switch line.

— United States cargo ship Lake Owens (2,30S gross
tons) sunk by gunfire in foreign waters.

■ — United States steamer Frank H. Buck sinks a sub-
marine in mid-Atlantic by gunfire.

Sept. 4 — On west front British cross Canal du Nord,
push down from Queant to within 6 miles of Cam-
brai. French gain northeast of Noyon and cross
Vesle on 20-mile front.

— Despatches to United States State Department an-
nounce destruction of Bolshevik arm}' east of Lake
Baikal. The Omsk Provisional Government declares
war on Germany. All Americans in Petrograd re-
ported safe.

— Powder factory at Plauen, Saxony, blows up. Out
of 6,800 women employed, 12 escape.

Sept. 5 — Allies advance on 90-mile front. British from
below Peronne to Equancourt take Hill No. 63, be-
yond Wulverghem and Ploegsteert. French advance
beyond Canal du Nord, from above the Nesle to north
of Noyon.

— Since Aug. 1 British have taken- about 70,000 prison-
ers. French and Americans about 40,000.

— United States troops advance over plateau between the
Vesle and the Aisne.

— United States steamer Mount Vernon struck by tor-
pedo 200 miles off French coast; 35 men killed by
explosion; reaches port by its own steam.



Sept. 6 — British advance 3 miles on 12-mile front east of
Peronne.

— British transport Persic (12.042 tons) carrying 2,800
United States troops, torpedoed by German subma-
rine 200 miles off English coast; all on board saved.

Sept. 7 — General retreat of Germans on front of 100
miles, Arras-Cambrai sector to Rheims. British
advance 9 miles beyond the Somme ; take Haucourt,
Sorel-le-Grand and Metz-en-Centerre. French cross
St. Quentin Canal ; take Tugny Bridge and station at
St. Simon, also Tergniar, 3 miles from La Fere. Brit-
ish airmen bomb Mannheim, poison gas center.

Sept. 8 — Allies advance 3 miles toward St. Quentin.
French advance within 2 miles of La Fere. British
occupy Villeveque, Roisel and Ste.-Emilie. Lmited
States troops take village of Glennes.

Sept. 8 — During first week in September British take
19,000 prisoners.

■ — United States refugees from Russia reach Stockholm.

— Secretary of War Baker, John D. Ryan, Director of
Aircraft Production and Surgeon Gen. Gorgas ar-
rive in Paris for war conference.

Sept. 10 — French close on south end of Hindcnburg
line ; take Gouzeaucourt Wood and occupy Vermand
and Vendelles. French again cross Crozat Canal, op-
posite Liez ; hold entire length of canal.

— All British and French Consuls throughout Russia
controlled by Bolsheviki are imprisoned. Soviet Gov-
ernment offers to exchange diplomatists with Eng-
land, provided she guarantee safe conduct of all
Russians held in London.

— Five hundred and twelve counter revolutionists at
Petrograd shot in reprisal for killing of Moses
Uritzky. Bolshevik Commissioner, and 35 land owners
put to death on account of attack on Premier Lenine.

Sept. 10 — French close on south end of Hindenburg
line ; now less than 4 miles from St. Quentin, 2 from
La Fere, 1 from St. Gobain.

— British airmen bomb U-boat shelters at Bruges and
docks at Ostend.

— Baron Burian, Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister,
in address to Vienna newspaper men, says military de-
cision by Central Powers is doubtful, and proposes
calm exchange of views with the Entente Powers.

— Ambassador Francis reports recent supplementary
treaty between German}' and Russia, which requires
expulsion of Allies from Russian territory and pay-
ment of 6,000,000 marks by Russia to Germany.

— Steamer Berwind sunk by German submarine; 4 of
crew lost.

Sept. 11 — French capture Travecy. on Hindenburg line,
2 miles north of La Fere. British advance near to
Cambrai and St. Quentin. Germans counter attack
Franco- Americans and suffer heavy losses.

— On western front during month of August French
bombing machines bring down 280 German airplanes
and 66 captive balloons.

— Bolsheviki advancing toward Ekaterinburg, east of
Ural Mountains, are defeated by Czecho-Slovaks and
Siberian forces ; lose 1,000 men, 3 armored trains and
11 locomotives, 60 machine guns.

— French repulse 6 German attacks in region of Laffaux
and Celles-sur-Aisne. British advance in direction of
Attilly and Vermand.

Sept. 13 — British advance near Cambrai and around
La Bassee. Gen. Pershing's forces practically wipe
out St. Mihiel salient; take 12,000 prisoners, 60 big
guns. The railway, Verdun to Toul and Nancy via
St. Mihiel, intact and open to the Allies. Secretary
Baker and Gens. Pershing and Petain visit St. Mihiel
a few hours after its capture.

— Allied airmen bomb Metz and Courcelles.

Sept. 15 — British capture Maissemy, northwest of St.
Quentin. United States troops advance 2 to 3 miles
on 33-mile front; capture 200 cannon in St. Mihiel
wedge. Fortress of Metz opens fire on Allied forces.

— British steamship Gahvay Castle sunk by U-boat; 120
lost, 90 of them women and children.

— Germany makes peace offer to Belgium.



Sept. 16— British cross St. Quentin Canal in two places ;
take 6,00 prisoners. British and French advance 2
to 3 miles on 21-mile front. United States and Brit-
ish flyers raid Lorraine territory with bombs; many
giant Handley-Paige machines used by Americans.
— Germans, aiding Bulgars in Macedonia, defeated by

Serbs, who take 4,000 prisoners, 50 guns.
—Nine Coast Guard men of United States Seneca die
in trying to save British steamer Wellington, torpe-
doed.
— British advance in neighborhood of Ploegsteert and
Ypres and north of Arras-Cambrai road. French
capture Vailly and Mont-des-Singes, one of the keys
to Laon. United States forces establish ney line on
St. Mihiel front, engineers repair highways in salient,
preparing for further pursuit of Germans.
— In Macedonia, British begin drive on 10-mile front,
carry first and second Bulgar lines ; take 800 pris-
oners and 10 guns.
— Czecho-Slovaks appeal for Allied help to hasten.
Sept. 18— United States rejects Austro-Hungarian peace

proposal.
— United States steamer Buena Ventura torpedoed on
voyage, Bordeaux to Philadelphia ; 3 boats with 64
men missing.
Sept. 17 — Germans strengthen trenches in front of St.

Mihiel salient; burn towns in Moselle region.
— In Macedonia, Allies advance 5 miles on 12-mile front ;
take Gradeshnitza, 3,000 prisoners and 24 guns (Jugo-
slav division fighting with the French).
— Serbians reach Koziak.
— Italians make S attacks on Tassen Ridge ; are repulsed

by Austrians.
Sept. 18 — British advance 3 miles; take Epehy, Peiziere
and Gauchy Wood and 6,000 prisoners. French gain
over a mile.
— Franco-Serb forces advance 10 miles on 20-mile
front ; cross Gradeshnitza ; take 4,000 prisoners. Uni-
ted States tanks attack on the St. Mihiel salient ; enter
villages of Nousard, Pommes, La Marche and Binney.
Sept. 19 — English troops take Lempier and Gauchy
Wood. Australians carry Hindenburg outposts in
front of Hargicourt, Villeret and Le Vergnier. French
reach Dallon, beyond Francilly and Salency, 2 miles
from St. Quentin. Germans counter attack on north-
ern part of British front and on French front in Sois-
sons sector.
— In Macedonia, Serbs penetrate Bulgar defenses on 25-
mile front; advance 15 to 17 miles; take 5,000 pris-
oners, 80 guns.
— General Allenby, in Palestine, attacks Turks on 16-mile
front ; breaks through between Rafat and the sea and
advances 12 miles ; takes 3,000 prisoners.
— British evacuate Baku, on the Caspian Sea, and with-
draw to Persian base.
— German Ambassador, in Vienna, presents Germany's
reply to Austro-Hungarian peace note, and says Ger-
many is ready to participate in proposed exchange of
ideas.
Sept. 20 — On the western front British retake Moeuvres.
— Since Sept. 18, 18 German divisions have been de-
feated by United Kingdom and Australian troops;
10,000 prisoners and more than 60 guns taken.
— British Air Ministry reports 60 tons of bombs dropped
on German territory in 5 days, chiefly poison gas and
airplane factories at Mannheim, at Daimler works
at Stuttgart, railway station at Frankfort and docks
and sidings at Karlsruhe ; 101 German machines de-
stroyed, 37 disabled ; British losses, 50.
— Austrian U-boat sinks French submarine Circe ; sec-
ond officer the only survivor.
— An enemy submarine captures United States steam
trawler Kingfisher after torpedoing it, 95 miles off
English coast ; the crew escapes.
— United States steamer Ticonderoga (5,130 tons) sunk
by submarine in midocean without warning; 10 offi-
cers, 102 enlisted men lost ; 2 officers, 5 men taken
prisoners.



— Allied air forces bomb Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Bolnay,

Frascaty and Mohange.
— In Central Macedonia, Serbs advance 12 miles, taking
16 villages. German and Bulgar reinforcements arrive.
Sept. 21 — French troops take town of Benay, south-
east of Essigny. British improve position west of
Messines and south of Ypres. British yield in some
places, but make net advance ; take 400 prisoners.
The Americans now 10 miles from Metz and the same
from Conflans.
— Serbians, east of Monastir, advance 5 miles, occupy

10 villages.
— Gen. M'arch, United States Chief of Staff, says 1,750,-

000 soldiers have been sent abroad.
—United States Government directs its Ambassadors
and Ministers in neutral and Allied countries to as-
certain whether Governments to which they are ac-
credited will join in immediate action to protest
against Russian terrorism.
— Japanese Cabinet, headed by Field Marshal Count

Terauchy, resigns.
Sept. 22 — United States troops make 2 raids on Ger-
mans northeast of St. Mihiel; take 34 prisoners, 2
machine guns.
— Serbian forces advance in region of Cebren, take high

crest near Porta and Czena.
— In Palestine, Gen. Allenby advances beyond Nazareth,

taking 18,000 prisoners, 120 guns, much ammunition.
■ — The Havas Agency, chief French news bureau
says Allies took 185,000 prisoners in last 2 months,
and estimates enemv's losses of men unable to return
to the ranks at 600,000.
Sept. 23 — On western front 2 British airmen in 1 ma-
chine capture 65 Germans, directing them to the Brit-
ish lines. On Lorraine front "American Flying" Cir-
cus" now accredited with 137 aerial victories.
— In Macedonia, northeast of Monastir, French cav-
alry capture Prilet. In Doiran region Anglo-Greek
forces join with Franco-Greeks in pursuit of Bulga-
rians. Anglo-Greeks reach Smokvitsa, an advance of
10 miles.
— In Palestine, British cavalry capture Acre and Es
Salt and Port of Hisa. Arab Allies take Malan ; pris-
oners in drive exceed 25,000.
Sept. 24 — Count von Hertling, in Reichstag, declares
public discontent in Germany not justified by military
situation on western front ; he admits the situation is
grave, but says : "We have no cause to be faint-
hearted ; we have already had to pass through harder
times."
Sept. 25 — On western front British occupy Village of
Selency ; make slight advance near Inchy west of
Cambrai. In same sector French take 10 German offi-
cers and more than 500 men ; take by assault the Vil-
lage of l'Epine-de-Dallon. United States long-range
guns bombard Metz and civilians begin packing.
— On the Macedonian front Bulgarians are retreating on
130-mile front; whole of Monastir- Prilep-Gradsko
road, connecting the two Bulgar armies, is in the
hands of the Allies. Italian troops in western Mace-
donia occupy heights north of Topolchani, between
Monastir and Prilep.
— London announces officially 40,000 prisoners, 265

guns, taken by Gen. Allenby's forces in Palestine.
— Ottawa issues statement Canadian net war losses to
Aug. 1, 115,806 (this includes killed, died of wounds,
missing, prisoners of war, and men discharged as
medically Unfit).
— British airmen bomb Frankfort and German air-
dromes at Buhl and Kaiserlauten.
— Russian Bolshevik Government issues decree to end

reign of terror and return to orderly methods.
Sept. 26 — United States troops, on 20-mile front, ad-
vance 7 miles between Argonne Forest and Verdun ;
take 12 towns, 5,000 prisoners. Left of the Ameri-
cans, French advance 4 miles retake strong positions.
— British occupy Amman, in Palestine; hold the River
Jordan; with the Arabs surround 4th Turkish Army
of 25,000; prisoners now number 45,000.



— Serbs capture Veles, 25 miles southeast of Uskub and
Istip; also take Kochana. British capture Strumitza,
6 miles across Bulgarian front.

— Naval patrol boat Tampa torpedoed and sunk in Brit-
ish Channel, with all on board (118).

— On western front British airplanes bomb railways of
Metz-Sablon, Andun-le-Roman, Mezieres and Thion-
ville, and the Prescati airdrome.

Sept. 27 — British attack on Cambrai front, take Epinay
and Oisy-le-Verger and 500 prisoners. Canadian di-
vision passes Haynecourt, reaches Duai-Cambrai road.
United States forces take Charpentry, Very, Epinon-
ville and Ivoyry. French and United States forces
advance* 2 miles on 20-mile front; capture 20 towns;
take 18,000 prisoners.

— Gen. Allenby takes 5.000 Turk prisoners and 350 guns.

— Bulgaria applies to British Government for an armis-
tice. Gen. Franchet de Esperey, in command of Al-
lied armies in Macedonia, telegraphs the French Gov-
ernment that Bulgarian officers had applied for 48-
hour armistice, that he had refused to suspend hos-
tilities, but would receive delegates.

Sept. 28 — Gen. Haig's men cross Scheldt Canal, cut
Cambrai-Douai road and now within 2 miles of Cam-
brai ; take Highland and Welsh Ridges, capture Noy-
elles-sur-L'Escaut, Cantaing and Fontaine-Notre-
Dame. French on Aisne front capture Ft. Mal-
maison ; take Somme-Py, Jouy and Aizi. Canadians
take the villages of Raillencourt and Sailly. United
States troops advance 2 miles to outskirts of Brieulles
and Exermont. United States batteries hit 2 trains
loaded with German troops entering Brieulles. Bel-
gian and British troops advance over 4 miles; take
Houthulst Wood and most of Barchaentall Ridge.

Sept. 28 — Panic on Budapest Bourse and peace riots in
Berlin during which many statues are smashed.

— Von Hertling resigns as Chancellor and Admiral von
Hintze as Foreign Secretary.

— Week's British losses : Officers killed or died of
wounds, 432 ; men, 3,936 ; officers wounded or miss-
ing, 804; men, 19,757.

Sept. 29 — An English division swims St. Quentin Canal;
pierces Hindenburg line north of Bellenglise (only 1
drowned) ; take 4,200 prisoners (1,000 in Bellenglise
Tunnel), 70 cannon, over 1,000 machine guns. Total
British casualty list, 800.

— French take Revillon, Romain and Montigny-sur-
Vesle. Italians, north of the Aisne, capture Soupir.
Between Bellicourt and Gonnelieu, United States, Aus-
tralian and English troops gain ground. At Bonyard,
Villers-Guislain Germans make slight advance. Al-
lies forced to withdraw from villages of Aubendreul-
au-Bac and Arleux.

■ — 10,000 Turks surrender to British at Zaza station, Pal-
estine.

Sept. 30 — Belgians capture Roulers; take 300 guns.
British occupy Gheluive; take 97 guns and within 2
miles of Nenin. French reach the Oise-Aisne Canal ;
capture half of Chemin-des-Dames and 1,600 prison-
ers. British advance continues in St. Quentin-Cam-
brai sector : take Thorigny, Lie Tronquoy and Gon-
nelieu. British again cross Scheldt Canal and take
Crevecoeur, 4 miles south of Cambrai.

— On Verdun front, 18 United States pursuit planes
battle with 25 German Fokkers and bring down 7 ;
losing none.

— United States steamer Ticonderoga torpedoed in mid-
ocean ; 2 army officers, 99 seamen, 10 navy officers lost.

— British forces surround Damascus, in Palestine.

— Secretary of State Lansing, in reply to Germany's
threat to execute United States prisoners of war
found with shot guns, gave notice that in such event
reprisals will be taken on German prisoners in United
States.

— Bulgaria quits. Bulgarian delegates sign armistice.
Bulgaria to evacuate Greece and Serbia, demobilize
army and surrender means of transportation, free
passage to be given across territory and a right to
occupy strategic points; terms purely military; no po-
litical conditions.



— Prince Maximilian of Baden succeeds Count George
F. von Hertling as German Premier.

Oct. 1 — Field Marshal Haig reports British forces dur-
ing September took 66,300 prisoners, including 1,500
officers, 700 guns, thousands of machine guns ; total
captures August and September 123,618 prisoners,
including 2,783 officers, about 1,400 guns.

— Gen. Debeny's cavalry (French) enter St. Quentin at
heels of retreating Germans. Cambrai in flames.
Gen. Plumer (Belgian) crosses the Lys ; takes Co-
mines ; he is only 6 miles from Courrrai. Belgian
forces nearing Bruges. Gen. Gouraud continues ad-
vance in Champagne district. United States forces
battle with Germans in Argonne region. British cap-
ture Levergies, and with Canadians. Proville and Til-
lay, and clear enemy from high ground south of Le
Catelet.

— Since Sept. 26 French have taken 13,000 prisoners
between the Suippe and the Argonne.

— Gen. Pershing reports United States airmen since
Sept. 26 have brought down on western front more
than 100 hostile planes and 21 balloons.

— Gen. Allenby captures Damascus and takes 7,000
Turks. Since Sept. 20 Allenby's forces have marched
130 miles ; taken over 50,000 prisoners ; destroyed 3
Turkish armies. Arab forces are fighting with Allies
in Palestine and Syria.

Oct. 1-2 — German airplane bombards a French hospital
at Chalons ; many French soldiers killed and wounded.

Oct. 2 — Serbian troops enter Nish.

— Paris says officially Allies captured July 15 to Sept.
30 5,518 officers, 248,494 men, 3,669 cannon, more than
23,000 machine guns, hundreds of mine throwers.

— North of Cambrai New Zealand and Anglo-Scottish
troops drive enemy from Crevecoeur and Rumilly.

— Australian troops, northeast of Damascus, capture
Turkish column; take 1,500 prisoners, 2 guns, 40 ma-
chine guns.

Oct. 2 — New York troops force back Germans in Ar-
gonne Forest. Armies of Gens. Gouraud and Berth-
elot continue advance on front east and west of
Rheims ; reach Aisne Canal, pass beyond St. Quentin.
Germans recapture Esquehart on British front, other-
wise whole of Hindenburg system below Bellicourt
Tunnel in hands of British. British advance 2,000
yards southeast of Roulers ; take Rolleghemcapelle.
French occupy Poulloin, and take forts of St. Thiery
and St. Quentin. North of Vesle River capture Ron-
cy, Guyencourt, Bouffignereux, Villers-Frangueux,
Cauroy and Courcy. French troops pierce over 5
miles of barbed wire and take Challerange (important
railway junction), northwest of Rheims; take Cor-
micy ; reach Aisne Canal, between Conavreux and La
Neuvillette; take 2,S00 prisoners; in center Gen. Ber-
thelot captures Loivre.

— Thirty Italian naval units and a larger number of
airmen bombard town and harbor of Durazzo, in
Albania.

Oct. 3 — Latest summary of war material taken by
United States troops in Argonne section shows 120
guns, 2,750 trench mortars, 300 machine guns, 100
anti-tank guns, thousands of shells, hundreds of thou-
sands rounds of small arms ammunition.

— On western front in week ending today Allies have
taken 60,000 prisoners and 1,000 guns.

— British troops are in Lenz and Armentieres and with-
in 7 miles of Lille.

— Lmited States cargo steamship Lake City (3,500 tons)
collides with oil tanker James McKee off Key West
and sinks ; 30 of crew (35) reported safe

— Italian steamship Alberta Treves (3,83S tons) torpe-
doed about 300 miles off American coast; 21 of crew
missing.

— Greek troops enter Drama ; Bulgarians in withdraw-
ing caTry off cattle, cereals, and railroad rolling stock.

— French airmen bomb enemy cantonments and biv-
ouacs in Lenz region, in Valley of Suippe and railway
stations.



Oct. 4 — German retreat continues on Lenz front. Brit-
ish advance to within 6 miles of Lille, at Wavrin and
Erquinghem ; reach outskirts of Montbrehain, north
of St. Quentin. Belgians and French make slight ad-
vance toward Hooglede and Roulers. On British
front Germans retake Montbrehain and Beaurevoir.
Germans evacuate Brimart and Berru. Northwest of
Verdun 5 United States airmen fight 7 Germans;
bring down 1. Seven German planes brought down
by anti-air-craft guns. Eight United States pursuit
planes run into squadron of 25 German planes; 5 Ger-
mans brought down ; Americans losing 1.

— On western front in past week British airplanes drop
300 tons of bombs on railway between the coast and
the Somme ; over northern France and Belgium 124
enemy machines brought down; 46 driven out of con-
trol ; 90 British machines missing.

— United States steamer Herman Frasch sunk at sea in
collision with United States steamer George G. Hen-
ry ; 7 officers, 16 men missing.

— United States cargo steamship San Saba (2,458 tons)
hits mine and sinks, 15 miles southeast of Barnegat,
N. J.

— United States scout patrol No. 397 sinks by internal
explosion in Long Island Sound; 55 rescued.

— Italians occupy Berat, cross Semenyi River and the
plain of Mazukja.

— Baron von Hussarek, Austrian Prime Minister, re-
signs.

Oct. 5 — Gen. Haig advances above St. Quentin. Ger-
mans leaving Lille, set fire to Douai. French take
heights beyond Rheims, reach Betheniville ; capture
Fort Brimart ; advance 4 miles past Morlanvillers
stronghold ; cross Aisne Canal at several points. Gen.
Gouraud's army drives enemy from Challerange.

— British capture Beaurevoir and Montbrehain, north of
St. Quentin, and 1,000 prisoners. Americans attack
between the Meuse and the Argonne; advance 2
miles. French gain ground northwest of Rheims.

— Gen. Allenby advances from Damascus toward Beirut ;
has taken 15,000 more prisoners, making total of
71,000, besides 8,000 claimed by Arab army of King
Hussein.

— King Ferdinand abdicates Bulgarian throne in favor
of oldest son, Boris.

Oct. 5 — King Boris, new King of Bulgaria, orders de-
mobilization.

— Bulgaria notifies Austrians and Germans to quit her
territory within a month.

— Imperial German Chancellor Prince Maximilian, in
Reichstag, proposes an immediate suspension of hos-
tilities. Entente Allies to be asked to state their peace
terms.

Oct. 6 — In Champagne region Germans retreat on 28-
mile front. French capture heights around Nogent
l'Abbesse ; occupy Pomacle ; advance lines to south
of Boult-sur-Suippe; cross the Aisne. Italians take
Soupir. British capture town of Fresnoy, south of
Cambrai. Germans retreat on 7-mile front in Rheims
salient. United States troops capture St. Etienne,
1,700 prisoners, including 48 officers. Americans cross
Scheldt Canal. Gen. Haig's forces reach Haute-
Deurle Canal line. Germans continue retreat be-
tween Lenz and Armentieres, evacuate Le Cateau, 15
miles southeast of Cambrai.

— German Chancellor Prince Maximilian, through Swiss
Government, sends note to President Wilson request-
ing him to take in hand restoration of peace, ac-
quaint belligerents of request and invite them to send
plenipotentiaries ; says German Government accepts
Wilson programme of Jan. S and later addresses and
requests immediate armistice.

■ — Franco-Americans cross the Aisne. Gen. Berthelot's
army crosses Aisne Canal north of Rheims.

— Sir "Eric Geddes, First Lord of British Admiralty, and
members of Admiralty Board, arrive at an- Atlantic
port.

— Italians take Dibra.

■ — Serbians enter Vranje (about 50 miles south of Nish).

— In Albania Italians reach Lindas.



— Armed mercantile cruiser Otranto collides with steam-
ship Reishmir off Scottish coast and sinks ; 364 United
States soldiers lost.

Oct. 7 — French pursue Germans northeast of Rheims ;
take Berry-au-Bac, cross Arnes River, take St. Mas-
mes, northeast of Rheims. British advance on 4-mile
front north of Scarpe River ; take 2 villages. United
States troops strike on left wing east of the Argonne.
British take villages of Biache-St. Vaast and Oppy.
Germans set fire to Laon.

— French sailors capture Beirut, seaport of Syria, on
the Mediterranean.

— Serbian troops advance north of Vranje, toward Nish;
take 1,500 Austro-German prisoners.

— United States troops drive enemy out of Chalet-
Chehery and seize height west of the Aire. British and
United States troops attack between St. Quentin and
Cambrai ; advance about 2 miles on entire front ; cap-
ture Beaugard and Premont. On left French, Scot-
tish and Welsh take village of Serain. In center Brit-