In the departments of Boyaca and Cundinamarca, with their
great haciendas, with their system of co-operative subtenancies
(somewhat on the metayer system), the workman receives a
wage apparently smaller, because the balance is given in
the form of his board and reduced rent for his holding.
Elsewhere the workman contracts to work for the proprietor
of the estate on certain days in the year at a low wage, in
consideration of the part of the estate which he occupies
and exploits on his own account.

In tropical and therefore less populous districts, where the
agricultural and pastoral industries require more labour, the
unskilled workman receives higher pay, especially if this
district is unhealthy. Here the rate rises to 50 or 60 centavos.
In the Antioquia mines the rates are still higher, the minimum
being 1 peso (gold) per day. Wages are smaller in remote
country districts than in the neighbourhood of the large
towns, and smaller in the neighbourhood of the towns than in
the towns themselves. An unskilled workman earns in Bogota
60-70 centavos for labour which in the country is worth less.
On the railways the navvy earns 70-80 centavos in tropical,
and 50-60 centavos in colder districts.

Generally speaking the supply of labour exceeds the demand
in Colombia. Within the same territory there are migrations
from district to district in search of work. There is from
Antioquia a constant stream of emigration to Cauca, Tolima,



208 COLOMBIA

and Cundinamarca. Through Valley of Tensa in Boyaca,
large bodies regularly emigrate to populate less favoured
districts.

This excess of supply over demand, coupled with the fact
of large tracts of uncultivated land, accounts for the lack of
European emigration to Colombia. The European peasant
is on the whole better paid than the Colombian ; but, on the
other hand, his standard of living is higher. As a result,
European emigration will not spontaneously flow towards
Colombia ; the European workman cannot compete in point
of wages with the Colombian.

Therefore to promote emigration to Colombia, the Govern-
ment must pass special laws to counterbalance or abolish
the present conditions. Failing this, private enterprise with
the object of increasing the value of the land, will at no very
remote period, deal with the diversion towards Colombia of
European emigration. This will be a harder task than may
appear, since the European workman has of late years shown
less disposition to emigrate to N. and S. America than was
formerly the case.



APPENDIX G

Conventions and Treaties

Between United States of America and Colombia

Amity, Commerce and Navigation. — Made with New
Granada in 1846 ; revised by Colombia and the United States
in 1909. One of the articles of this Convention provides for
the neutrality of the Isthmus of Panama.

Consular Convention, 4 May, 1850. Y

Extradition, 7 May, 1888 ; Amended 1889, 1890 ; Proclaimed
6 Feb., 1891.

Postal and Telegraph Convention, 18 Jan., 1889.

Panama Ship Canal, 22 Jan., 1903, and 9 Jan., 1909. The
treaty provided for : The renunciation by Colombia of rights
and contracts relating to construction ; Grant of use of ports
to U.S. ; Assignment by Republic of Panama to Colombia of
the right to receive payment from the United States ; Freedom
of passage for Colombian mails ; Colombian products to enter
Canal Zone at same duty as those of the United States ;
Payment of tenth annual instalments to Colombia of
$250,000 as from 1908.

The 1909 Treaty (between the United States, Colombia and
Panama) did not become operative owing to the refusal of
Colombia to accept some of the conditions.

Between Colombia and the United Kingdom

Amity, Commerce and Navigation, 16 Feb., 1866. This
treaty contains clauses dealing with the Consular service.

Law, Foreigners and Nationalization, 15 Nov., 1888.

Postal and Telegraph Convention, 1881, 1885, 1891 and
15 June, 1897.

Parcel Post, 1887, and 15 Sept., 1899.

Extradition, 27 Oct., 1888.

Convention on Industrial Property.

Arbitration, 30 Dec., 1908.



209



INDEX



Abejorral, 148
Acardi, 148
Agates, 114
Agency, 70

Aguas claras and aguas negros, 7
Agriculture, 102-111. See also
Gazetteer, passim.

, Sugar-cane, 102-3

, Tobacco, 103-4

, Cocoa, 104

, Plantains, 104

, Bananas, 105

, Coco-nut, 106

, Rice, 106

, Cotton, 106

, Coffee, 107

, Cereals, 108

, Imports, 138

Aguadas, 148
Aguardiente, 103
Aipe, 148
Alcohol, 131

See also Beverages.
Alcaldes, 46, 48
Algarroba, 98
Almaguer, 148
Alum, 113
Amaga, 148
Amain, 148, 120
Ambalema (prov.), 42

(town), 75, 84

Amaime, 148
Amber, 114
American Agave

See Maguey, Henequen.
Amethysts, 114, 179
Ammunition, 140
Anapoima, 148
Andes (town), 149, 121
Angostura, 149
Animals, Live (imports), 140

, (exports), 141

Animal products (exports), 141,

143



Anolaima, 149

Anori, 121

Anserma, 149

Antimony, 113

Antioquia (department), 24-27

, Mining, 115-6

(town), 149

Apia, 149
Aranzazu, 149
Arauca (comisaria), 44

(town), 149

Arbelaez, 149
Arbobedas, 149
Arjona, 149
Armenia, 150
Army, 46-7
Arraco, 98
Arsenic, 113

Art Materials (imports), 138

Aspacia, 150

Asphalt, 114, 117, 118, 119,

161
Atlantico (department), 27-8

, Mining, 116

Atrato River, 80, 93
Avebury-Holguin Agreement, 54

Balata, 98, 100
Balsams, 97
Bananas, 26, 105-6

, Export figures (1912), 142

See also Gazetteer.
Banco (prov.), 38

(town), 150

Central, 52, 56

Nacional, 51

Banking, 56-58
Bankruptcy, 69
Baranoa, 150
Barbacoas (prov.), 40

(town), 150

Barbosa, 150
Barichara, 150
Barley. See Cereals.



211



212



INDEX



Barranquilla (prov.), 28

(town), 90-1, 150

, Social life, 62

Baudo, 150

Beans, 26, 108

Belalcazar, 16

Belen, 151

Beltran, 151

Beverages (imports), 138

Birds, 12

Biterima, 151

Boa vita, 151

Bochalema, 151

Bochica (mythical), 14

Bogota (prov.), 35

(town), 151

, Climate, 6.-7

, Public Institutions, 64

, Railways, 84-5

, Social Life, 59-61

Bolivar, Simon, 19

(department), 28-9

, .Mining, 116

(town), 152

Boots and shoes, 126-7
Boyaca (department), 29-31
, Mining, 116

(town), 152

Battle of, 19

Brewing, 131
Brokers, 69
Bucaramanga (prov.), 41

(town), 83, 85, 86, 114, 153

Budget, 47-8
Buenaventura (prov.), 37

(town), 83, 93-4, 153

Buga (prov.), 36

(town), 153

Buttons, 130

Cacao. See Cocoa.
Caceres, 153, 121
Calamar, 153, 82
Calarca, 153

Caldas (department), 31-2
, Mining, 117

(prov.), 33

(town), 83, 154

Cali (prov.), 36

(town), 95, 154

Caloto, 154



Camilo Torres (prov.), 33

Campo de la Cruz (prov.), 28

Campoalegre, 1 54

Candelaria, 154

Candles, 106

Caparrapi, 154

Cap ilia de Cocuy, 154

Capybary, 11

Caqueta (Comisaria), 44

Caqueza, 155

Carabobo, Battle of, 19

Caramanta, 121, 155

Carmen (prov.), 29

(El), 155

de Carupa, 155

Cornelians, 114
Carriages (imports), 137
Cartagena (prov.), 29

, 62-3, 91-2, 155-6

Cartago (prov.), 36
, 156-7

Cattle, 108-111

See also Gazetteer.
Cauca (department), 32

, Mining, 117

, River, 76, 80, 186

Caucho. See Rubber, Balata.
Cayambe, 2
Celluloid, 139
Cement, 130-1
Centro (prov.), 31
Ceramics (imports), 138
Cereals, 107

See also Gazetteer.
Cerete, 157
Cerrito, 157
Cesar, River, 76
Champans, 75
Charala (prov.), 41

(town), 157

Chia, 157

Chibchas, The, 14, 30

Chicha, 103

Chiles, 2

Chimininguagua, 14
Chinacota, 1 57
Chinu (prov.), 29

(town), 157

Chipague, 157
Chiquinquira, 157
Chiriguana, 157



INDEX



213



Chiscas, 157
Chita, 158
Choachi, 1 58
Chocolate factories, 131
Choco (Intendencia), 42-3

, Mining, 120

Choconta (prov.), 35

(town), 158

Cienaga, 1 58
Cienaga de dro, 158
Cinchona, 51, 99, 100-1
Circasia, 158

Coal, 113-4, 116, 117-9

See also Gazetteer, 148, 154, 160,
162, 168, 169, 172, 174, 181, 182
Cocoa, 26, 104

See also Gazetteer.
Coconucos, 3

Coco-nut, 97, 100, 106, 132
Cocuy, 158
Codes, 48-9
Coello, 158
Coffee, 107

, Export figures (1912), 142

production (1911), 26

See also Gazetteer, 149, 159
Coins. See Currency.
Colegio. See El Colegio.
Colombia, First republic, 19

, Second republic, 20

, Third republic, 21

, Administrative divisions,

23-44

, Area, 1, 23

, Boundaries, 1

, Climate and Health, 5-8

, Discovery and Conquest,

14-17

, Early civilisation, 13-14

, Fauna, 11-12

, Flora, 9-11

, Geography and physical

features, 1-4

History, 13-22

, Mountains, 2-3

, Population, 1, 24

, Presidents, 22

, Rivers, 2-4

, Seasons, 6

, Spanish rule, 17-18

, War of Independence, 18-19

15— (2248)



Colours (imports), 139
Comisarias, Government, 46

, Names and description, 43-4

Commerce, Methods of, 132-4
Commercial Courts, 48-9

Laws, 67-73

Travellers, 133-4

Treaties, 208-9

Conception, 159
Concessions, First, 99, 100
, Land, 110

, Manufacturing, 126

, Mining, 122

Condiments. See Food-stuffs.

Confederation Granadina, 20

Congress, 47-8

Constitution, 45-9

Consular Invoices, 133

Consuls, Colombia — United King-
dom, 192

, Colombia — United States,

192

Contracts, 69-70

Convention, 159

Copaiba, 97

Copper, 113, 116, 148, 162, 167

Cordilleras, 2

Corozal (prov.), 29

(town), 159

" Corozo," 167
Cost of Living, 61

Cotton Mills. See Textiles and

Gazetteer, 150
Credit, Trade, 135
Cucuta (prov.), 40

(town), 159, 85-6

Cucutilla, 159
Cumbal (town), 159

(Mt.), 2

Cundinamarca (department), 34-

36

, , Mining, 117-8

Currencies, South American,

General Table, 186-7
Currency, 50-53, 56

, Colombian, 187

Currucai, 98

Dagua, 160

Debt. See Finance

Defence, 46-7



214



INDEX



Departmental Assemblies, 45-6,

74, 48
Departments, 23-44
Diplomatic Services, Colombia —

United Kingdom, 192

— Colombia — United States,

192
Disease, 7
Distilling, 131
Donkeys, 109
Drugs (imports), 137
Duitama, 160

Education, 46, 64-5
El Buey (Mt.), 3

— Colegio, 160

— Penon, 160

— Quindio (Mt.), 3

— VaUe (dep.), 36-7

, Mining, 118

Electrical Appliances (imports),

139
Emeralds, 115-7, 152
Emery, 113, 118, 179
Esparto Matting, 160
Estacion Santander, 76
Executive, 45-6
Explosives, 140
Exports, 135-147

(1911), 141-2

(1912), 142

FacatativA (prov.), 35

(town), 160

Federmann, 16

Fibres, 98, 100, 106, 129, 155
Finance, 50-58

External Debt, 50-54

Internal Debt, 54-5

Revenue and Expenditure,

55-6
Fique, 145. See Maguey.
Firavitoba, 160

Firearms and Ammunition, 140
Florencia, 160

Flour Mills, 131-2, 151-2, 156
Fomeque, 160
Food-stufifs (imports), 137
Foreign traders, 132-3
Foreigners, Position of, 63



Forests and Forest Products,

97-101
Foundries, 148, 154, 166, 174,

179, 180
Frailejons, 10-11
France, Exports and Imports,

136-147
Fredonia, 160
Frontino, 161
Fuel, 99

, (imports), 138

Fusagasuga, 161

Gachala, 161
Gacheta, 161
Galena, 112
Garagoa, 161
Garnets, 114
Garzon (prov.), 37

(town), 161

Germany, Exports and Imports,

136-147
Gigante, 161
Girardot (prov.), 35
Girardot (town), 161, 75, 84
Girardota, 162
Giron, 162

Goajira (comisaria), 43
Goats, 109
Gold, 112, 115-120. See Gazetteer.

, Export figures, 26, 124-5

, (1912), 142

Governors, 45

Granadina. See Confederacidn

Granadina.
Ground Nuts, 26, 108, 132
Guaca, 162
Guacheta, 162
Guadas (prov.), 42
Guaduas (prov.), 35

(town), 162

Guai barilla, 162
Guamo (prov.), 42
Guapi, 94

" Guara," 130
Guarapo, 103
Guasca, 162
Guatavita (prov.), 35

(town), 162

Guateque, 162
Guaviare, River, 81



INDEX



215



Guavio (prov.)» 35
Guayacan, 97
Guayata, 163
Gucari, 162
Gutierez (prov.), 31
Gutta percha. See Balata.

Harbours, 90-96

Hato, 163

Henequen fibre, 98, 107, 129, 155

Heredia, 76

Hides and skins (imports), 139

(exports), 141

Honda (prov.), 42

(town), 163, 75, 84

Horses, 109

House of Representatives, 47-8
Huila (department), 57

, Mining, 118

Huaila (Mt.), 3

Ibagu£ (prov.), 42

(town), 163

Imports and Exports, 135-147

(1911), 136-141, 143-147

, Textiles, 137, 143-5

, Wearing apparel, 144-5

, Sacks, 145

, Machinery, 145

, Electrical goods, 145-6

, Carriages, 146

, Leather, 146-7

Import Duties, 48
Indian tombs, 151
Inks (imports), 139
Inland Communication, 74-89,
120-122

Navigable Rivers, 74-81

Railways, 81-87

Roads, 87-89

See also Travelling.
Inscriptions. Rock, 148, 169
Intendencies, Government, 46, 47

, Names and description, 424

Ipiales, 163
Iron, 113, 116-9

See also Foundries.
Ismande, 163
Istmina, 163
Ituango, 164



Jamundi, 164
Jasper, 114, 117
Jenesano, 164
Jerico, 164
Jesuits, 18
Jesus del Rio, 76

Maria, 164

Jewellery, 167
Joint-adventurers, 72
Joint Stock Companies, 70-1
Juanambu (prov.), 39
Judicature, 48-9

Junin, 164

Junta de Amortizaci6n, 52

Conversion, 53

Jurado (comisaria), 43, 44

Labour, 207-8

La Cruz (prov.), 40

(town), 164

Dorada, 75, 84

Mesa, 164

Palma, 165

Plata (prov.), 37

(town), 165

Quiebra, 76

Union, 165

Vega, 165

Land, Colonisation, 110

, Denouncement and Allot-
ment of Public, 193-7
Las Papas, 2, 3
Law. See Litigation.
Lead, 113, 117, 119
See also Gazetteer.
Leather, 130
Lebrija, River, 76
Legislature, 47-8
Libano (prov.), 42
Lighting (imports), 138
Limestone, 149, 150, 176
Literature, 65-6
Litigation, 67-8
Llanos, 4
Lorica, 165

MAGANGUfe (prov.), 29

(town), 165, 76

Magdalena (department), 37-8
, Mining, 118

, River, 74-80



216



INDEX



Magdalena, Canalisation of, 77-8

, Steamship service, 186

Maguey, 10, 98, 107, 129

Maize, 26

P See also Cereals.

Majagual, 165

Malaga (prov.), 41

(town), 165

Manganese, 113
Manioc, 107
Manizales (prov.), 32

(town), 165, 121

Manto, 97

Manufactures and industries, 126-

134
, Government protection, 126

(exports), 124

See also Gazetteer.

Manzanares, 166
Marble, 158
Marmato, 166, 121
Marquez (prov.), 31
Marulanda (prov.), 32
Matanza, 166
Measures, 189
Medellin, 166, 76, 83
Medicines. See Drugs.
Mercury, 113, 116
Mesa. See La Mesa.
Meta (Intendencia), 43-4

, River, 81

, , Steamship service, 186

Metals (imports), 137
Mineral waters, 131
Mines, Mining, and Minerals, 26,
112-125

, Laws, 122-124

, Timbers used in, 122

, Schools, 65

, Exports (1911), 142

, Imports, 138

See also Gazetteer.
Ministers, 45
Mint, The, 53
Miraflores, 167
Mocua, 167
Mogotes, 167
Molagavita, 167
Mompos (prov.), 29

(town), 167

Moniquira, 167



Mosquera, Tomas Cipriano, 20

Monteria, 167

Motor vehicles, 146

Muiscas, The, 14

Mules, 109

Mule packs, 88-9

Municipal Councils, 46, 47

Courts, 48

Musical Instruments (imports), 140

Narino (department), 38-40

, , Mining, 118-9

National Assembly, 47
Navy, 47
Nazareth, 168
Nechi, River, 121
Neira (prov.), 31

(town), 168

Neiva (prov.), 57

(town), 168, 75

Nemocon, 168

New Granada, Spanish Provinces
and administration, 18

, Republic of, 20

Newspapers, 66-7

Nitrate of Soda, 113

Nitre, 113

Norte (prov.), 31

• de Santander (department),

40

, , Mining, 119

Novita, 168

Nunchia (prov.), 31

(town), 168

Nunez (prov.), 40
, Rafael, 21

Oban do (prov.), 39
Ocafia (prov.), 40

(town), 168

Occident e (prov.), 31
Oils (imports), 139
Onyx, 114
Orchids, 10

Oriente (prov.), 31, 35
Orocue (prov.), 44

Pacho, 168
Packing, 134, 88-9
Pacora, 169
Padilla (prov.), 38



INDEX



217



Padua, 169

Paipa, 169

Palma. See La Palma.

Palmira (prov.), 36

(town), 169

Pamplona (prov.), 40

(town), 169

Panama, Province, 18

, Department, 20-21

, State, 20

, Canal, xi, xii, 209

, Revolt and independence, 2 1

, Colombian Exports and

Imports, 136-147

, (town) Foundation, 15

"Panama" Hats, 129, 148, 176,

178, 179, 183

, (Exports) (1912). 142

Pandi, 169
Panela, 103
Paper (imports), 138
Partnerships, 70-72
Pasto (prov.), 39

(town), 169

varnish, 98

Patents, 72
Patia, River, 80-1

, Steamship service, 186

Penon. See El Penon.
Pensilvania, 170
Pereira (prov.), 32

(town), 170

Perfumery (imports), 139
Pesca, 170

Petroleum, 114, 116, 119

, Government rights in, 124

. Refining, 156, 167

Piedecuesta (prov.), 41

(town), 170

Pitalito, 170
Plantains, 26, 104-5

See also Gazetteer.
Plata. See La Plata.
Platinum, 112, 117, 120, 164

, Export figures, 125 ; see

also 26

, (1912), 142

Popayan (prov.), 33

(town), 170

Porce, River, 121
Ports. See Harbours.



Posts and Telegraphs, 46, 189-191
Potatoes, 108
Precious stones, 114-5
Prefects, 46
Presidents, List of, 22

Powers, 45-47

Designado, 48

Press, The. See Newspapers.
Providencia, 29
Puebloviejo, 171
Puente Nacional, 171
Puerto Berrio, 171, 76, 83
Cesar, 106

Colombia, 90, 171

Santos, 76

Wilches, 171, 76, 83

Pulque, 98

Pupiales, 171
Purace (Mt.), 3
Putumayo (Comisaria), 44
, River, 81

Quesada, Gonzalo, 16
Quibdo, 171
Cjuimbayas, The, 14
Quipile, 172

Railways, 81-87

, Antioquia, 83

, Barranquilla, 82

, Cartagena, 82

, Cauca, 83

, Colombian National, 84

, Cucuta, 85

, Great Central Northern. 83

, La Dorada, 84

, Northern, 84

, Sabana, 84

, Santa Marta, 82

, Southern, 85

, Projected lines, 85-87

Railway Stock (imports), 137

Ramiriqui, 172

Registration of Letters, etc.. 190

Remedios, 172, 120

Resins, 98. 151

Reyes. Rafael, 21

Ricaurte (prov.). 31

(town). 172

Rice, 26, 106
Rio de Oro, 172



218



INDEX



Riohacha, 172, 92
Rionegro, 172, 173
Riosucio (prov.), 32

(town), 121, 173

Rivers, Navigable, 74-81

See also under Steamship Lines.
Roads, 25-6, 27, 28, 30, 39, 40,

87-89
Rock crystal, 114, 117, 118, 179

Salt, 113, 183

Roldanillo (prov.), 36

(town), 173

Rosario (El), 173

" Ruanas " (woollen fabric), 162
Rubies, 114

Rubber, 97-8, 100, 153, 167, 171,
182

, Export figures (1912), 142

, Imports, 140

See also Gazetteer.
Ruiz (Mt.), 3

Sabanalarga, 173
Saboya, 173
Sahagun, 173
Salazar, 174
Salamina (prov.), 32

(town), 173

Salt, 113, 117-8, 148, 149

Samaca, 174

Samaniego, 174

Samples, Commercial, 133-4

, Postal regulations, 190-1

Sampues, 174

San Agustin, 174

San Andres de Providencia, 29

Andres (prov.), 41

(town), 174

de Sotavento, 174

Antonio, 174

Francisco, 174, 175

Gil (prov.), 41

(town), 175

Jose, 175

Juan.. 175

— de Cesar, 175
-, River, 80. 93
-, Steamship service, 186

Luis, 175

Martin (prov.), 44

Onofre, 175



San Pablo. See Istmina.

Roque, 120

Vicente, 176-7

Santa Ana, 175

Barbara, 176

Isabel, 3

Marta (prov.), 38

(town), 176, 63, 92-3

Railway, 82

Rosa, 120

Rosa de Cabal, 176

Osos, 176

Santander, Francisco de Paula, 19

(department), 40-41

, , Mining, 119

(prov.), 33

(town), 175

, See also Estaci&n Sant-
ander.
Santo Domingo, 120, 176
Santuario, 176
Santurban, Paramo of, 3
Sapphires, 114
Saragoza. See Zaragoza.
Sasaima, 177

Savanilla. See Puerto Colombia
Segovia, 120, 177
Senate, 47-8
Sesquile, 177
Sheep, 109

Silver, 112, 115-119, 148
Silvia (prov.), 33

(town), 177

Since, 177
Sincelejo (prov.), 29

(town), 177

Sinu (prov.), 29

, River, 80

Soacha, 177
Soap, 106, 108

(imports), 139

Soata, 177

Social Conditions, 59-73
Socorro (prov.), 41

(town), 177

Socota, 178
Sogamoso, 30, 178
Soledad, 178
Sonson, 121, 178
Sopetran, 178
Sotaquira, 178



INDEX



219



Spain, Exports and Imports,

136-147
Steamship Lines, Ocean, 185-6

, River, 186

Stocking net mill, 128
Storax, 151
Suaita, 179
Subachoque, 179
Sugamuxi (prov.), 31
Sugar-cane, 102-3, 261

See also Gazetteer.
Sugar refining, 131, 150, 152
Sulphur, 113, 161, 166, 183
Sumapaz (prov.), 36
Superior Courts, 48
Supia, 121, 179
Supreme Court, 47-8
Sur (prov.), 38

Tagua, 97, 100. See also
Gazetteer.

, Export figures (1912), 142

Talc, 118-9
Tambo, 179

Tanning, 130, 152, 156. 163, 166

Tapir, 11

Telephones, 191-2

Tena, 179

Tequendama (prov.), 36

Falls, 34

Textiles, 127-129
, Imports, 143-5

, Factories, 151-2, 156, 159

162,164,165,166,170,171
Thermal Springs, 148, 158, 159,

160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 172,

180, 181, 182
Tibana, 179
Timana, 179
Timbio, 179
Timber trade, 101
, Export figures (1912), 142

(imports), 139

Timbiqui, 180
Tin, 112, 113
Tisquesusha, 14
Titiribi, 180, 121
Tobacco, 103-4

, Export figures (1912), 142

, Manufacture, 130



Tobacco, Produce (1911), 26

See also Gazetteer, 155
Tocaima, 180
Tolima (department), 41-2
, Mining, 119-120

(Mt.), 3

Tolu, 180

, Balsam of, 97

Tortoise-shell and Horn, 140

Tota, 180

Trade Materials (imports), 138

Trade or Commercial Marks, 72-3

Transit Duties, 48

Transport. See Inland Com-
munication.

Travelling, 61-63

See also Inland Communication.

Trees. See Forests ; Timber Trade.

Tulua (prov.), 36

(town), 180

Tumaco, 94, 180
Tundama (prov.), 31
Tunja, 30, 180
Tuquerres, 181
Turbaco, 181

Ubala, 181
Ubaque, 181
Ubate (prov.), 36

(town), 181

Une, 181

Union. See La Union.
United Kingdom, Commercial
Treaties, 209

— , Exports and Imports,

136-147
See also Consuls ; Diplomatic
Representatives.
United States, Commercial
Treaties, 208-9

, Exports and Imports,

136-147
See also Consuls ; Diplomatic
Representatives.
Universities, 64-5
Uraba (Comisaria), 44
Urras, 182

Valderama (prov.), 31
Vailed upar (prov.), 38

(town), 182



220



INDEX



Valparaiso, 121
Varnishes (imports), 139
Vasquez (territory), 31
Vaupes (comisaria), 44
Vega. See La Vega.
Vegetable ivory. See Tagua.
Vegetable products, 141, 143

(exports)

Velez (prov.), 41

(town), 182

Vergera, 182
ViUavicencio (prov.), 44

(town), 182

Villeta, 182
Viota, 182



Wages, 207
Wax palm, 97, 98
Weights and Measures, 189



Wheat. See Cereals.
Woollen Mills. See Textiles.

Yacopi, 182
Yapura, River, 81
Yarumal, 120, 182
Yolombo, 120, 183
Yucca, 26. See also Manioc.

Zambrano, 76
Zapotoca (prov.), 41

(town), 183

Zaragoza, 183
Zea, 121

Zinc, 113

Zipaquira (prov.), 36

(town), 183

Zirconium, 114

Zulia, River, Steamships, 186










Press of Isaac Pitman & Sons, Bath, England.
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