examination, to be worthy of his ministry."
— As to the matter of learning, it hath
been particularly allowed, not only by the
courts of the King's Bench and Common
Pleas, but also by the High Court of Par-
liament, that the ordinary is not account-
able to any temporal court, for the mea-
sures he takes or the rules by which he
proceeds, in examining and judging (only
he must examine in convenient time, and
refuse in convenient time) ; and that the
clerk's having been ordained (and so pre-
sumed to be of good abilities) doth not
take away or diminish the right which the
statute above recited doth give to the
bishop to whom the presentation is made
to examine and judge.
EXARCH. An officer in the Greek
Church, whose business it is to visit the
provinces allotted to him, in order to in-
form himself of the lives and manners of
the clergy; take cognizance of ecclesi-
astical causes ; the manner of celebrating
Divine service ; the administration of the
sacraments, particularly confession; the
observance of the canons ; monastic dis-
cipline ; affau-s of man-iages ; divorces, &c.
^ The title of exarchs, borrowed from the
civil administration of the empire, was
given about the fourth century to the chief
bishops of certain large provinces ; as the
bishops of Ceesarea in Cappadocia, and of
Ephesus.
EXCOMMUNICATION is an eccle-
siastical censure, whereby the person against
whom it is pronounced is for the time cast
out of the communion of the Church.
Excommunication is of two kinds, the
lesser and the greater : the lesser excom-
munication is the depriving the offender
of the use of the sacraments and Divine
worship ; and this sentence is passed by
judges ecclesiastical, on such persons as
are guilty of obstinacy or disobedience, in
not appearing upon a citation, or not sub-
mitting to penance, or other injunctions of
the court.
The greater excommunication is that
whereby men are deprived, not only of the
sacraments and the benefit of Divine offices,
but of the society and conversation of the
faithful.
If a person be excommunicated gener-
ally, as if the judge say, I excommtiiiicate
such a person, this shall be understood of
the greater excommunication.
The law in many cases inflicts the cen-
siu'e of excommunication ipso facto upon
offenders; which nevertheless is not in-
tended so as to condemn any person with-
out a lawful trial for his offence : but he
must fu'st be found guilty in the proper
court ; and then the law gives that judg-
ment. And there are divers provincial
constitutions, by which it is provided, that
this sentence shall not be pronounced (in
ordinary cases) without previous monition
or notice to the parties, which also is
agreeable to the ancient canon law.
By Canon Go. " All ordinaries shall in
their several jurisdictions carefully see and
give order, that as well those who for
obstinate refusing to frequent Divine ser-
vice established by public authority within
this realm of England, as those also (espe-
cially those of the better sort and con-
dition) who for notorious contumacy, or
other notable crimes, stand lawfully ex-
communicate, (unless within tlu-ee months
immediately after the said sentence of ex-
communication pronounced against them,
they reform themselves, and obtain the
benefit of absolution,) be every six months
ensuing, as well in the parish church as in
the cathedral church of the diocese in
which they remain, by the minister, openly
in the time of Divine service upon some
Sunday, denounced and declared excom-
municate, that others may be thereby
both admonished to refrain their company
and society, and excited the rather to pro-
cure a writ de excommunicaio ccqnendo,
thereby to bring and reduce them into
EXEAT.
EXHORTATION.
'32:
due order and obedience. LikeAvise the
registrar of every ecclesiastical court shall
yearly, between Michaelmas and Christmas,
duly certify the archbishop of the pro-
vince of all and singular the premises
aforesaid."
By Canon GS. '* If the minister refuse to
bury any corpse, except the party deceased
\vere denounced excommunicated by the
greater excommunication, for some griev-
ous and notorious crime, and no man able
to testify of his repentance, he shall be
suspended by the bishop from his ministry
for the space of three months."
But by the rubric in the Book of Com-
mon Prayer, the Burial Office shall not be
used for any that die excommunicate.
EXEAT. The permission given by the
authorities in a college, to persons in statu
pupillari, to leave their college residence
for a time,
EXEDRyE, in ecclesiastical antiquity,
is the general name of such buildings as
were distinct from the main body of the
churches, and yet within the bounds of
the Church, taken in its largest sense. Thus
Eusebius, speaking of the church of Pau-
linas at Tyre, says, " When that curious
artist had finished his famous structure
within, he then set himself about the ex-
edrce, or buildings that joined one to an-
other by the sides of the church." Among
the excel rcc, the chief was the haptistcry, or
place of baptism. Also the two vestries,
or sacristies, as we should call them, still
found in all Oriental churches ; viz. the
I)iaconicum,y;\\cYcm the sacred utensils, &c.
were kept ; and the Prothesis, where the
side-table stood, on which the elements
before consecration were placed. — Jebb.
EXEMPTION, in the ecclesiastical
sense of the word, means a privilege given
by the pope to the clergy, and sometimes
to the laity, to exempt or free them from
the jurisdiction of their respective ordin-
aries.
^^Tlien monasteries began to be erected,
and governed by abbots of great quality,
merit, and figure, these men, to cover their
ambition, and to discharge themselves from
the subjection which they owed to the bi-
shops, procured grants from the court of
Rome, to be received under the protection
of St. Peter, and to be put immediately
under subjection to the pope. This re-
quest being for the interest of the court of
Rome, inasmucli as it contributed greatly
to the advancement of the papal authority,
all the monasteries were presently ex-
empted. The chapters also of cathedral
churches obtained exemptions upon the
same score.
St. Bernard, who lived at the time when
this invention was first put in practice,
took the freedom to tell Pope Eugcnius III.
that it was no better than an abuse, and
that it was by no means defensible, that
an abbot should withdraw himself from
the obedience due to his bishop ; that the
Church militant ought to be governed by
the precedent of the Church triumphant,
in which no angel ever said, " I will not
be under the jurisdiction of an archangel."
In after ages this abuse was carried so
far, that, for a small charge, private ])riests
procured exemption from the jurisdiction
of their bishop. The Council of Trent
made a small reformation in this matter,
by abolishing the exemption of particular
priests and friars, not living in cloisters,
and that of chapters in criminal causes. —
Sarpi^s Council of Trent.
EXHORTATION. By this general
name the addresses of the minister to the
people in the liturgy are called. AVhile
they are said, the people stand, in sign of
respectful attention, but do not repeat
them after the minister, since they are not
addresses to the Almighty made in their
name, but addresses to them only.
The ancient Church, indeed, had no such
exhortations as those in our Communion
Service ; for their daily, or at least weekly,
communions made it known that there was
then no solemn assembly of Christians
without it, and every one (not under cen-
sure) was expected to communicate. But
now, when the time is somewhat uncer-
tain, and our long omissions have made
some of us ignorant, and others forgetful
of this duty ; most of us unwilling, and all
of us more or less indisposed for it ; it Avas
thought both prudent and necessary to
provide these exhortations to be read
" when the minister gives warning of the
communion, which he is always to do upon
the Sunday, or some holy-day immediately
preceding."
As to the composures themselves, they
are so extraordinary suitable, that if every
communicant would duly weigh and con-
sider them, they would be no small help
towards a due preparation. The first con-
tains proper exhortations and instructions
how to prepare ourselves ; the latter is
more urgent, and a})plicable to those who
generally turn their backs upon those holy
mysteries, and shows the danger of those
vain and frivolous excuses M'hich men fre-
quently make for their staying aAvay. For
which reason it is appointed by the rubric
to be used instead of the former, whenever
the minister shall observe that the people
are " negligent to come." — Whently.
328
EXODUS.
EXPIATION, THE GREAT DAY OF.
The service of the Church of England
is distinguished by the number and fit-
ness of its exhortations. These are :
one at the beginning of Morning and
Evening Prayer ; two in the Communion
Service, -when notice is given of the holy
communion ; another at the time of cele-
bration. Five in the Ba])tismal Service ;
t"vvo in the office for receiving those into
the Church -who have been privately bap-
tized ; and five in the Baptism of those of
Riper Years ; one in the Confirmation Of-
fice ; two in the Solemnization of Matri-
mony ; two in the Visitation of the Sick ;
one in the Churching Sei-vice ; two in the
Commination Service ; besides those in the
Ordination Service. These may be con-
sidered as so many sermons of the Church,
which assert her doctrines, and fully show
what she expects from the faith and prac-
tice of her children.
EXODUS. (From the Greek '^o^og,
(foing out ; the term generally applied to
the departure of the Israelites from Egypt.)
The second book of the Bible is so called,
because it is chiefly occupied with the ac-
count of that part of the sacred history.
It comprehends the transactions of 145
years, from the death of Joseph in 2369 B. c.
to the building of the Tabernacle in 2114.
EXORCISMS (from i^oQKiZ,it), to con-
jure) were certain prayers used of old in
the Christian churches for the dispossess-
ing of devils. This custom of exorcism
is as ancient as Christianity itself, being
practised by our Saviour, the apostles,
and the primitive Church ; and the Chris-
tians were so well assured of the preva-
lency of their prayers upon these occasions,
that they publicly ofi'ered the heathens to
venture their lives upon the success of
them.
In the form of baptism, in the liturgy of
the 2 Edward VI., it was ordered thus : —
"Then let the priest, looking upon the
chiFdren, say, ' I command thee, unclean
spirit, in the name of the Father, of the
Sox, and of the Holy Ghost, that thou
come out and depart from these infants,
whom our Lord Jesus Christ hath vouch-
safed to call to his holy baptism, to be
made members of his body, and of his
holy congregation ; therefore, thou cursed
spirit, remember thy sentence, remember
thy judgment, remember the day to be at
hand wherein thou shalt burn in fire ever-
lasting, prepared for thee and thy angels ;
and presume not hereafter to exercise any
t}Tanny towards these infants whom Christ
hath bought with his precious blood, and
by this his holv baptism called to be of
his flock."
There was a custom which obtained in
the early ages of the Church, which was
to exorcise the baptized person, or to cast
Satan out of him, who was supposed to
have taken possession of his body in his
unregenerate state. But because, in pro-
cess of time, many superstitious and un-
warrantable practices mixed with this an-
cient rite, especially in the Roman Church,
our Reformers wisely thought fit to lay it
quite aside, and to substitute in lieu of it
these short excellent prayers : wherein the
minister and the congregation put up their
petitions to Almighty GoD, that the child
may be delivered from the power of the
devil, and receive all the benefits of the
Divine grace and protection, without the
ancient ceremony attending it. — Dr.
Nicholls.
Canon *72. " No minister shall, without
the licence of the bishop of the diocese,
under his hand and seal, attempt, upon
any pretence w'hatsoever, to cast out any
devil or devils, under pain of the imputa-
tion of imposture or cozenage, and deposi-
tion from the ministry."
EXORCISTS were persons ordained in
the latter end of the thu'd century, on pur-
pose to take care of such as were demo-
niacs, or possessed with evil spirits. In
the first ages of Christianity there were
many persons who are represented as pos-
sessed with evil spirits, and exorcism was
performed not by any particular set of
men, but afterwards it was judged requi-
site by the bishops to appropriate this office
by ordination. They are still a separate
order in the Church of Rome.
EXPECTATION WEEK. The whole
of the interval between Ascension Day
and Whit Sunday is so called, because at
this time the apostles continued in earnest
prayer and expectation of the Comforter.
EXPIATION. A religious act, by
M'hich satisfaction or atonement is made for
some crime, the guilt removed, and the ob-
ligation to punish cancelled. (Lev. xv. 15.)
EXPIATION, THE GREAT DAY OF.
An annual solemnity of the Jews, observed
upon the 10th day of the month Tisri,
which answers to our September. The
Hebrews call it Chippur, that is, " pardon,"
because the sins of the whole people were
then expiated or pardoned. (Lev. xvi. 29,
30.) On this occasion, the high priest laid
aside his pectoral and embroidered ephod,
because it was a day of humihation. He
ofiered first a bullock and a ram for his
own sins and those of the priests ; then
he received from the heads of the people
two goats for a sin offering, and a ram for
a burnt offering, to be offered in the name
EXPIATION, THE GREAT DAY OF.
EXTREME UNCTION.
329
of the whole multitude. It Avas determined
by lot, "which of the goats should be sacri-
ficed, and which set at liberty. After this,
he })crfumed the sanctuary with incense,
and sprinkled it with blood. Then, coming
out, he sacrificed the goat upon which the
lot had fallen. This done, the goat which
was to be set at liberty being brought to
him, he laid his hands upon its head, con-
fessed his sins and the sins of the people,
and then sent it away into some desert
place.
The great day of Expiation was a day
of rest and strict fasting : they confessed
themselves ten times, and repeated the
name of God as often : on this day likewise
they put an end to all differences, and
were reconciled to each other. Many
Jews spent the night preceding the day of
Expiation in prayer and penitential ex-
ercises. It was customary for the high
priest to separate from his wife seven days
before this solemnity. Upon the vigil,
some of the elders attended the high priest,
and their business was to prevent his eat-
ing too much, lest he should fall asleep,
lie was likewise to swear, that he would
not change the ancient rites in any par-
ticular. On the day itself, the high priest
washed himself five times, and changed
his habit as often. When the ceremony
was over, the high priest read the law, and
gave the blessing to the people. — Buxtorf,
Si/nacj. Jml. c. xx. Basnage, Hist, ties
Juifs, t. V. lib. vii. c. 15.
The modern Jews prepare themselves
for the great day of Expiation by prayer,
and ablution. They carry wax candles to
the synagogue : the most devout have two,
one for the body, and the other for the
soul. The women at the same time light
up candles in their houses, from the bright-
ness of which, and the consistency of the
tallow or wax, they form presages. The
whole day is spent in strict fasting, with-
out exception of age or sex. At the con-
clusion of the solemnity, the high priest
gives the blessing to the people ; who re-
turn home, change their clothes, and sit
down to a good meal.
The Jews believe, that Adam repented,
and began his penance, on the solemn day
of Expiation ; that, on the same day,
Abraham was circumcised, and Isaac
bound in order to be sacrificed; lastly,
that on this day, Moses descended from
Mount Sinai, with the new tables of the
law.
As sacrificing is now impracticable to the
modern Jews, in regard that their temple
is destroyed, they sacrifice a cock on this
occasion, instead of the legal victims, in
the manner following. The men take each
of them a cock in their hands, and the
women a hen. Then the master of the
family walks into the middle of the room,
and repeating several verses out of the
Psalms, dashes the cock thrice on the head,
I)ronouncing these words ; " Let this cock
pass as an exchange for me ; let him stand
in my place ; let him be an expiation for
me; let death befall this cock, but life and
hap])iness belong to me, and all tlie pco])le
of Israel. Amen." Tliis prayer is thrice
repeated by the master of the fiimily ; for
himself, his children, and the strangers of
his family. Then they ])rocecd to kill the
cock, and throw his entrails upon the top
of the house, that the crows may come
and carry them away, together Avith the
sins of the family, into the wilderness :
this is done by way of resemblance with
the scape goat.
It is of this fast we are to understand
that passage of the Acts, where St. Luke
says, that St. Paul comforted those who
were with him in the ship, " when sailing
was become dangerous, because the fast
was already past." (Acts xxvii. 9.) For
tempests are very frequent in the month
of September, in which this solemnity falls,
and this was much about the time that St.
Paul took his voyage to Rome.
EXTRAVAGANTS. (See Decretals.)
A name given to those decretal e])istles of
the popes after the Clementines. The first
Extravagants are those of John XXIIL,
successor to Clement V. ; they were so
named because, at first, they were not di-
gested, nor ranged with the other papal
constitutions, but seemed to be, as it were,
detached from the canon law ; and they
retained the same name when they were
afterwards inserted into the body of the
canon law. The collection of decretals, in
1483, were called the Common Extrava-
gants, notwithstanding they were likewise
embodied Avith the rest of the canon law.
EXTREME UNCTION. Of extreme
unction the Romish Council of Trent as-
serts, " The holy unction of the sick was
instituted by our Lord Christ, as truly
and properly a sacrament of the New Tes-
tament, as is implied, indeed, in St. Mark ;
but commended and declared to the faith-
ful by James, the apostle and brother of
the Lord. " Is any sick among you ? Let
him call for the elders of the Church, and
let them pray over him, anointing him
with oil in the name of the Lord ; and the
prayer of faith shall save the sick, and the
Lord shall raise him up, and if he have
committed sins they shall be forgiven him."
From which words, as the Church hath
330
EXTREME UNCTION.
learned from apostolic tradition handed
down, she teaches the matter, form, proper
minister, and eflect of this Avholesome sa-
crament ; for the Church has understood
that the matter is oil blessed by the bishop,
for unction most aptly represents the grace
of the Holy Spikit wherewith the soul of
the sick man is invisibly anointed : then
that the form consists of "these words, "By
this anointing," S:c.
The following are the canons upon the
subject passed by that council.
Canon I. If any shall say, that extreme
unction is not truly or properly a sacra-
ment instituted by our LoKD Christ, and
declared by the blessed apostle James ;
but only a rite received from the Fathers,
or a human invention ; let him be ac-
cursed.
Canon II. If any shall say, that the
holy anointing of the sick does not confer
grace, nor remit sins, nor relieve the sick,
but tliat it has ceased, as if it were for-
merly only the grace of healing ; let him
be accursed.
Canon III. If any shall say, that the
rite and usage of extreme unction, which,
the holy Roman Church observes, is con-
trary to the sentence of the blessed apostle
James, and, therefore, should be changed,
and may be despised by Clmstians without
sin ; let him be accursed.
Canon IV. If any shall say, that the
presbyters of the Chm'ch, whom St. James
directs to be called for the anointing of
the sick, are not priests ordained by the
bishops, but elders in age, in any com-
munity ; and that, therefore, the priest is
not the only proper minister of extreme
unction ; let him be accursed.
Here the institution of extreme unction
by our Lord is implied by Mark, vi. 13,
where it is said of the apostles, that " they
anointed with oil man)' that were sick, and
healed them." But, by-and-by, (session 22,
eh. 1,) we are told that the Christian priest-
hood was not instituted until our Lord's
last supper. Either, then, extreme unction
is no sacrament, or they who are no priests
can administer a sacrament ; for the apos-
tles were not priests, according to the
Church of Home, at the time spoken of by
St. Mark. But, further, a sacrament is a
visible form of invisible grace ; but the
passage in St. INIark speaks only of healing
the body ; and, therefore, Cajetan, as cited
by Catharinus, rejects this text as inap-
plicable to this sacrament ; and Suarez
(in part iii. disp. 39, sect. 1, n. 5) says,
that " when the apostles are said to anoint
the sick and heal them, (Mark vi. 13,) this
was not said in reference to the sacrament
of unction, because then* cures had not of
themselves an immediate respect to the
soul." Nor will this pretended sacrament
derive more assistance from the passage in
St. James, in which they say that the in-
stitution by our Lord is proclaimed and
declared by that apostle, at least if Cardi-
nal Cajetan is any authority, who is thus
cited by Catharinus in his Annotationes,
Paris, 1535, p. 191, do Sacramento Uuc-
tionis Extremae. " Sed et quod scribit
B. Jacobus, ' Infirmatur quis in vobis ? '
&c., pariter negat revcrendissimus ad hoc
sacramentum pertinere, ita scribens, nee
ex verbis, nee ex effectu, verba ha^c lo-
quuntur de sacramentali unctione extremee
unctionis, sed magis de unctione quam
instituit Dominus Jesus exercendum in
segrotis. Textus enim non dicit, Infii'ma-
tur quis ad mortem ? sed absolute, Info-
matur quis ? " &c. But that this rite,
which they now call a sacrament, was ori-
ginally applied chiefly to the healing of
the body, is manifest from the prayers
which accompanied it. " Cura qua?simius,
Redemptor noster, gratia Spiritiis Sancti
languores istius injirmi" and so the direc-
tions, " in loco uhi 2^li(s dolor imminet, am-
jilius lierumjaturP Let the patient have
most oil applied in the part where the pain
is greatest. — 8acr. Gregor. by Menard,
Paris, 1542, p. 252. From all which we
come to the conclusion, that the allegations
of the Council of Trent on this matter
must be pronounced " not proven." Which,
if it were a mere opinion, would be of no
great consequence. But when their asser-
tion is supported by anathema, and every
communicant in their Church bound to
believe it as necessary to salvation, it serves
to show the cruelty of this Roman mother
both to her own children, and to them
whom she reckons strangers. It is in
vain that the Roman writers attempt to
strengthen their cause by appeals to the
Greek mysteries. The Greek mysteries
and the Latin sacraments are not synonym-
ous. And as concerns this of unction,
which (as its epithet '* extreme," which the
Romans have added, implies) is designed
for persons in articulo mortis, or in exitu
vita>, as we have it in the third chapter,
this derives as little countenance from the
Greek Church as it does from St. James.
For, in the Greek Church, the service of
anointing is used to persons in any illness ;
and is used by them solely for recovery
from sickness, as the following prayer at
the application of the oil clearly shows.
" O holy Father, the physician of our souls
and bodies, who didst send thine only-
begotten Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, to
EZEKIEL, THE PROPHECY OF.
FACULTY COURT,
331
heal all diseases, and to deliver us from
death, heal this thy servant M. from the
bodily infirmity under which he now
labours, and raise him up by the p;Yacc
of Christ." — Perceval, Roman Schism.
Kiuffs Greek Church.
Now that this miraculous gift (of heal-
ing all manner of diseases) is ceased, there
is no reason why the mere ceremony of
anointing with oil should continue ; which
yet is still used in the Church of Rome,
and made a sacrament ; though it signify