Walton in one of his statements,) for a full
account of this version.

JACOBITES, or JACOBINS. Eastern
Christians, so denominated from Jacob, a
Syrian, the disciple of Eutyches and Dios-
corus, Avhose heresy he spread so much in
Asia and Africa, in the 6th century, that
at last, in the 7th, the different sects of the
Eutychians were SMallowed up by that of
the Jacobites, which also comprehended all
the Monophysites of the East, i. e. such as
acknowledged only one nature in Christ.
Their Asian patriarch resides at Caramit,
in Mesopotamia ; Alexandria is the see of
the African one, and he follows the errors
of Dioscorus and the Cophti. M. Simon
relates that under the name of Jacobins
must be included all the Monophysites of
the East, whether Armenians, Cophti, or
Abyssines, acknowledging but one nature
in Christ ; he adds, the number of the
Jacobins, properly so called, is but small,
there not being above thirty or forty thou-
sand families of them, which principally
inhabit S)Tia and Mesopotamia : they are
divided among themselves, one part em-
bracing, and the other disowning, the com-
munion of the Church of Home. These
last are not all united, having two opposite
patriarchs, one at Caramit, and the other
at Dorzapharan ; besides these two, he
says, there is one of the same opinion with
the Latins, residing at Aleppo.

JAMES'S, ST., DAY, {July 2bth,) the
day on which the Church celebrates the
memory of the apostle James the Great,
or the Elder. He was one of the sons of
Zebedee, and brother of St. John. He
was the first of the apostles who won the
crown of martyrdom. (Acts xii. 2.)

JAMES'S, ST., GENERAL EPISTLE.
A canonical book of the New Testament.
It was written by St. James the Less, called
also the Lord's brother ; who was chosen
by the apostles bishop of Jerusalem. The
date of this Epistle is placed by Dr. Mills
in, or just before, the year 60 ; two years
after which the writer suifered martyrdom,
under the high priesthood of Ananus, and
procuratorship of Albinus.

This general Epistle is addressed partly
to the infidel, and partly to the believing
Jews. The writer's design was to correct
the errors, soften the ungoverned zeal, and



refoi-m the indecent behaviour, of the
former; and to comfort the latter under
the hardships they then did, or shortly
were to suff'er, for the sake of Christianity.
It is directed to the Jews and Jewish con-
verts of the dispersion, but no doubt was
calculated for the improvement likewise of
those JcAvs, over Avhom the apostle pre-
sided in the special character of their
bishop.

This Epistle is the first of the Catholic
or General Epistles, in the canon of Scrip-
ture ; which are so called, because they
were written, not to one, but to several
Christian Churches.

JANSENISTS, in France, are those
who follow the opinions of Jansenius, a
doctor of divinity of the university of
Louvain, and bishop of Ypres. In the
year 1640, the two universities of Louvain
and Douay thought fit to condemn the
loose doctrine of the Jesuits, particularly
Father Molina and Father Leonard Cel-
sus, concerning grace and predestination.
This having set the controversy on foot,
Jansenius opposed to the doctrine of the
Jesuits the sentiments of St. Augustine,
and wrote a treatise upon grace, which he
entitled Aiu/ustmus. The treatise Avas at-
tacked by the Jesuits, who accused Jan-
senius of maintaining dangerous and he-
retical opinions : nor did they stop here,
but obtained of Pope Urban VIII., in
1642, a formal condemnation of Jansenius's
treatise. The partisans of Jansenius gave
out, that this bull was spurious, and com-
posed by a person entirely devoted to the
Jesuits.

After the death of Urban VIII., the
affair of Jansenism began to be more
warmly controverted, and gave birth to
an infinite number of polemical writings
concerning Grace. What occasioned some
mirth in these disputes was, the titles
which each party gave to their writings.
One writer published The Torch of St.
Aiujustine ; another found Snuffers for St.
Aiigustine^s Torch. F. Veron composed A
Gag for the Jansem'sts ; and the like. In
the year 1650, sixty-eight bishops of
France subscribed a letter to Pope Inno-
cent X., to obtain of him an inquiry into,
and condemnation of, the five famous pro-
positions which follow, extracted from
Jansenius's A ugusthius : —

I. Some of God's commandm^ents are
impossible to be kept by the righteous,
even though they are willing to observe
them.

II. A man doth never resist inward
grace, in the state of fallen nature.

III. In order to mei-it, or not merit, it



JANUARY, THIRTIETH OF.



JEREMIAH, THE PROrilECY OF. 405



is not necessary that a man sliould liave
a liberty free from necessity. It is suffi-
cient that he hath a liberty free from re-
straint.

IV. The Semi-Pcla</ians were heretics,
because they asserted the necessity of an
inward preventing fz:racc for every action.

V. It is a Sctni-Pehtgian opinion to say,
that Jesus Christ died for all mankind,
without exception.

In the year 1652, the pope appointed a
congregation for examining into the matter
relating to Grace. In this congregation
Jansenius was condemned, and the bull
of condemnation published, May 31, 1653.
After its publication at Paris, the pulpits
were filled with violent outcries and alarms
against the heresy of the Jansenists. The
year 1656 produced the famous " Provin-
cial Letters " of M. Pascal, under the name
of Jjouis de 3Iorifa/te, in defence of 3fes-
sienrs de Fort Hoi/al, who were looked
upon as the bulwark of Jansenism. The
same year. Pope Alexander VII. issued
another bull, in which he condemned the
five propositions of Jansenius. The Jan-
senists affirm that the five condemned pro-
positions are not to be found in Jansenius's
treatise upon Grace, but that some enemies
of Jansenius, having caused them to be
printed on a sheet, inserted them in a
book, and thereby deceived the pope.

Among the enemies of the Jansenists
Was a certain sect of fanatics, called Bro-
thers of the Sodality of the blessed Saei'a-
inent. They sprung up at Caen, in 1659,
and gave out that their smell was so nice,
that they could distinguish a Jansenist by
the very scent, and that all the clergy in
that city, except two, were Jansenists.

At last Clement XI. put an end to the
disputes about Jansenism by his consti-
tution of July 17, 1705; in which, after
having recited the constitutions of his
predecessors in relation to this affair, he
declares, that, to pay a proper obedience
to the papal constitutions concernimj the
preseyit f/iiestion, it is necessary to receive
them icith a respectful silence. The clergy
assembled at Paris approved and accepted
this bull, on the 21st of August, the same
year; and no one dared to oppose it.
This is the famous bull Uniycnitus, so
called from its beginning with the words,
Uni(fe7iitus Dei Fdius. — Brouyhton.

Jansenism still exists in Holland, where
the archbishop of Utrecht presides over
the communion.

JANUARY, TIIIRTIETII OF. (See
JFonns of Prayer.)

JEHOVAH. One of the names given
in Scripture to Almighty God, and pecu-



liar to him, signifying the Being who is
self-existent, and gives existence to others.

The name is also given to our blessed
Saviour, and is a proof of his Godhead.
(Com])are Isaiah xl. 3, with Matt. iii. 3,
and Isaiah vi., with John xii. 41.) The
Jews had so great a veneration for this
name, that they left off the custom of pro-
nouncing it, whereby its true proiumcia-
tion was forgotten. It is called the Tetra-
grammaton, (Ttrpaypa/i/iorov,) or name of
four letters, and containing in itself the
past and future tenses, as well as the pre-
sent participle, and signifies. He who tvaSj
is, and shall be ; i. e. the Eternal, the Un-
changeable, the Faithful.

The same veneration seems to have ac-
tuated most Christian communities in their
translation of the word, rendered in Greek
by Kiipwg, in Latin by Dominies, and in
English by Lord. The word Jehovah
occurs but four times simply, and five
times in composition, in our authorized
translation.

JEREMIAH, THE PROPHECY OF.
A canonical book of the Old Testament.
This divine writer was of the race of the
priests, the son of Hilkiah of Anathoth,
in the tribe of Benjamin. He was called
to the prophetic office, when he was
very young, about the thirteenth year of
Josiah, and continued in the discharge
of it above forty years. He was not car-
ried captive to Babylon with the other
Jews, but remained in Judea, to lament
the desolation of his country. He was
afterwards a prisoner in Egypt, with his
disciple Baruch, where it is supposed he
died in a very advanced age. Some of the
Christian Fathers tell us, he was stoned to
death by the Jews for preaching against
their idolatry ; and some say, he was put
to death by Pharaoh Hophra, because of
his prophecy against him.

I*art of the prophecy of Jeremiah re-
lates to the time after the captivity of
Israel, and before that of Judali, from the
first chapter to the forty-fourth ; and part
of it was in the time of the latter cai)tivity,
from the forty-fourth chapter to the end.
T[\e prophet lays open the sins of the
kingdom of Judali Avith great freedom and
boldness, and reminds them of the severe
judgments which had befallen the ten
tril)es for the same offences ; he passion-
ately laments their misfortinie, and recom-
mends a speedy reformation to them. Af-
terwards he i)rcdicts the grievous calami-
ties that were a])proaching, ])artieularly
the seventy years' captivity in Chaldca.
He likewise foretells their deliverance and
happy return, and the recompence which



406



JESUITS.



Babylon, Moab, and other enemies of the
Jews, should meet with in due time.
There are likewise several intimations in
this prophecy concerning the kingdom of
the Messiah ; also several remarkable
visions and types, and historical passages
relating to those times.

The fifty-second chapter does not belong
to the prophecy of Jeremiah, which con-
cludes, at the end of the fifty-first chapter,
with these words : " Thus far are the
words of Jeremaah." The last, or fifty-
second chapter, (which probably was added
by Ezra,) contains a narrative of the taking
of Jerusalem, and of what happened dur-
ing the captivity of the Jews in Babylon,
to the death of Jechonias. St. Jerome has
observed upon this prophet, that his style
is more easy than that of Isaiah and Hosea ;
that he retains something of the rusticity
of the village where he was born ; but that
he is very learned and majestic, and equal
to those two prophets in the sense of his
prophecy.

JESUITS, or the SOCIETY OF JE-
SUS. A society which, at one period,
extended its influence to the very ends of
the earth, and proved the main pillar of the
papal hierarchy, — whi«h wormed itself into
almost absolute power, occupying the high
places, and leading captive the ecclesiastical
dictator of the world,— must be an object
of some curiosity to the inquisitive mind.

Ignatius Loyola, a native of Biscay, is
well knoAvn to have been the founder of
this, nominally, religious order. He was
born in 1491, and became first a page
to Ferdinand V., king of Spain, and then
an officer in his army. In 1521 he was
wounded in both legs at the siege of Pam-
peluna, Avhen having had leisure to study
a book of Lives of the Saints, he devoted
himself to the service of the Virgin ; and
his military ardour becoming metamor-
phosed into superstitious zeal, he Avent on
a pilgrimage into the Holy Land. Upon
his return to Europe, he studied in the
universities of Spain, whence he removed
into France, and formed a plan for the
institution of this new order, which he
presented to the pope. But, notwith-
standing tlie high pretensions of liOyola
to inspiration, Paul III. refused his re-
quest, till his scruples were removed by
an irresistible argument adcbessed to his
self-interest : it was proposed that every
member should make a vow of uncon-
ditional obedience to the pope, without
requiring any support from the lioly see.
The order was, therefore, instituted in
1540, and Loyola appointed to be the first
general.



The plan of the society was completed
by the two immediate successors of the
founder, Lainez and Aquaviva, both of
whom excelled tlicir master in ability and
the science of government ; and, in a few
years, the society established itself in every
Catholic country, acquiring prodigious
wealth, and exciting the apprehensions of
all the enemies of the Pomish faith.

To Lainez are ascribed the Seer eta
Monita, or secret instructions of the order;
which were first discovered when Chris-
tian, duke of Brunswick, seized the Jesuits'
college at Paderborn, in Westphalia, at
which time he gave their books and manu-
scripts to the Capuchins, who found these
secret instructions among the archives of
their rector. After this, another copy
was detected at Prague, in the college of
the Jesuits.

The Jesuits are taught to consider
themselves as formed for action, in oppo-
sition to the monastic orders, who retire
from the concerns of the world ; and in en-
gaging in all civil and commercial trans-
actions, insinuating themselves into the
friendship of persons of rank, studying
the disposition of all classes, with a view
of obtaining an influence over them, and
undertaking missions to distant nations, it
is an essential principle of their i>olicy, by
every means, to extend the Catholic faith.
No labour is spared, no intrigue omitted,
that may prove conducive to this purpose.

The constitution of the society is mon-
archical. A general is chosen for life by
deputies from the several provinces. His
power is supreme and universal. Every
member is at his entire disposal, and is
required to submit his will and sentiments
to his dictation, and to listen to his in-
junctions, as if uttered by Chiiist himself.
The fortune, person, and conscience of
the whole society are at his disposal, and
he can dispense his order not only from
the vows of poverty, chastity, and mon-
astic obedience, but even from submission
to the pope whenever he pleases. He
nominates and removes provincials, rec-
tors, professors, and all officers of the
order, superintends the universities, houses,
and missions, decides controversies, and
forms or dissolves contracts. No member
can express any opinion of his own , and
the society has its prisons, independent of
the secular authority.

There are four classes of members, —
the novitiates or probationers, the ap-
proved disciples, the coadjutors, and the
professors of the four vows. The edu-
cation of youth was ahvays considered by
them as their peculiar province, — aware of



JESUITS.



407



the influence uliich such a measure would
infallibly secure over another generation :
and before the conclusion of the sixteenth
century the Jesuits had obtained the chief
direction of the youthful mind in every
Koman Catholic country in Europe. They
had become the confessors of almost all
its monarchs, and the spiritual g-uides of
nearly every jjcrson distinguished for rank
or influence. At dift'erent periods they
obtained the direction of the most con-
siderable courts, and took part in every
intrigue and revolution.

Notwithstanding their vow of poverty,
they accumulated, upon various pretences,
immense wealth. They claimed exemption
from tithes under a bull of Gregory XUI.,
who was devoted to their interests ; and,
by obtaining a special licence from the
court of Home to traile -with the nations
whom they professed to convert, they car-
ried on a lucrative commerce in the East
and AVest Indies, formed settlements in
diflerent countries, and acquired possession
of a large province in South America,
(Paraguay,) where they reigned as sove-
reigns over some hundred thousand sub-
jects.

Their policy is uniformly to inculcate
attachment to the Order, and by a pliant
morality to soothe and gratify the passions
of mankind, for the pur})ose of securing
their patronage. They proclaim the duty
of opposing princes who are inimical to
the Catholic faith, and have employed
every weapon, every artful and every in-
tolerant measui-e, to resist the progress of
Protestantism.

In Portugal, where the Jesuits were
first received, they obtained the direction
of the court, which for many years de-
livered to them the consciences of its
princes and the education of the people.
Portugal opened the door to their missions,
and gave them establishments in Asia,
Afi'ica, and America. They usurped the
sovereignty of Paraguay, and resisted the
forces of Portugal and Spain, who claimed
it. The court of Lisbon, and even Home
herself, protested in vain against their
excesses. The league in France was, in
reality, a conspiracy of the Jesuits, under
the sanction of Sixtus V., to disturb the
succession to the throne of France. The
Jesuits' college at Paris was the grand
focus of the seditions and treasons which
then agitated the state, and the ruler of
the Jesuits was president of the Council
of Sixteen, which gave the impulse to the
leagues formed tiicre and throughout
France. Matthieu, a Jesuit and con-
fessor of Henry HI., was called " the



Courier of the League," on account of his
frequent journeys to and from Home at
that disastrous period.

In Germany the society appropriated
the richest benefices, particularly those of
the monasteries of St. Benedict and St.
Bernard. Catherine of Austria confided
in them, and was supplanted ; and loud
outcries were uttered against them by the
sufierers in Vienna, in the states of Styria,
Carinthia, Carniola, and elsewhere. Their
cruelties in Poland will never be forgotten.
They were expelled from Abyssinia, Japan,
Malta, Cochin, Moscow, Venice, and other
places, for their gross misconduct; and in
America and Asia they carried devastation
and blood wherever they went. The great
object of the persecution of the Protestants
in Savoy was the confiscation of their
property, in order to endow the colleges
of the Jesuits. They had, no doubt, a
share in the atrocities of the Duke of Alva
in the Low Countries. They boasted of
the friendship of C'atherine de Medicis,
who espoused their cause, and under whose
influence the massacre of St. Bartholomew
was executed. Louis XIV. had three
Jesuit confessors, which may explain the
revocation of the edict of Nantes.

The Jesuits have been notorious for at-
tempting the lives of princes. The reign
of Queen Elizabeth presents a succession
of plots. In her proclamation, dated Nov.
15, 1602, she says, that "the Jesuits had
fomented the plots against her person,
excited her subjects to revolt, provoked
foreign princes to compass her death, en-
gaged in all affairs of state, and by their
language and writings had undertaken to
dispose of her croAvn."

Lucius enumerates five conspiracies of
the Jesuits against James I. before he had
reigned a year. They contrived the Gun-
powder Plot. So late as the time of
George I. both houses of parliament re-
ported, that the evidence examined by
them on the conspiracy of l*lunket and
Layer had satisfactorily shown that it had
for its object the destruction of the king,
the subversion of the laws, and the crown-
ing of the Popish pretender ; and they
state that '* Plunket was born at Dublin,
and bred up at the Jesuits' college at
Vienna." Henry III. of France was as-
sassinated by Clement, a Jesuit, in lo89.
The Jesuits murdered William, prince of
Orange, in 1 584. They attempted the life
of Louis XV. for imposing silence on the
polemics of their order, and were also
guilty of innumerable other atrocities.

'J'he pernicious spirit and constitution
of this order rendered it early detested by



408



JESUITESSES.



JEWS.



the principal powers of Europe ; and while
Pascal, by his "Provincial Letters," ex-
posed the morality of the society, and thus
overthrew their influence over the multi-
tude, different potentates concurred, from
time to time, to destroy or prevent its
estabhshments. Charles V. opposed the
order in his dominions : it was expelled in
England by the proclamation of James I.
in 1604 ; in Venice, in 1606 ; in Portugal,
in 1759; in France, in 1764; in Spain
and Sicily, in 1767, and suppressed and
abolished by Pope Clement XIV. in 1775.
Our OAvn age has witnessed its revival,
and is even now suff"ering from the in-
creased energv of its members.

JESUITESSES. An order of nuns,
who had monasteries in Italy and Flanders.
They followed the Jesuit rules ; and though
their order was not approved at Rome,
yet they had several monasteries, where
they had a lady abbess, who took the Jesuit
vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
They did not confine themselves to their
cloisters, but went abroad and preached.
They were two English young women,
who, by the instigation of Father Gerard,
set up this order, intending it for the use
of missionaries into England. This order
was suppressed by a bull of Pope Urban
VIIL, A. D. 1630.

JESUS, is the same with the Hebrew
name Joshua, or Jehoshua, i. e. Jehovah
THE Saviour. As the name Jesus was
given to the blessed Lord by Divine
command, so was the name of the son of
Nun changed by Moses from Hoshea,
(the Saviour,) to Joshua ; he being a type
of our blessed Lord. (Num. xiii. 16.)
(See Christ, 3Iessiah, Lord.) The name
that was given by the Divine command to
the Saviour of the world. He is called
Christ (anointed), because he Avas anoint-
ed to the mediatorial office, and Jesus
(Saviour), because he came to save his
people from their sins.

We are to regard him, as he is our
Saviour. I will place salvation in Jesus
" the Saviour " (Phil. iii. 20),— thus de-
clared by prophecy (Isa. xix. 20), and for
this reason so expressly called (Matt. i. 21 ;
Luke i. 31), and the prophecies truly ful-
filled (Luke ii. 11 ; Acts v. 31, xiii. 23),
is " the Saviour of the world " (John iv.
42; iii. 17; 1 John iv. 14), "the Saviour
of all men" (1 Tim. iv. 10 ; Luke ix. 56 ;
John xii. 47), who " came into the world
to save sinners " (1 Tim. i. 15; Luke v.
32 ; Rom. v. 8 ; 1 John iii. 5), " the Lord
and Saviour" (2 Pet. ii. 20; iii. 2), "the
captain of their salvation" (Heb. ii. 10).
And he is revealed as the only way to



salvation thus predicted (Isa. xxxv. 8 ; xlix.
6 ; Ii. 5 ; lix. 16 ; Ixiii. 1 ; Joel ii. 32 ; Matt,
i. 21; Acts iv. 12; Heb. ix. 8),— so by
himself declared (Matt, xviii. 11 ; Luke
xix. 9), — and by those speaking through
the inspiration of the Holy Spirit (Luke
i. 69, with 67 ; ii. 30, with 26, 27 ; Acts ii.
21 ; Eph. ii. 18).

He was sent by God for this purpose
(John iii. 17 ; Acts v. 31, xiii. 23 ; 1 John
iv. 14), and is declared to be "the author
of eternal salvation unto all them that
obey him" (Heb. v. 9; Isa. H. 6, 8),— that
" confess " him (Rom. x. 9), " believe on "
him (Rom, x. 9 ; Eph. ii. 8 ; Acts xvi. 31 ;
X. 43,) and " call on the name of the
Lord" (Acts ii. 21),—" to the Jews first"
(Rom. i. 16; Isa. xlv. 17; xlvi. 13; Ixii.
1, 11; Jer. xxxiii. 15, 16; Zech. ix. 9;
Luke i. 69, 77 ; Acts xi. 19 ; xv. 11 ; xiii.
23,46), "and also to the Greek" (Rom.
i. 16),— the Gentiles (Isa. xlv. 22 ; xlix. 6 ;
Ii. 5 ; Hi. 10 ; Luke iii. 6 ; Acts xxviii. 28 ;
Rom. iii. 29; x. 12; xv. 16; GaL iii. 28;
Col. iii. 11.)

To " that blessed hope " we now look
(Tit. ii. 13), through the righteousness
of God and our Saviour" (of our God
and Saviour, Gr.) (2 Pet. i. 1),—" our
Saviour Jesus Christ" (2 Tim. i. 10;
Tit. i. 4 ; iii. 6). Our salvation has been
eff'ected by the sacrifice of himself; " in
him have we redemption — the forgiveness
of sins ; " not purchased " with corrupt-
ible things," but with his own " precious
blood" (Eph. i. 7; 1 Pet. i. 18, 19), for
" he gave himself a ransom for all" (1 Tim.
ii. 6). And thus having made "peace
through the blood of his cross," he has
" reconciled both " — Jews and Gentiles —
" unto God in one body." (Col. i. 20 ;
Eph. ii. 16.) (See Bowing at the name of
Jesus.) Joshua, the successor of Moses, is
called Jesus in our translation of the New
Testament, Acts vii. 45, and Heb. iv. 8.
Both names are the same in the LXX. and
the Greek Testament, 'I^jaovg.

JEWS. The general name given the
descendants of Abraham, though in strict-
ness it originally belonged only to the
tribes of Judah and Benjamin, with the
Levites settled among them, who consti-
tuted the kingdom of Judah. It has long
been synonymous with Israelites. On
their laws and customs the reader must
consult the books of Moses. The modern
Jews have introduced many very remark-