festival of the Three Kings, or, otherwise,
the Epiphany; the Purification of the
Blessed Virgin, or Candlemas ; and Lady
Day, or the Annunciation. There is no
public work nor service devoted to the
Blessed Virgin, nor are there any pro-
cessions, or other ceremonies, which are
observed by the Roman Catholics on the
two latter festivals. The festival of the
Sacred Trinity is solemnized on the Sun-
day after Whitsunday ; that of St. John
Baptist, on the 24th of June ; and that of
the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin, on
the 2nd of July, as it is by the lloman
Catholics. To conclude, the festival of
St. Michael the Archangel, or rather the
ceremonies observed by the Lutherans on
that day, are the remains only of an an-
cient custom, which has been preserved
amongst them, although somewhat extra-
ordinary, as the members of their commu-
nion retain no manner of veneration for
angels.
In 1523, Luther drew up a formulary
of the mass and communion for the par-
ticular service of the church of Wittem-
berg. Without attempting to particularize
the various parts of it, it may be observed
that all the churches where Lutheranism
prevailed were obliged entirely to conform
to it. However, those orders were never
punctually obeyed. Some Lutheran coun-
tries have one ritual, and some another.
There is a difference, likewise, in their
liturgies, though, as to the fundamental
articles, thev all agree. — Brouqhton.
LYCH-GATE, or CORPSE -GATE.
From Icich, *' a dead body " — (hence Leitch-
field). A gate at the entrance of the church-
yard, where the body was placed before
burial. These are of frequent occurrence
is ancient churchyards.
LYCHNOSCOPE. A narrow window
near the ground, very frequently found at
the south-west end of a chancel, not in-
frequently at the north-Avest, and some-
times, though seldom, in other parts of the
church. The name was given on the as-
sumption, (which is now, perhaps, univers-
ally abandoned,) that its use was to watch
the pasch-light from without the church.
The theory now commonly adopted, and
at least in part proved, is, that lychno-
scopes were confessionals. The last and
fullest exposition and examination of the
various theories of the use of these win-
dows may be found in a paper by Mr.
Lowe, in the first volume of the " Trans-
actions of the Northamptonshire, Lincoln-
shire, and other Architectural Societies."
In this paper their use as ventilators is
MACCABEES. There are two books
of this name in the Apocrypha, both of an
uncertain order. They are called Mac-
cabees, because they relate the patriotic
and gallant exploits of Judas Maccabeus
and his brethren. The Jirst book, which
is a most valuable and authentic history,
contains the history of the Jews from the
beginning of the reign of Antiochus Epi-
phanes to the death of Simon, a period of
about thirty-four years. The second book,
which is far less valuable, and less to be
depended upon, and which is in some
places at variance with canonical Scripture,
contains the history of about fifteen years,
A. M. 3828 to 3843, from the commission of
Heliodorus to pillage the temple, to the
victory of Judas Maccabeus over Nicanor.
These two books are accounted canonical
by the Roman Catholics ; but there are be-
sides two other books, called the third and
fourth books of Maccabees, of very little
authority, and which were never admitted
into the canon by any Church. The Books
of Maccabees are not read in the service
of the Church of England.
MACEDONIANS. So called from
Macedonius, a bishop of Constantinople,
deposed from his see by a council of 360,
and also Pneumatoinachians, from Trvevfia,
{Sjn'ritus,) and fxdxofiai, {jyur/no,) from their
distinctive error : a sect of heretics who
MAGDEBURG CENTURIES.
MANICHEANS.
473
arose in the fourth century, who denied the
separate personality of the Holy Giiost.
They -svere condemned by the second
n;eneral council, (of Constantinoi)le,) anno
381, and against their errors the expansion
of the latter portion of the Nicene Creed
was directed : " I believe in the Holy
Ghost, the Loud and giver of life, who
proceedeth from the Father and the Son,
who with the Father and the Son to-
gether is worshipped and glorified, who
spake by the prophets."
MAGDEBUKG CENTURIES. (Sec
Centuries.)
MAGISTRAL. An officer in cathedral
and collegiate churches and royal chapels
in Spain, generally a canon, whose duty it
was to preach a certain course of sermons.
He was so called, as it was necessary for
him to be a master (or, as Ave should call
it, bachelor) in theology. This was a ^??t-
henda de opjMsitmic, that is, it was conferred
upon the successful candidate in a public
disputation so called.
MAGNIFICAT. The song of the bless-
ed Virgin Mary, which is appointed to be
said or sung in English after the first
lesson at Evening Prayer, unless the 90th
Psalm, called Cantnte Domino, is used.
MALACHI, THE PROPHECY OF.
A canonical book of the Old Testament.
The author of the Lives of the Prophets,
and the Alexandrian Chronicle, say, that
Malachi was of the tribe of Zebulun, and
a native of Sapha, and that the name of
Malachi was given him because of his
am/elical mildness ; which made Origen
and Tertullian believe, that he was an
"angel incarnate." He is called an "angel"
by most of the Fathers, and in the version
of the Septuagint. Some think that Ma-
lachi is no other than Ezra, or Esdras, and
this is the opinion of the ancient Hebrews, of
the Chaldee Paraphrast, and of St. Jerome.
Malachi is the last of the twelve lesser
prophets. He prophesied about three
hundred years before Christ, reproving
the Jews for their wickedness after their
return from Babylon, charging them with
rebellion, sacrilege, adultery, profaneness,
and infidelity, and condemning the priests
for being careless and scandalous in their
ministry. At the same time, he forgets
not to encourage the " pious remnant,"
who, in that coiTupt age, " feared the
Lord, and thought upon his name."
This prophet distinctly ])oints at the
Messiah, who was " suddenly to come to
his temple," and to be introduced by
Elijah the prophet, that is, by John the
Baptist, who came '* in the spirit and
power of Elias," or Elijah.
The Jews pretend that, in the time of
Darius, son of Hystaspis, there was held
a general assembly of the heads of their
nation, to settle the canon of their Scrip-
tures ; that Daniel, Haggai, Zechariah,
and Malachi presided in this council,
and that Esdras was their secretary, liut
it is certain Daniel did not live at that
time. They add, that in the last year of
Darius, died the })ro])hets Haggai, Zecha-
riah, and ^Slalachi, and with them ceased
the si)irit of prophecy among the Israelites;
and that this was the sealing up of vision
and pro])hecy, s})oken of by J)aniel.
'J'he death of the prophet Malachi is
placed, in the Roman martyrology, on the
14th of January.
MANASSES, PRAYER OF. One of
the a])ocryphal books of the Old Testa-
ment, which is rejected as spurious even
by the Church of liome ; and though in
the list of the apocryphal books contained
in the sixth Article, is not read in the
service of the Church of England. It
cannot be traced to a higher source than
the Vulgate version ; and is evidently not
the prayer of King Manasseh, mentioned
in 2 Chron. xxxiii. 18, 19, as it never was
extant in the Hebrew. — Home's Intrud.
:\IANICH]^:ANS. Christian heretics,
who took their name from one Manes. The
ancients do not well agree as to the time
of this heretic's first appearance. But
S})anheim says, it was in the time of Pro-
bus, a little before Diocletian, and that his
heresy was a compound of the Pythago-
rean, Gnostic, and jMarcionite opinions.
According to the accounts given by the
Greeks, (from whom, however, the Oriental
writers diff"er considerably,) one Terebin-
thus, disciple to Scythianus, a magician,
finding that in Persia, whither he was
forced to retire out of I'alestine, the priests
and learned men of the country did
strongly oppose his errors and designs,
retired into a widow's house, M'here (it is
said) he was killed, either by angels or
by demons, as he was engaged in incanta-
tions. This woman, being heiress to the
money and books of Terebinthus, bought
a slave named Cul^ricus, whom she after-
wards adopted, and caused to be instructed
in all the sciences of Persia. This man,
after the woman's death, changed his
name, to obliterate the memory of his first
condition, and assumed that of Manes.
He pretended to be the apostle of Christ,
and that he was the Comforter our Sa-
viour promised to send. He promised
the king of Persia that he would cure his
son ; whereupon the father sent away all
the physicians, and the patient died soon
4Y4
MANICHEANS.
MARANATIIA.
after : whereupon Manes was imprisoned,
but made his escape ; but beinj^ soon ap-
prehended anjain, was flayed ahve, and his
carcass thrown to tlie Avikl beasts.
Manes hekl that there Mere two prin-
ciples, the one good, from Avhence pro-
ceeded the good soul of man, and the
other bad, from whence proceeded the evil
soul, and likewise the body with all cor-
poreal creatures. He taught his disciples
to profess a great severity of life, notwith-
standing which they were able to wallow
in all impurity, and he forbade to give alms
to any that were not of his own sect. He
attributed the motions of concupiscence to
the evil soul ; he gave out that the souls
of his followers went through the elements
to the moon, and afterwards to the sun,
to be purified, and then to GoD, in whom
they did rejoin ; and those of other men,
he alleged, v.ent to hell, to be sent into
other bodies. He alleged, that Christ
had his residence in the sun ; the Holy
Ghost in the air ; wisdom in the moon ;
and the Father in the abyss of light : he
denied the resurrection, and condemned
marriage ; he held Pythagoras's transmi-
gration of souls ; that Christ had no real
body ; that he was neither dead nor risen,
and that he was the Serpent that tempted
Eve, He forbade the use of eggs, cheese,
milk, and wine, as creatures proceeding
from a bad principle ; he used a form of
baptism different from that of the Church.
He taught that magistrates were not to
be obeyed, and condemned the most laAv-
ful wars. It were next to impossible to
recount all the impious and damnable
tenets of this heresiarch, insomuch that
Leo the Great said of him, that the devil
reigned in all other heresies, but he had
built a fortress and raised his throne in
that of tlie ^lanicheans, v.ho embraced all
the errors and impieties that the spirit of
man was capable of ; for whatever profan-
ation was in Paganism, carnal blindness
in Judaism, unlawful curiosity in magic,
or sacrilegious in other heresies, did all
centre in that of the Manicheans,
The Manicheans were divided into
hearers and the elect : of the elect, twelve
were called masters, in imitation of the
twelve apostles ; and there was a thirteenth,
who was a kind of jjope amongst them.
Authors charge them with ascribing a
body to God, and alleging that he was
substantially in everything, though never
so base as mire, dirt, &c., but was separ-
ated from them by the coming of Christ,
and by the Manicheans eating the fruits of
the earth. They likewise maintained, that
there had been a great combat between
the princes of darkness and light, wherein
they who held for God were taken pri-
soners, and that he laboured still for their
redemption. Moreover, he held that the
sun and the moon were ships, that the soul
of a man and of a tree Avere of the same
substance, and both of them a part of
God ; that sin was a substance, and not a
quality or aflection, and therefore natural,
and that acquired by the fall ; he likewise
held a fatality, and denied free-will. The
emperors, in the fourth century, made laws
against these heretics, who renewed their
opinions in Africa, Gaul, and Pome, where
a council was held against them, — But
Manicheism continued to exist among the
heretics of the middle ages. — See burton.
A u(/usti.
MANIPLE, or MANUPLE. Origin-
ally a narrow strip of linen suspended
from the left arm of the priest, and used
to wipe away the perspiration from the
face : gradually it received embellishments,
it was bordered by a fringe, and decorated
with needle-work. It is not improbable
that its use might be to clean the sacred
vessels, as has been supposed by some, for
in the eleventh century it was given to
the sub-deacons as the badge of their
order. It is distinguished from the epi-
f/onato7i by being worn on the left side.
The maniple is not retained among the
ecclesiastical vestments of the Church of
England.
MANSE. Mcmsio. The ancient name
(as appears from old records) for an eccle-
siastical residence, whether parochial or
collegiate. In Scotland it was peculiarly
appropriated to parsonage houses ; and
now designates the residences of the min-
isters of the Presbyterian establishment.
It was anciently applied also to the pre-
bendal houses there, — See il/' Ure's History
of Glasqoiv.
' MANSIONARIES, The permanently
resident canons in some Italian cathedrals:
in others of the same country the term was
apjilied to certain of the inferior clergy.
MANUDUCTOP, {Lat.,) in the ancient
Christian Church, was an officer, who, fi'om
the middle of the choir, where he was
placed, gave the signal to the choristers to
sing, marked the measure, beat the time,
and regulated the music. He was so call-
ed, because he led or guided the choir by
the motions and gesture of the hand.
The Greeks called the same kind of
officer 3Iesochoros, because he was seated
in the middle of the choii-.
MAllANATHA. On this word, which
is added by St. Paul to the word Anathema,
in 1 Cor, xvi. 22, Bingham, who has col-
MARCIONITES.
MARIOLATRY.
475
lected the authorities of the Fathers, tells
us that St. Chrysostom says it is a Hebrew
â– word, signifying The LoRD is come: and
he particularly applies it to the confusion
of those "Nvho still abused the privileges of
the gospel, notwithstanding that the Loud
was come among them. " This word,"
says he, " speaks terror to those who make
their members the members of an harlot,
"who offend their brethren by eating things
offered to idols, who name themselves by
the names of men, who deny the resurrec-
tion. The Lord of all is come down
among us ; and yet ye continue the same
men ye were before, and persevere in your
sins." St. Jerome says, it was more a
Syriac than a Hebrew word, though it had
something in it of both languages, signify-
ing Our Lord is come. But he applies it
against the perverseness of the Jews, and
others who denied the coming of Christ :
making this the sense of the apostle, " If
any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ,
let him be Anathema, the Lord is come ;
wherefore it is superfluous for any to con-
tend with pertinacious hatred against him,
of the truth of whose coming there is such
apparent demonstration." The same sense
is given by Theodoret, by Hilary the
deacon, and Pelagius, whose writings have
passed under the names of St. Ambrose
and St. Jerome respectively. And it is re-
ceived by Estius and Ur. Lightfoot as the
truest interpretation. So that, according
to this sense, Maranatha could not be any
part of the form of excommunication, but
only a reason for pronouncing Anathema
against those who expressed their hatred
against Christ, by denying his coming ;
either in words, as the Jews did, who blas-
phemed Cpirist, and called Jesus Ana-
thema or accursed ; or else by wicked works,
as those who lived profanely under the
name of Christian. But Parkhurst is rather
inclined to derive it from the Hebrew,
miharem atha, signifying cursed art thou ;
the m being changed into n, as was fre-
quent among Hellenizing Jews.
MARCIOXITES. Heretics of the se-
cond century, so called from Marcion.
He was born at Sinope, in Paphlagonia or
lielenopontus, on the coast of the Pontus
Euxinus, or Black Sea, and for that reason
is sometimes called Ponticus. He studied
the Stoic philosophy in his younger years,
and was a lover of solitude and poverty ;
but being convicted of uncleanness with a
virgin, he was, by his father, who was a
bishop, expelled the Church. After this
he went to Rome, where being not ad-
mitted into Church communion, because
his father had not consented to it, he in
spite embraced Cordon's heresy, and be-
came tiic author of new heresies, about A. D.
L'i4. He held with Cordon tMo gods, the
one good, the other bad : the latter, he
said, was the author of the world, and of
the law ; but the good, he said, was the
author of the gospel and redeemer of the
world. He said that Christ was sent on
purpose to abolish the law, as being bad.
Origen aflirms, that he supposed there was
a God of the Jews, a God of the Chris-
tians, and a God of the Gentiles. Tertul-
lian wrote against him, and, more curi-
ously than anybody else, observes the rest
of his opinions, as that he denied the re-
surrection of the body, condemned mar-
riage, excluding married people from sal-
vation, whom he would not baptize, though
he allowed of three sorts, and that the
living were sometimes baptized for the
dead. In his sect, the women commonly
administered the sacraments. Ilhodon, a
Greek author, quoted by Eusebius, says,
the disciples of this heresiarch added many
other errors to his tenets ; that the heresi-
arch meeting Polycarp in the streets of
Home, asked him whether he knew him.
" Very well," answered the good bishop,
" I know you very well to be the firstborn
of Satan." Constantino the Great pub-
lished an edict against the Marcionites
and the other heretics, in 3G6 ; and Theo-
doret, bishop of Cyrus, converted 10,000
of them in 420.
MAIIIOLATRY. (See Amieh, Idol-^
atrij, Popery, Virr/in Mary, Mother of
God.) The worshij) of the Virgin Mary :
one of the sins of the Church of Home,
for defending which her theologians are
guilty of heresy. The fact of the Ro-
manists praying to the Virgin ISIary is not
denied. Their manner of doing so, not
merely seeking her intercession, but actu-
ally adchessing her in terms which sound
very like blasphemy to those whose re-
ligion is catholic and Scriptural, may be
seen from the following extracts made
from the Psalter of Bonaventure.
Extract from the " Crown of the Blessed
Virgin : " *
" O thou, our governor, and most be-
nignant Lady, in right of being his mother,
command your most beloved Son, our
Lord Jesus Christ, that he deign to
raise our minds from longing after earthly
things to the contem})lation of heavenly
things."
Extract from a serious parody on the To
Deum, by the same writer :
"A\'e praise thee, Mother of GoD ; we
* Saucti BonaventuraD Opera, torn. vi. part
ii., from p. 46G to 473. Fob Moguutiae, 160'J.
i16
MARIOLATRY.
acknowledge thee to be a virgin. All the
earth doth worship thee, the spouse of the
eternal Fatiikr. All the angels and arch-
angels, all thrones and powers, do faithfully
serve thee. To thee all angels cry aloud,
with a never-ceasing voice. Holy, holy,
holy, Mary, mother of GoD. . . . The
whole court of heaven doth honour thee
as queen. The holy Church throughout
all the world doth invoke and praise tliee,
the mother of Divine majesty. . . . Thou
sittest with thy Son on the right hand of
the Father. ... In thee, sweet Mary,
is our hope ; defend us for evermore.
Praise hecometh thee ; empire becometh
thee ; virtue and glory be unto thee for
ever and ever."
Extract from a parody on the Atha-
nasian CVeed, by the same writer :
" AAHiosoever will be saved, before all
things it is necessary that he hold the
right faith concerning ]Mary ; which faith,
except every one do keep wliole and un-
defiled, without doubt he shall perish
everlastingly. ... He (Jesus Christ)
sent the Holy Spirit upon his disciples,
and upon his mother, and at last took her
up into heaven, where she sitteth on the
right hand of her Son, and never ceaseth
to make intercession with him for us.
" This is the faith concerning the Virgin
INIary, which, except every one do believe
faithfully and firmly, he cannot be saved."
Extract from a work by Alphonso
Liguori, called " The Glories of Mary : " *
" During the pontificate of Gregory the
Great, the people of Home experienced
in a most striking manner the protection
of the Blessed Vii'gin. A ft-ightful pes-
tilence raged in the city to such an extent,
that thousands were carried off, and so
suddenly, that they had not time to make
the least preparation. It could not be
arrested by the voavs and prayers which
the holy pope caused to be ofiered in all
quarters, until he resolved on having re-
course to the ^Mother of God. Having
commanded the clergy and people to go
in procession to the church of our lady,
called St. Mary Major, carrying the jiic-
ture of the holy Virgin, painted by St.
Luke, the miraculous effects of her in-
tercession were soon experienced : in every
street as they passed the plague ceased,
and before the end of the procession an
angel in human form was seen on the
toM'er of Adrian, named ever since the
castle of St. Angelo, sheathing a bloody
sabre. At the same moment the angels
were heard singing the anthem, ' Ilegina
* " The Glories of Mary, Mother of God ;
translated from the Italian of blessed Alphonsus
Cceli,' 'Triumph, O Queen,' Hallelujah.
The holy poi)e added, ' Ora ])ro nobis
Deum,' ' Pray for us,' &c. The Church has
since used this anthem to salute the
Blessed Virgin in Easter time." — True
Devotion to the Blessed Viir/ui, p. 21.
Extract from the Encyclical Letter of
Pope Gregory XVI. :
"Having at length taken possession of
our see in the Lateran Basilica, according
to the custom and institution of our pre-
decessors, we turn to you without delay,
venerable brethren ; and in testimony of
our feeling towards you, we select for the
date of our letter this most joyful day, on
which we celebrate the solemn festival of
the most Blessed Vu'gin's triumphant as-
sumption into heaven ; that she, who has
been through every great calamity our
patroness and protectress, may watch over
us writing to you, and lead our mind by
her heavenly influence to those counsels
which may prove most salutary to Christ's
flock. . . . But that all may have a suc-
cessful -and happy issue, let us raise our
eyes to the most Blessed Virgin Mary,
who alone destroys heresies, who is our
greatest hope, yea, the entire ground of
our hope."
For other quotations to the same pur-
pose, see the very useful and learned
volume " On Roman Fallacies and Catho-
lic Truths," by the Hex. H. T. Powell.
The adoration of the Virgin was first in-
troduced in the fourth century, and Avas
regarded as a heresy by the Catholic
Church. It commenced in Arabia, about
the year 373, and seems to have given
rise to the opposite heresy, that of the
Antidicomarians, who spoke iiTeverently
of the Blessed Virgin. AVe learn that the
simple and misguided persons who adopted
this new worship, made off'erings of cakes
to the Virgin, from which they were called
Collyridians (a w'ord which signified the
nature of the offering). There is no evi-
dence that they separated from the Church
or its worship, or refused to worship God,
or regarded the Virgin as equal with God.
They, however, off"ered external worship to
the Virgin, and were, therefore, regarded
as heretics. In the folloAving century, a
reaction against the Nestorian refusal of
the title Theotokos (Mother of God) to the
Blessed Virgin, tended greatly to pave the
way for the Mariolatry of later times. (See
Nestorians, Motlier of God.) Our great
Bishop Bull observes, '* We abominate the
impious imposture of those who have trans-
lated the most humble and holy Virgin
Liguori, and carefully revised by a Catholic
Priest." John Coyne, Dublin, 1833.
MARK'S, ST., DAY
MAIIONITES.
â– 177
into an idol of pride and vanity, and repre-
sented her as a vain-glorious and aspiring
creature ; like Lucifer, (I tremble at the
comparison,) thirsting after Divine wor-
shi]) and honour, and seeking out super-
stitious men and Momen, whom she may
oblige to her more especial service, and
make them her perpetual votaries. For
what greater affront than this could they
have ottered to her humility and sanctity P
How fulsome, yea, how jjerfectly loath-
some to us, are the tales of those that have
had the assurance to tell us of the amorous
addresses of the Blessed Virgin to certain
persons, her devout worshippers ; choosing