i
L F A
1234
Po
Mu
Ac
Si
SN SS
c
6 1
16 11 6 1
M G B
5678
In
Pt
Alj
No
XX
d
7 2
17 ]'.> 7 _'
X H C
1234
HI
Sq
R
4 2
e
8 3
18 13 8 3
O I D
5678
X
X
X
8 6
f
9 4
* 14 9 4
P K E
'.'If the record related to a white person, B, standing for bianco
(white), was punched, while N was punched for a negro, or M for
mixed, Ch for Chinese, etc. For males V was punched, and H for
females. The age was recorded by punching for less than 1 year, 1,
2, 3, or -i for the respective years. ."> for the group 5-9, etc. Conjugal
METHOD OF TABULATION. 39
condition was recorded in the next tield or division of the card. Birth-
place was recorded by punching- in another division of the card PR
for Porto Rico, Esp for Spain, It for Italy, OC for other countries,
etc. Citizenship was similarly recorded. For each occupation two
holes were punched, according to the number assigned to the given
occupation in the corresponding- classification of occupation, NG being
punched for those without gainful occupation. Literacy, school attend-
ance, education, and the sanitaiy condition of the dwellings, size of
families, etc., were similarly recorded by punching in the respective
divisions of the card.
"At the extreme left a space of four rows of 12 holes was used to
record the department, municipality, and enumeration district to which
the card related. The combination of holes would, of course, be the
same for all the cards of a given district, and the holes were made
not bj- the keyboard punch, but by the gang- punch.
"In addition, each card was provided at the extreme right-hand
edge with a double number, one number indicating the sheet of the
particular enumeration district on which the record of the correspond-
ing person could be found, and the other indicating the particular line
on which the facts were reported to which the card related. By means
of the gang-punched holes and these numbers any one of the million
cards corresponding to the population of Porto Rico could be identified
and the correctness of the punching verified.
"The punched cards were then passed through the electric tabulating
machines. In this machine a series of electro-magnetically operated
counters are arranged, according to the tables it is desired to compile,
in electric connection with a circuit-closing device, the circuits through
which are controlled by the holes in the punch-record card, which is
placed on the bedplate of such circuit-closing device.
"The cards relating to a given enumeration district were fed one by
one into the tabulating machine, which recorded the number of native
white males, foreign white males, colored males, native white females,
the number born in Porto Rico, in Spain, the number less than 5 } T ears
of age, 5 to 9 j r ears of age, etc. The sum of the details of each group
of facts should equal the total number of cards tabulated, and, of
course, should equal the population of the enumeration district as
established by the rough count, thus providing a third check on the
accuracy of the count.
"At the same time that a card operates the counters it opens one
compartment of the sorting box, into which it is placed when removed
from the circuit-closing device. The object of such sorting is to
arrange the cards to facilitate subsequent tabulation by moans of
which the more detailed tables are obtained.
"By thus tabulating first one group of data and then another with
intermediate sorting or arranging of the cards the various tables were
obtained."
DISCUSSION OF POPULATION TAHLKS
TOTAL POPULATION.
The population of Porto Rico, shown by the schedules of the recent
census, taken as of November 10, 1899, was 953,243. This is a little
more than two-thirds that of Cuba in 1899 and about the same as that
of West Virginia in 1900. Previous censuses of the island in com-
parison with this show the following results:
Population at each census.
1765 44,883
1775 70,250
1800 155, 426
1815 220, 892
1832... 330,051
1846 447,914
1860 583,308
1877 731,648
1887 798, 565
1899 953, 243
From the above figures the decennial rates of increase have been
computed, with the following results:
Rate of increase per decade.
Per cent.
1765-1775 57
177.V1800 37
1800-1815 26
1815-1832 27
1832-1846.. . L'4
Per cent.
1846-1860 21
1860-1877 14
1S77-1887 9
1887-1899.. . 16
The above figures show a remarkably uniform gradation in the rate
of increase from 56 per cent per decade between 1765 and 1775 down
to 9 per cent between 1877 and 1887. The surprising rise between the
last two censuses may be due to a more thorough enumeration in 1899
than ever before, although it must be said that if the lower rates of
increase in earlier periods had been due to imperfect enumeration, it
was seareely to be expected that the series of rates of increase above
given would have shown as smooth a curve.
The last rate of increase, that between 1887 and 1899, is much less
than that of the United States between 1890 and 1900(21 percent),
but agree- with that of the state of Arkansas for the same decade.
40
CENSUS OF PORTO RICO 1899.
HUNDREDS
THOUSAN D 5
TOTAL POPULATION.
41
Before making a comparison for departments and municipal districts
between the population in 1887 and that in 1899 five changes call for
mention. Three of them are merely nominal. The San Juan depart-
ment of L887 appears in the present census as Bayamon, the Sabana
del Palmar district of 1887 is now Comerio district, and the Hato
Grande district of 1887 is now San Lorenzo. Two municipal districts
no longer appear in any shape in the list, for Ceiba has been consoli-
dated with Fajardo. and Luquillo has been divided between Rio Grande
and Fajardo. As the last change affects the boundary between two
departments, in preparing the table below the municipal district of
Rio Grande has been included in the department of Humacao, in order
to ensure that the comparison in ever}' case is for identical areas.
Department.
Population.
Increase, 1887-1899.
1887.
1899.
Absolute.
Per cent.
Humacao (with Rio Grande)
93,214
115, 926
96,991
86,0%
122, 862
159,311
124, 165
100,866
127,566
111,986
99,645
147, 681
203,191
162,308
7,652
11,640
14,995
13,549
- 24, 819
43,880
38,143
8.2
10.0
15.5
15.7
20.2
27.5
30.7
Mayaeuez
Gu&Viiuia
Aguadilla
Ponce
Arecibo
Porto Rico
798,565
953, 243
154, 678
19.4
The boundaries between these departments divide the island, by lines
trending either north and south or east and west, into four regions,
which may be called the eastern (department of Humacao), east central
(departments of Bayamon and Guayama), west central (departments of
Arecibo and Ponce), and western (departments of Aguadilla and Maya-
guez). Each of these four divisions, except the first, is subdivided
into a northern and a southern part.
An inspection of the preceding table, with these facts in mind, shows
that the central departments, except Guayama, increased faster than
any of the three at the east and west ends of the island; that of the
three departments at the ends of the island those at the west grew
faster than Humacao, and of the four central departments the two
west central ones grew faster than either of the east central ones.
Each department on the north coast also grew more rapidly than the
department directly south of it, viz, Aguadilla faster than Mayaguez,
Bayarnon faster than Guayama, and Arecibo faster than Ponce. The
three most populous departments are the ones in which the rate of
increase was above the average for the whole island.
Among the 69 municipal districts into which these departments are
subdivided 7 decreased in population between 1887 and 1899. As all
of them lie on the coast, their situation suggests that the coast dis-
tricts as a whole may have grown more slowly than the interior of the
island. To test this hypothesis the population of the coast districts
42
REPORT ON THE CENSUS OF PORTO RICO, 1899.
and of the interior districts has been found separately for 1887 and
1899 with the following results:
Class of district.
Number.
Population in
Increase.
1887.
1899.
Absolute.
IVr ccllt.
Coast districts .
40
29
487, 704
310,861
573, 4M
379, 759
85,780
68,898
17.6
2-2. -2
Inland districts
From these figures it appears that the average increase of population
in the interior has been more rapid than that on the coast. If the
figures for the coast cities of San Juan, Ponce, and Mayaguez had boon
excluded the difference would have been more marked. The doprossod
condition of sugar-cane growing in the West Indies of recent years
may have played an important part in producing this difference, for
the growing of sugar cane is common in the coast plains of Porto Rico.
The area of Porto Rico, including the adjacent and dependent islands
of Vieques, Culebra, Mona, and Muertos, has been measured in con-
nection with this census and found to be 3,606 square miles. But
owing to the imperfect surveys on which all maps of Porto Rico are
based, there must be a considerable and indeterminate margin of pos-
sible error in any such measurement. The island is about three times
the size of Long Island, which was in 1890 perhaps the largest insular
division of the United States. It is also slightly greater than the
eastern shore of Maryland (3,461 square miles).
The relative sizes of the larger West Indies areas follows: Cuba,
the greatest, is about equal in area to all the rest combined. Haiti,
the second, is about two-thirds the size of Cuba, while on the other
hand it is seven times the size of Jamaica and eight times the size of
Porto Rico. Porto Rico, again, is more than double the size of the
fifth island, Trinidad, which is itself about three times the size of the
sixth island, Guadeloupe.
The area, population, and density of population of the seven depart-
ments of Porto Rico are given below.
Department.
Area in
square
miles.
Population.
PeraoDfl
to a
square
mile.
Guayama
561
Ill 986
200
II Minn can
11:;
88 501
214
Ponce
822
203 191
247
A reel bo. . .
;>!
162 308
261
Bayamon
542
160 046
295
MavuKUGZ
407
127 566
313
Aguadilla
240
99 645
416
Porto Rico
:; IK it;
'ir.:; "|:;
''64
Porto Kieo ha> !^',4 persons to ;i square mile. This density of popu-
lation is about the same as in Now Jersey, nearly twice that in IVnnsyl-
CENSUS OF PORTO RICO 1899.
Ofr-l "1 l ^r\ % i\>%l%
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URBAN POPULATION. 43
vania, and thrice that in Illinois. It is more than seven times that of
Cuba and nearly twice that of Hahana province.
The table puts in a clear light the slight difference between the vari-
ous departments. Aguadilla has hardly more than twice as many
people to a square mile as Guayama. In Cuba, on the contrary,
Habana province has over nineteen times as man}" people to a square
mile as Puerto Principe. This remarkable evenness of settlement in
Porto Rico extends to the 69 municipal districts, the densit} T of which
is shown on the map opposite this page. The least settled district has
58 persons to a square mile, or about the same number as Indiana.
The densities of these districts range about 264, the density for the
island, and depart from it by an average amount of 106 units, or 40
per cent of that number.
On comparing the preceding table with an earlier one showing the
rate of increase in each province during the past twelve years, it will
be seen that the two departments, the population of which has been