on that subject, some to vindicate the
truth of the story, and others to invalid-
ate it. It is rejected by Pagius, the learned
annotator on Baronius, who says it was
invented two centuries after Bruno's time.
—Jehh.
In the year 1170, Pope Alexander III.
took this order under the protection of the
holy see. In 1391, Boniface IX. exempted
them from the jurisdiction of the bishops.
In 1420, Martin V. exempted them from
paying the tenths of the lands belonging
to them ; and Julius II., in 1508, ordered
that all the houses of the order, in what-
ever part of the world they were situated,
should obey the prior of the Grand Char-
treuse, and the general chapter of the
order.
The convents of this order are generally
152
CARTULARIES.
CATECHISM.
very beautiful and magnificent; that of
Naples, though but small, sui-passes all the
rest in ornaments and riches. Nothing
is to be seen in the church and house but
marble and jasper. The apartments of
the prior are rather those of a prince than
of a poor monk. There are innumerable
statues, bas-reliefs, paintings, Sec, together
with very fine gardens ; all which, joined
with the holy and exemplary life of the
good monks, di'aws the curiosity of all
strangers Avho visit Naples.
The Carthusians settled in England
about the year 1140. They had several
monasteries here, particularly at Witham,
in Somersetshire ; Hinton, in the same
county; Bcauval, in Nottinghamshire ;
Kingston-upon-Hull ; Mount Grace, in
Yorkshire ; Eppewort, in Lincolnshire ;
Shene, in Surrey, and one near Coventry.
In London they had a famous monastery,
since called, from the Carthusians who set-
tled there, the Charter House. — See Du
Pin, and Baro7iius.
CARTULARIES, according to Jerom
lie Costa, were papers wherein the con-
tracts, sales, exchanges, privileges, im-
munities, and other acts that belong to
churches and monasteries were collected,
the better to preserve the ancient deeds,
by rendering frequent reference to them
less necessary.
CASSOCK. The under dress of all
orders of the clergy; it resembles a long
coat, with a single upright collar. In the
Church of Rome it varies in colour with
the dignity of the wearer. Priests wear
black ; bishops, purple ; cardinals, scar-
let ; and popes, white. In the Church of
England, black is worn by all the three
orders of the clergy, but bishops, upon
state occasions, often wear purple coats.
The 74th English canon enjoins that bene-
ficed clergymen, 8zc. shall not go in pub-
lic in their doublet and hose, without coats
or cassocks. — Jehb.
CASUIST. One who studies cases of
COnSClGllCG
CASUISTRY. The doctrine and sci-
ence of conscience and its cases, with the
rules and principles of resolving the same ;
di-awn partly from natural reason or equity,
and partly from the authority of Scrip-
ture, the canon law, councils, fathers, ^c.
To casuistry belongs the decision of all
difficulties arising about what a man may
lawfully do or not do ; what is sin or not
sin ; what things a man is obliged to do
in order to discharge his duty, and what
he may let alone without breach of it. The
most celebrated writers on this subject, of
the Church of England, are Bishop Jeremy
Taylor, in his *' Diictor Duhitantium ; " and
Bishop Sanderson, in his " Cases of Con-
science." There was a professor of casuistry
in the university of Cambridge, but the
title of the professorship has lately been
altered to 3Ioial PhilosopIiT/.
CASULA. (See Chasible.)
CATACOMBS. Burying-places near
Rome ; not for Christians only, but for all
sorts of people. There is a large vault
about three miles from Rome, used for this
purpose ; there is another near Naples.
That at Naples consists of long galleries
cut out of the rock, of three stories, one
above another. These galleries are gener-
ally about twenty feet broad, and fifteen
high. Those at Rome are not above three
or four feet broad, and five or six feet high.
They are very long, full of niches, shaped
according to the sizes of bodies, wherein
the bodies were put, not in coffins, but
only in burial clothes. Many inscriptions
are still extant in them ; and the same
stone sometimes bears on one side an in-
scription to heathen deities and marks of
Christianity on the other. But see a large
account of these in Bishop Burnet's Travels,
in his fourth letter ; also " The Church in
the Catacombs," by Dr. C. Maitland ; and
Macfarlane's " Catacombs of Rome."
The name " Catacombs " is now gener-
ally applied to the stone vaults for the
dead constructed in the public cemeteries
of England.
CATAPHRYGES. Christian heretics,
who made their appearance in the second
century ; they had this name given to them
because the chief promoters of this heresy
came out of Phrygia. They followed Mon-
tanus's errors. (See Montanists.)
CATECHISM, is derived from a Greek
term, {KaTi)x^io,) and signifies instruction in
the first rudiments of any art or science,
communicated by asking questions and
hearing and correcting the answers. From
the earliest ages of the Church the word
has been employed by ecclesiastical writers
in a more restrained sense, to denote in-
struction in the principals of the Chi'istian
religion by means of questions and an-
swers. — Dean Comber. iShepherd.
By canon 59, " Every parson, vicar, or
curate, upon every Sunday and holy day,
before evening prayer, shall, for half an
hour or more, examine and instruct the
youth and ignorant persons of his parish,
in the ten commandments, the articles of
the belief, and in the Lord's Prayer ; and
shall diligently hear, instruct, and teach
them the catechism set forth in the Book of
Common Prayer. And all fathers, mothers,
masters, and mistresses shall cause their
CATECHISM.
153
children, servants, and apprentices, which
have not learned the catechism, to come to
the church at the time appointed, obe-
diently to hear, and to be ordered by the
minister, until they have learned the same.
And if any minister neglect his duty here-
in, let him be sharply reproved upon the
first complaint, and true notice thereof
given to the bishop or ordinary of the
place. If after submitting liimself he
shall willingly offend therein again, let him
be suspended. If so the third time, there
being little hope that he will be therein
reformed, then excommunicated, and so
remain until he be reformed. And like-
wise, if any of the said fathers, mothers,
masters, or mistresses, children, servants,
or apprentices, shall neglect their duties, as
the one sort in not causing them to come,
and the other in refusing to learn, as afore-
said, let them be suspended by their or-
dinaries, (if they be not children,) and if
they so persist by the space of a month,
then let them be excommunicated."
And by the rubric, "The curate of
every parish shall diligently upon Sundays
and holy days, after the second lesson at
evening prayer, openly in the church in-
struct and examine so many children of
his parish sent unto him, as he shall think
convenient, in some part of the catechism.
And all fathers and mothers, masters and
dames, shall cause their children, servants,
and apprentices (who have not learned
their catechism) to come to the church at
the time appointed, and obediently to hear,
and be ordered by the curate, until such
time as they have learned all that therein
is appointed for them to learn."
In the office of public baptism the
minister directs the godfathers and god-
mothers to "take care that the child be
brought to the bishop, to be confirmed
by him, so soon as he or she can say the
Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the ten
commandments in the vulgar tongue, and
be further instructed in the Church Cate-
chism set forth for that purpose."
The catechism of children is enjoined by
God, (Deut. vi. 7 ; Prov. xxii. 6 ; Ephes.
vi. 4,) and was always practised by pious
men, (Gen. xviii. 19; 1 Chron. xxviii. 9;
2 Tim. i. 5,) and it is Christ's especial
charge to ministers, to feed his lambs.
(John xxi. 15.) The Jewish doctors took
care of this. (Luke ii. 42.) And in the
Christian churches there was a peculiar
officer who was the catechist ; and all the
new converts, who were to be baptized at
Easter, were catechized all the forty days
of Lent. But since we have few such now,
and generally baptize infants, who cannot j
at that time understand the covenant which
is entered into, therefore we are bound to
take more care to make them understand
it afterward, by instructing them in the
"Catechism of the Church;" which is
drawn up according to the primitive forms
by way of question and answer, (Acts viii.
37 ; 1 Pet. iii. 21,) being not a large system
of divinity to puzzle the heads of young-
beginners, but, like those of the ancients, a
short and full explication of the baptismal
vow ; teaching them, first, what their bap-
tismal vow is, namely, what were the
benefits promised on God's part, Quest.
I., II., and what were the duties ])romised
on their part, to renounce all evil, to believe
all divine truth, and to keep God's com-
mandments. Quest. III.; together with
their grateful owning of this covenant,
Quest. IV. Secondly, the parts of the
vow are explained: first, as to the matter
of them, in repeating and expounding the
creed. Quest. V., VI., and repeating and
explaining the ten commandments, Quest.
VIL, VIIL, IX., X., XL Secondly, as
to the means to enable them to keep them,
which are prayer and the holy sacraments :
and the duty of prayer is taught them in
the Lord's Prayer, and the explication
thereof. Quest. XII., XIII. The due use
of the sacraments is taught them, fh'st in
general, as to their number, nature, and
necessity, Quest. XIV., XV. Secondly
in particular, baptism. Quest. XVI. —
XX. ; and the Lord's supper, Quest. XXI.
— XXV. This is all that is absolutely ne-
cessary to be known in order to salvation,
and all that the primitive Church did teach
their catechumens. And if childi'cn be but
made to repeat this perfectly, and under-
stand it fully, they will increase in know-
ledge as they grow in years. — Dean Comber.
It is the peculiar glory of Christianity to
have extended religious instruction, of
which but few partook at all before, and
scarce any in purity, through all ranks and
ages of men, and even women. The first
converts to it were immediately formed
into regular societies and assemblies ; not
only for the joint worship of God, but the
further " edifying of the body of Christ "
(Eph. iv. 12); in Avhich good work some
of course w^re stated teachers, or, to use
the apostle's own expression, " catechizers
in the word : " others taught or catechized.
(Gal. vi. 6.) For catechizhn/ signifies, in
Scripture at large, instructing^ persons in
any matter, but es])ecially in religion. And
thus it is used. Acts xviii. 2o, where we
read, "This man was {nstrucfcd in the way
of the Lord ;" and Luke i. 4, where, again,
we read, " That thou mayest know the
154
CATECHISM.
certainty of thase things wherein thou
hast been instructed^' The original word,
in both places, is catechized.
But as the different advances of persons
in knowledge made different sorts of in-
structions requisite, so, in tlie primitive
Church, different sorts of teachers were
appointed to dispense it. And they w^ho
taught so much only of the Christian doc-
trine, as might qualify the hearers for
Christian communion, had the name of
catecJiists appropriated to them : whose
teaching being usually, as Avas most con-
venient, in a great measure by way of
question and answer, the name of Cate-
chism hath now been long confined to
such instruction as is given in that form.
But the method of employing a particular
set of men in that work only, is in most
places laid aside.
Under the darkness of Popery almost all
religious instruction was neglected. " Very
few," to use the words of one of our homi-
lies, " even of the most simple people, were
taught the Lord's Prayer, the articles of
the faith, or the ten commandments, other-
wise than in Latin, which they understood
not;" so that one of the first necessary
steps taken towards the Reformation in
this country, was a general injunction, that
parents and masters should first learn them
in their OAvn tongue, then acquaint their
children and servants with them: which
three main branches of Christian duty,
comprehending the sum of what we are to
believe, to do, and to petition for, were
soon after formed, with proper explanations
of each, into a catechism. To this w^as
added, in process of time, a brief account
of the two sacraments ; all together making
up that very good, though still improveable,
" form of sound words " (2 Tim. i. 13) which
we may now use. — Ahp. Seeker.
As to the form of our catechism, it is
drawn up after the primitive manner, by
way of question and answer : so Philip
catechized the eunuch, (Acts viii. 37,)
and so the persons to be baptized were
catechized in the first ages. And, indeed,
the very word catechism implies as much ;
the original KaTi)xi<o, from whence it is
derived, being a compound of rix^, which
signifies an echo, or repeated sound. So
that a catechism is no more than an in-
struction fu-st taught and instilled into a
person, and then repeated upon the cate-
chist's examination.
As to the contents of our catechism, it
is not a large system or body of divinity,
to puzzle the heads of young beginners,
but only a short and full explication of the
baptismal vow. The primitive catechisms.
indeed, (that is, all that the catechumens
were to learn by heart before their baptism
and confirmation,) consisted of no more
than the renunciation, or the repetition of
the baptismal vow, the creed, and the
Lord's prayer : and these, together with
the ten commandments, at the lleform-
ation, were the whole of ours. But it being
afterwards thought defective as to the doc-
trine of the sacraments, (which in the
primitive times were more largely ex-
plained to baptized persons,) King James
I. appointed the bishops to add a short
and plain explanation of them, which was
done accordingly in that excellent form we
see ; being penned by Bishop Overall, then
dean of St. Paul's, and allowed by the bi-
shops. So that now (in the opinion of the
best judges) it excels all catechisms that
ever were in the world ; being so short,
that the youngest children may learn it by
heart ; and yet so full, that it contains all
things necessary to be known in order to
salvation.
In this also its excellency is very dis-
cernible, namely, that as all persons are
baptized, not into any particular Church,
but into the Catholic Church of Christ ;
so here they are not taught the opinion of
this or any other particular Church or peo-
ple, but what the whole body of Christians
all the world over agree in. If it may any-
where seem to be otherwise, it is in the
doctrine of the sacraments ; but even this
is here worded with so much caution and
temper, as not to contradict any other par-
ticular Church, but so as that all sorts of
Christians, w^hen they have duly consider-
ed it, may subscribe to everything that is
here taught or delivered. — Wheathj.
The country parson, says Herbert, va-
lues catechizing highly .... He exacts
of all the doctrine of the catechism ; of the
younger sort, the very words ; of the elder,
the substance. Those he catechizeth pub-
licly ; these privately, giving age honour',
according to the apostle's rule. He requires
all to be present at catechizing ; first, for
the authority of the work ; secondly, that
parents and masters, as they hear the an-
swers proved, may, when they come home,
either commend or reprove, either rew'ard
or punish ; thirdly, that those of the elder
sort, who are not well grounded, may then
by an honourable way take occasion to be
better instructed ; fourthly, that those who
are well grown in the knowledge of religion,
may examine their grounds, renew their
vows, and by occasion of both enlarge
their meditation. Having read Divine ser-
vice twice fully, and preached in the
morning, and catechized in the afternoon,
CATECHIST.
CATENA.
153
he thinks he hath, in some measure, ac-
cordinn^ to poor and frail man, discharged
the public duties of the congregation. —
Herhert\ Country Parson.
With respect to the catechetical instruc-
tion of youth, I would remind you, that
it was the primitive method, employed by
the apostles and their immediate follow^ers,
and in after ages by the whole succession
of the catholic and apostolic Church, for
training up and organizing the visible
community of Christians in sound princi-
ples of faith, in the love of God and man,
and in purity of life and conversation. It
is observable, accordingly, that in exact
proportion as catechizing has been prac-
tised or neglected, in the same proportion
have the public faith and morals been seen
to flourish or decline .... In the earlier
ages of the Church, catechetical schools
were established in the great cities of the
empire ; over Avhich men of the profound-
est learning, and most brilliant talents,
felt themselves honoured when they were
called to preside ; w^hile each particular
church had its catechists ; and the cate-
chumens formed a regular and ascertained
class or division of every congregation.
And it is not too much to say, that, next
to an established liturgy, and beyond all
prescribed confessions of faith, the single
ordinance of catechetical instruction has,
under Providence, been the great stay and
support, throughout Christendom, of or-
thodox, unAvavering Christianity .....
Let not the common prejudice be enter-
tained, that catechizing is a slight and
trifling exercise, to be performed without
pain and preparation on your part. This
would be so, if it were the mere rote-work
asking and answering of the questions in
our Chui'ch Catechism : but to open, to
explain, and familiarly to illustrate those
questions, in such a manner, as at once to
reach the understanding and touch the
aff'ections of little children, is a work which
demands no ordinary acquaintance at once
with the whole scheme of Christian the-
ology, with the philosophy of the human
minci, and with the yet profounder mys-
teries of the human heart. It has, there-
fore, been well and truly said, by I recol-
lect not Avhat writer, that a hoy may preach,
hut to catechize requires a man. — Bp. Jehh.
CATECHIST. The person who cate-
chizes. There were officers of this name
in the ancient Church ; but they did not
form a distinct order. Sometimes the
bishop catechized, sometimes the catechists
were selected from the inferior orders, as
readers, &c. — (See Binqham.)
CATECHUMENS. "A name given, in
the first ages of Christianity, to the Jews
or Gentiles who were being prepared and
instructed to receive baptism. It comes
from the Greek word fcarTj^Jr, which sig-
nifies to teach by word of mouth, or viva,
voce : and of that word this other, koti^xov-
fifvoQ, is formed, which denotes him that is
so taught : these had people on purpose
to instruct them. Eusebius makes men-
tion of Pantaenus, Clemens, and Origen,
who were catechists in the Church of Alex-
andria, and had a peculiar place in the
church where they used to teach, and the
same was called the place of the catechu-
mens, as appears by the canons of the
Council of Neoc(Csarea : they tell us the
catechumens were not permitted to be
present at the celebration of the holy eu-
charist ; but, immediately after the Gospel
was read, the deacons cried with a loud
voice : " Withdraw in peace, you catechu-
mens," for so the book of the Apostolical
Constitutions will have it. The service
from the beginning to the Offertory was
called 3Iissa catechumenorum. The cate-
chumens, not being baptized, were not to
receive, nor so much as permitted to see,
the consecrated elements of the eucharist.
Some writers suppose that they received
some of the consecrated bread, called cu-
loyicce ; but Bingham shows that this idea
is founded on a misconstruction of a pass-
age in St. Augustine, and that the use of
euloyiccB was not known in the Church,
until long after the discipline of the cate-
chumens had ceased. According to a
canon of the Council of Orange, they were
not permitted to pray with the faithful or
those in full communion. There were se-
veral degrees of favour in the state of the
catechumens : at first they were instructed
privately, or by themselves, and afterwards
admitted to hear sermons in the church ;
and these last were called audientes.
There was a third sort of catechumens,
called orantes or yenujlectentes, because
they were present and concerned in some
part of the prayers : to w^hich we may add
a fourth degree of catechumens, which
were the compctentcs ; for so they were
called when thev desired to be baptized.
CATENA. From a Greek word sig-
nifying a chain. By a Catena Patrum is
meant a string or series of passages from
the writings of various fathers, and ar-
ranged for the elucidation of some portions
of Scripture, as the Psalms or Gospels.
They seem to have originated in the short
scholia or glosses which it was customary in
MSS- cf the Scrii)tures to introduce in the
margin. These by degrees were expanded,
and passages from the homilies or sermons
156
CATHARISTS.
CATHEDRAL.
of the fathers were added to them. The
most celebrated catena is the Catena Aurea
of Thomas Aquinas. It was translated at
Oxford, under tlie superintendence of INIr.
Newman, of Oriel College. The subse-
quent conduct of that gentleman has led
those who were willing to attach some
authority to the work to examine it care-
fully, and the result has been, the detection
that Thomas Aquinas has sometimes falsi-
fied the quotations he has made from the
fathers ; and the whole, as a commentary,
is inferior to the commentaries of modern
theologians.
CATHAKISTS. The last surviving sect
of Manicha^ans, or Gnostics, who gave them-
selves that name, (from KaOapcg, pure,) to
indicate their superior purity. There were
many different degrees of error among
them, but the following tenets were com-
mon to all : — That matter was the source
of all evil ; that the Creator of the visible
world was not the same as the Supreme
B(
that Christ had not a real body,
was properly speaking born, nor really
died; that the bodies of men were the
production of the evil principle, and were
incapable of sanctification and a new life ;
and that the sacraments were but vain
institutions, and without power. They
rejected and despised the Old Testament,
but received the New Avith reverence. The
consequence of such doctrines was, of course,
that they made it the chief object of their
religion to emancipate themselves from
whatever was material, and to macerate
their bodies to the utmost ; and their per-
fect disciples, in obedience to this prin-
ciple, renounced animal food, wine, and
marriage. The state of their souls, while
united with the body, was in their estima-
tion a wretched incarceration, and they
only escaped from some portion of the hor-
rors of such a dungeon, by denying them-
selves all natural enjoyments, and escaping
from the solicitations of all the senses.
The Catharists in the twelfth century
spread themselves from Bulgaria over most
of the European provinces, but they met
everywhere with extensive persecution, and
are not heard of after that time.
CATHEDKAL. The chief church in
every diocese is called the Cathedi'al, from
the word cathedra, a chair, because in it
the bishop has his seat or throne. The
cathedral church is the parish church of
the whole diocese (which diocese was there-
fore commonly called parocltia in ancient
times, till the application of this name to
the lesser branches into which it was di-
vided, caused it for distinction' sake to be
called only by the name of diocese) : and
it has been affirmed, with great proba-
bility, that if one resort to the cathedral
church to hear Divine service, it is a re-
sorting to the parish church within the
natural sense and meaning of the statute.
By the oth canon of the oth Council of
Carthage it is ordained, that every bishop
shall have his residence at his principal or
cathedral church, which he shall not leave,
to betake himself to any other church in
his diocese ; nor continue upon his private
concerns, to the neglect of his cure, and
hinderance of his frequenting the cathe-
di'al church. — Bingham.
By the constitutions of Archbishop
Langton, 1222, it is enjoined, bishops shall
be at their cathedrals on some of the