Here and was never inserted before Tlie
power.

After the Creed, the punctuation is as
in the first specimen, except a colon after
temptation, and a full stop with "Amen"
after evil. Heaven and Earth do not begin
with capitals. The same in the Litany,
except there is a semicolon after temptation.
At its first occurrence in the Communion,
the punctuation, &c. is the same as in the
Post Communion, except that there is a
comma after temptation. A full stop and
" Amen" after evil.

Demosthenes said, when he was reproved
for studying his orations, that it argued his
reverence for the people of Athens. So
doth our study, in making exact forms,
declare our esteem for Almighty God. —
Comber. And we have this sacred form
from the AVonderful Counsellor, who came
out of the bosom of liis Fattier, and knew
his treasures, as well as our wants ; he
best could inform us what was fit for us
to ask, and what most likely for him to
grant : he was to go to heaven to be our
2 H 2



advocate there, and he hath taught us to
use this here, that there may be a harmony
between our requests and his. For which
cause it ought to be united to all our ofiices
to make up their defects, and recommend
them to " Our heavenly 1'atiier," who
cannot deny us when we speak the very
same words which his dear Son hath put
in our mouths, if we use them with under-
standing and devotion. — Ibid.

LOKJJ'S SUPPEK. An ancient name
for the sacrament of the holy cucharist.
The name occurs in 1 Cor. xi. 20 ; but in
that passage it is generally supposed by
the most learned divines, that reference is
made to the love-feast, ke])t in imitation of
our Lord's last supper, which was previ-
ous to the original eucharist. Thus much,
however, says Dr. Waterland, is certain,
that in the apostolical times the love-feast
and the eucharist, though distinct, went
together, and were nearly allied to each
other, and were both of them celebrated
at one meeting. (See Eucharist, Af/apee,
and Co7nmunion.)

As by the sacrament of baptism we
enter into the Christian covenant, so by
that of the Lord's supper we profess our
thankful continuance in it : and therefore
the first ansAver of our catechism concern-
ing this ordinance tells us, that it was
a])pointed " for the continual remembrance
of the sacrifice of the death of Christ,
and of the benefits which we receive
thereby." — Abp. Seeker.

It is called the Lord's supper because
if was both instituted by our Lord at
supper, and was designed to succeed into
the place of the paschal supper of the
Jews. (Matt. xxvi. 26, &c. ; Mark xiv.
22 ; 1 Cor. xi. 23—25, &c.)—Abp. Wahe.
LOllD'S TABLE. One of the names
given to the altar in Christian chui'ches.
(See Altar.)

LOUD VOICE. A term in our liturgy
which may be considered technical ; as not
merely meaning audible, (though this ex-
pression is also used,) but as being a con-
tradistinction to the secret of the unreform-
ed service, and the mystic voice {nvrrTiKCJo)
of the Greek Church : certain prayers and
part of the service having been repeated in
an inaudible whisper. (See Secreto, and
Mi/stic Voice, also Lord^s Frai/er.)

LOVlvFEASTS. {iiee Apap(s.) Feasts
held in the apostolic age before the cele-
bration of the eucharist, and discontinued
on account of the abuse of them.

LOVE, THE FA^HLY OF. A sect
of enthusiasts, which arose in Holland, and
being ])ropagated across the Channel, ap-
peared in England about the year 1580.



468



LOW SUNDAY.



LUKE'S, ST., GOSPEL.



These sectaries pretended to a more
than ordinary sanctity, which gained upon
tlie affections of tlie common peo])le. They
affirmed, that none Mere of the number of
tlie elect, but such as were admitted into
their family, and that all the rest were
reprobate, and consioncd over to eternal
damnation. They held, likewise, that it
was lawful for them to swear to an un-
truth before a magistrate, for their own
convenience, or before any person, who
was not of their society. In order to pro-
pagate their opinions, they dispersed books,
translated out of ])utcirinto English, en-
titled, 21ie Gospel of the Kiuf/dom. Docu-
mental Sentences. T/te Prophecy of the
Spirit of Love. The Publishing of Peace
upon Earth, ^-c.

These Familists could by no means be
prevailed upon to discover their author:
nevertheless it was afterwards found to be
Henry Nicholas of Leyden, who blasphem-
ously pretended that he partook of the
])ivinity of GoD, and God of his humanity.
Queen Elizabeth issued a proclamation
against these impious sectaries, and or-
dered theu' books to be publicly burnt.

LOW SUNDAY. Upon the octave
of the first Sunday after Easter day, it
was the custom of the ancients to repeat
some part of tlie solemnity which was
used upon Easter day ; whence this Sun-
day took the name of Low Sunday, being
celebrated as a feast, though of a lower
degree than Easter day itself.

It was also called Dominica in alhis, [or
rather, post albas depositas, according to
some ritualists, as "Wheatly remarks,] be-
cause it was the day on which those who
had been baptized on Easter eve put off
their white garments.

LUCIFEKIANS, in ecclesiastical an-
tiquity, is the name of those Christians
who persisted in the schism of Lucifer,
bishop of Cagliari, the capital of Sardinia.

Lucifer lived in the fourth century, and
was famous for his extraordinary virtues
and abilities. He was deputed by the
pope to the emperor Constantius, and
procured the calling of a council at Milan
in the year 355, by which he himself, and
the rest of the orthodox prelates, who
defended Athanasius, were condemned to
banishment. He was recalled from his
exile by the emperor Julian, in 361,
when, coming to Antioch, where the
church was extremely divided between
the folloAvers of Euzoius the Arian, and
of Meletius and Eustathius, orthodox
bishops, he, to put an end to the schism,
ordained Paulinus bishop, whom neither
of the orthodox parties approved. Euse-



bius of Vercelli, whom the Council of
Alexandria had sent to heal the divisions,
extremely disapproved this ordination ;
whereupon ]-ucifer, who was of an in-
flexible spirit, broke off communion with
him and the other prelates, and retired to
Sardinia, Avhere to his death he persisted
in his separation, and, by this means, gave
birth to a schism, which caused a great
deal of mischief to the Church. It con-
tinued to the end of the reign of Theo-
dosius the Great, after which time authors
make little or no mention of it.

LUKE, ST., THE EVANGELIST'S
DAY. A festival of the Christian Church,
observed on the 18th of October.

St. Luke was born at Antioch, and pro-
fessed physic. It is not agreed whether he
was, by birth, a Jew, or a heathen. Epi-
phanius, who makes him to be one of the
seventy disci])les, and consequently a Jew,
thinks he was one of those who left Jesus
Christ upon hearing these words, "He
who eateth not my flesh, and di-inketh not
my blood, is not worthy of me ;" but that
he returned to the faith upon hearing St.
Paul's sermons at Antioch. Some authors
suppose he Avas Cleopas's companion, and
went with him to Emmaus, when Jesus
Christ joined them.

St. Luke accompanied St. Paul in his
several journeys ; but at what time they
first came together is uncertain. Some
think he met St. Paul at Antioch, and
from that time never forsook him. Others
believe they met at Troas, because St.
Luke himself says, " immediately we en-
deavoured to go into Macedonia, from
Troas."

Some think he survived St. Paul many
years, and that he died at eighty-four
years of age : but where, authors are not
agreed. Achaia, Thebes in Boeotia, Elea
in the Peloponnesus, Ephesus, and Bithy-
nia, are severally named as the place of
his death. Nor are authors better agreed
as to the manner of it. Some believe
he suffered martyrdom ; and the modern
Greeks affirm he Avas crucified on an olive-
tree. Others, on the contrary, and among
them many of the moderns, think he died
a natural death.

LUKE'S, ST., GOSPEL. A canonical
book of {he New Testament. Some think
it was properly St. Paul's Gospel, and that
when St. Paul speaks of his Gospel, he
means what is called St. Luke's Gospel.
IrensBus says only, that St. Luke digested
into writing Avhat St. Paul preached to the
Gentiles ; and Gregory Nazianzen tells us,
that St. Luke wrote with the assistance of
St. Paul.



LUTHERANS.



4G9



This evangelist addresses his Gospel,
and the Acts of the Apostles, to one Theo-
philus, of ^vhonl ^ve have no knowledge ;
many of the ancients have taken this name,
in an appellative sense, for any one who
loves Gou.

LUTHER.\NS. Those Christians who
follow the opinions of Martin lAither.

This sect took its rise from the just
offence which was taken at the indulgences
(see ItHlnlyenccs) Avhich, in 1517, were
granted by Pope Leo X., to those who
contributed towards the finishing St. I'e-
ter's church, at Kome. It is said, the
pope at first gave tlie princess Cibo, his
sister, that branch of the revenue of in-
dulgences which were collected in Saxony ;
tliat afterwards these indulgences were
farmed out to those who would give most
for them ; and that these purchasers, to
make the most of their bargain, pitched
upon such preachers, receivers, and col-
lectors of indulgences, as they thought
proper for their purpose, who managed
their business in a scandalous manner.
The pope had sent these indulgences to
Prince Albert, archbishop of Mentz, and
brother to the Elector of l^randenburg, to
publish them in Germany. This prelate
put his commission into the hands of John
Tetzel, a Dominican, and an inquisitor,
who employed several of his own order to
preach up and recommend these indul-
gences to the people. These Dominicans
managed the matter so well, that the
people eagerly bought up all the indul-
gences. And the farmers, finding money
come in very plentifully, sjient it publicly
in a luxurious and libertine manner.

John Staupitz, vicar-general of the
Augustines in Germany, was the first who
took occasion to declare against these
abuses ; for which purpose he made use
of Martin Luther, the most learned of all
the Augustines. He was a native of Eis-
leben, a town of the county of Mansfeld,
in Saxony ; and he taught divinity at the
university of AMttendierg. This learned
Augustine mounted the pul])it, and de-
claimed vehemently against the abuse of
indulgences. Nor did he stop here ; he
fixed ninety-five propositions upon the
church doors of A\ ittemberg, not as dog-
matical points which he himself held, but
in order to be considered and examined
in a public conference. John Tetzel, the
Dominican, immediately published 106
propositions against them, at Erankfort
upon the Oder ; and, by virtue of the
office of inquisitor, ordered those of Luther
to be burnt : whose adherents, to revetige
the afi'ront olfercd to Lutlier. pid)licly burnt



those of Tetzel at "NVittemberg. Thus Mar
Avas declared between the Dominicans and
Augustines, and soon after between the
IJonian Catholics and the Lutheran party,
which from that time began to appear
o])enly against the A\'estern Church.

In the year 1518, Eckius, professor of
divinity at Ligolstadt, and Silvester Prie-
rius, a Dominican, and master of the sa-
cred palace, wrote against Luther's Theses,
who answered them in a tract, which he
sent to the pope and the bishop of Bran-
denburg, his diocesan, offering to submit
to the lloly See in the points contested.
But Prierius having published a discourse
full of extravagant amplifications of the
pope's j)ower, Luther took occasion from
thence to make the papal authority appear
odious to the Germans. In the mean time,
the process against Luther going on at
Rome, the pope summoned him to appear
there within sixty days : but, at the in-
stance of the duke of Saxony, his Holiness
consented that the cause should be exa-
mined in Germany, and delegated his le-
gate. Cardinal Cajetan, to try it. This
cardinal gave Luther a peremptory order
to recant, and not to appear any more be-
fore him unless he complied ; upon which
Luther, in the night-time, posted up an
appeal to the pope, and retired to Wittem-
berg. Afterwards, fearing he should be
condemned at Rome, he published a pro-
testation in form of laAv, and appealed to a
general council.

In the beginning of the next year, 1519,
the emperor Maximilian dying, and the
Elector of Saxony, who protected Luther,
being vicar of the empire during the in-
terregnum, that reformer's interest and
character were greatly raised, and he was
generally looked upon as a man sent from
God to correct the abuses which had
crept into the Roman Church. In June,
the same year, there was a ftmious con-
ference between Luther, Eckius, and Ca-
rolostadius, at Leipsic ; in which they
agreed to refer themselves to the uni-
versities of Erfurt and Paris. The ])oints
debated upon were, free-will, purgatory,
indulgences, penance, and the pope's su-
premacy.

In 1520, Luther sent his book De Li-
hertate Christiana to the pope; in which
he grounds justification upon faith alone,
without the assistance of good works ; and
assei'ts, that Christian liberty rescues us
from the bondage of human traditions, and
particularly the slavery of ])apal imposi-
tions. Afterwards, in a remonstrance writ-
ten in Higli Dutcli, he proceeded to deny
the authoritv of the Church of Rome.



470



LUTHERANS.



In June the same year, the pope re-
solved to apply the last remedies Avhich
the Church makes use of against her ene-
mies, and began with condemning in writ-
ing forty-one propositions extracted from
Luther's writings, giving him sixty days
to recant : but Luther refusing to comply,
the pope declared him excommunicated,
and sent the bull by Eckius to the Elector
of Saxony and the' university of Wittem-
berg, who' agreed to defer the publication
of it. In the mean time Luther wrote
against the bull with great warmth and
freedom, and appealed once more from the
pope to a general council. Besides which,
he caused a large bonfire to be made with-
out the walls of Wittemberg, and thrcAv
into it with his own hands the pope's bull,
together with the decretals, extravagants,
and Clementines. This example was fol-
lowed by his disciples in several other
towns.

The emperor Charles V, declared against
Luther, and ordered his books to be burnt.
Upon the opening of the Diet of Worms,
in 1521, Luther, with the emperor's per-
mission, appeared there, and made a speech
in defence of himself and his opinions.
But, when the diet found that he would
neither stand to the decisions of councils
nor the decrees of popes, the emperor gave
him twenty days to retire to a place of
security, and, a month after, published his
imperial edict, by which Luther was put
under the ban of the empire, as an heretic
and schismatic. But the duke of Saxony
gave private orders to convey Luther to
the castle of Wartburg, where he was con-
cealed three quarters of a year. He work-
ed hard in this retirement, A\hich he called
his Isle of Patmos, and kept up the spirit
of his party by writing new books ; among
which were his " Tracts " against auricular
confession, private masses, monastic vows,
and the celibacy of the clergy. About this
time the university of Paris, to which he
had appealed, condemned a hundred pro-
positions extracted out of his books : and
King Henry VIII. of England AATote against
him in defence of the seven sacraments.
Luther replied both to the Sorhonne and
to the king of England, but in a very rude
and unmannerly way.

Soon after he broke out of his retire-
ment, and was so hardy as to publish a
bull against the pope's bull In ccc.na Do-
mini, calling it the Bull and Reformation
of Doctor Luther. About this time he
published part of his translation of the
Bible, in which he departed from the
Vulgate, so long authorized and received
by the Church.



The Elector of Saxony, who all along
favoured and protected Luther, now gave
him leave to reform the churches of Wir-
temberg as he thought fit. The reformer
proposed likewise a regulation concerning
the patrimony of the Church ; which was,
that the bishops, abbots, and monks should
be expelled, and all the lands and revenues
of the bishoprics, abbeys, and monasteries,
should escheat to the respective princes ;
and that all the convents of Mendicant
friars should be turned into public schools
or hospitals. This project pleased the
princes and magistrates, who began to
relish Luther's doctrine extremely ; inso-
much that, at the Diet of Wirtemberg in
1523, when Pope Adrian VI. insisted upon
the bull of Leo X. and the Edict of
Worms against Luther, he could not pre-
vail with the princes to put them in exe-
cution, but vras answered, that a general
council ought to be called, and that there
ought to be a reformation of the ecclesi-
astics, and especially of the court of Rome.
This year, Luther had the satisfaction to
see a league contracted between Gustavus,
king of Sweden, and Frederick, king of
Denmark, who both agreed to establish
Lutheranism in their dominions. And
now Luther's persuasion, which, from the
Upper Saxony, had spread itself into the
northern provinces, began to be perfectly
settled in the duchies of Lunenburg,
Brunswick, Mecklenburg, and Pomera-
nia; and in the archbishoprics of Mag-
deburg and Bremen ; and in the towns
of Hamburg, Wismar, Rostock; and all
along the Baltic, as far as Livonia and
Prussia,

About this time Luther left off the habit
of a monk, and dressed himself like a
doctor, refusing to be saluted with the title
oi reverend father. Erasmus having written
a book concerning free-will, [De Libera Ar-
hitrio,) Luther ansv.ered it in another, en-
titled De Servo Arhitrio. In 1525, Thomas
Miinzer and Nicholas Store, taking their
leave of Luther, put themselves at the
head of the Anabaptists and Fanatics.
About this time Luther married a nun,
called Catharine Boren, exhorting all the
ecclesiastics and monks to follow his ex-
ample. In 1526, Philip, Landgrave of
Hesse, turned Lutheran, who gave great
life and spirit to that party.

In March, 1529, the Diet of Spire de-
creed that the Catholics should not have
the liberty to change their religion : that
the Lutherans should be tolerated till
the meeting of a council, but not allowed
to molest the Catholics; and that the
preachers should deliver nothing in then*



LUTHERANS.



471



sermons contrary to the received doctrines
of the Church. The Lutheran princes
entered a solemn protestation a<>;ainst this
decree, from whence came the name of
Protestants, taken up first by the Luther-
ans, and afterwards received amon<^ the
Calvinists.

The bej^'inning of October, this year,
■was held at Marburg the conference be-
tween liUther and Zwinglius, in relation
to the eucharist ; the latter affirming that
there is nothing more than bread and wine
in the Lohd's su])per, which elements are
the figm-e and re])rcsentation of his body
and blood; and Luther asserting that his
body and blood are really present, but
under the substance of bread and wine,
and that only in the act of receiving the
sacrament; after which he did not ac-
knowledge the continuance of this pre-
sence. This conference broke up without
coming to any accommodation.

In looO, the Lutherans or Protestants
drew up a Confession of Faith, which they
presented to the Diet of Augsburg. (See
Auf/sburq, Cuffession of.)

The year after, the Protestant princes
made the famous league of Sinalcalde,
which obliged the emperor to grant the
Lutherans a toleration, till the difierences
in religion were settled by a council, which
he engaged himself to call in six months.

The Lutheran party gaining strength
every day, and having refused the bull for
convening a council at Mantua, the em-
peror summoned a general diet atPatisbon,
where a scheme of religion for reconciling
the two parties was examined : but, after
they had examined and disputed for a
month together, the divines could agree
upon no more than five or six articles,
concerning justification, free-will, oi'iginal
sin, baptism, good works, and episcopacy ;
for, when they came to other points, and
especially the eucharist, the Lutherans
•would by no means yield to the other
party. The diet ended with a decree of
the emperor, strictly forbidding the Lu-
therans to tamper with any person to make
them quit their old religion, and at the
same time suspending all the edicts pub-
lished against them.

Martin Luther lived to see the opening
of the fomous Council of Trent, for ac-
commodating the difierences in religion ;
which put him upon acting with more
vigour and warmth against the Church of
Rome, as foreseeing that his opinions
would be condemned there. In short, he
left no stone imturned to engage the Pro-
testant princes to act against the council ;
which measures he continued to pursue



until his death, which happened in Febru-
ary, 1546.

jNIaurice, the Elector of Saxony, having
taken the field against the emperor, and
concluded a peace with him at Passaw, in
1.3o2, it v/as stipulated that the exercise
of liUtheranism, as stated by the Confession
of Augsburg, should be tolerated all over
the empire ; which toleration was to last
for ever, in case the differences in religion
could not be accommodated within six
months. And thus Lutheranism was per-
fectly settled in Germany.

The Lutherans are generally divided
into the moderate and the rif/id. The mo-
derate Lutherans are those who submitted
to the Interim, published by the emperor
Charles V. Melancthon was the head of
this party. (See Interim.)

The rioid Lutherans are those who would
not endure any alteration in any of Lu-
ther's opinions. The head of this party
was Matthias Flacius, famous for writing
the Centuries of Magdehurg, in which he
had three other Lutheran ministers for his
assistants.

To these are added another division,
called Luthero-Zivit2f/lians, because they
held some of Luther's tenets and some of
Zwinglius, yielding something to each side,
to prevent the ill consequence of disunion
in the I\<- formation.

The Lutherans retain the use of the
altar for the celebration of the holy com-
munion, some of the ancient vestments,
and the mitre and pastoral staff for their
bishops, at least in Sweden. They like-
wise make use of lighted tapers in their
churches, of incense, and a crucifix on the
altar, of the sign of the cross, and of
images, &c. Several of their doctors ac-
knowledge that such materials add a lustre
and majesty to Divine worship, and fix at
the same time the attention of the people.

The Lutherans retain the observance of
several solemn festivals after their reform-
ation. They keep three solemn days of
festivity at Christmas. In some Lutheran
countries, the ])eople go to church on the
night of the nativity of our blessed Saviouk
with lighted candles or wax tapers in their
hands ; and the faithful, who meet in the
church, spend the whole night there in
singing and saying their prayers by the
ligiit of them. 'Sometimes they burn such
a large quantity of incense, that the smoke
of it ascends Tike a whirlwind, and their
devotees may properly enough be said to
be wra])ped"up in it. It is customary,
likewise, in Germany, to give entertain-
ments at such times to friends and rela-
tions, and to send presents to each other,



472



LUTHERANS.



MACEDONIANS.



especially to the young people, whom they
amuse -with very idle and romantic stories,
telling them that our blessed Saviour
descends from heaven on the night of his
nativity, and brings with him all kinds of
playthings.

They have three holidays at Easter, and
three at "Whitsuntide, as well as those
before mentioned at Christmas. These
festivals have nothing peculiar in them
with respect to the ceremonies observed at
those times; but with regard to some
particular superstitions, they are remark-
able enough; as, for instance, that of the
paschal water, which is looked on as a
sovereign remedy for sore eyes, and very
serviceable in uniting broken limbs. This
paschal water is nothing more than com-
mon river water, taken up on Easter Day,
before the rising of the sun. They have
another superstitious notion with respect
to their horses: they imagine that the
swimming them in the river on Easter
Day, before the sun rises, preserves them
from lameness.

The other festivals observed by the
Lutherans are. New Year's Day, or the
Circumcision, a festival not near so an-
cient as the four above mentioned ; the