college at Turnhout, in which young men were educated for the foreign
missions.
HISTORY OF THE ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY. 139
period, young men came from Belgium and Holland to
join the Jesuit mission of Missouri, one hundred of
these postulants making their application for admission
through Father De Smet. The great majority of
Jesuits in the Missouri province of the society were
Belgians and Hollanders, till recent years; and even
yet a large proportion of them belong to those nation-
alities, though they are no longer in the majority. The
natives of Holland and Belgium I have peculiar facility
in acquiring the English language, with its exceptional
idioms and grammar, its accent and pronunciation, so
difficult for most Europeans to acquire in any high
degree of perfection ; and those missionary pioneers to
the West were likewise specially felicitous in adapting
themselves to the social manners and customs of the
people, and to the laws and institutions of the United
States, as if actually the most congenial to them.
Among these Belgians and Hollanders who for many
years filled the offices, professorships, and pulpits under
control of the Jesuit Society in Missouri, some may be
named whose reputation lives after them, and who dis-
tinguished themselves, not only for their acquirements
as priests and professors in the colleges, but also for those
accomplishments that rendered them acceptable and
useful likewise to the general public : as, Rev. P. J. Ver-
haegen, Rev. James Van de Velde, afterwards Bishop
of Natchez ; Rev. Cornelius Smarius, one of the ablest
pulpit orators in the United States, of his day ; 2 Rev.
1 St. Francis Xavier, in writing from the East Indies to St. Ignatius
for some assistance, added to his request, " Mitte Belgas."
2 A published volume of Father Smarius's lectures has gone through
many editions. His lecture on "The Christian and the Pagan Family"
was universally admired in St. Louis, where it was several times
repeated, by request.
140 HISTORY OF THE ST. LOUIS UNIVERSITY.
Louis Heylen, whose lectures, so much admired by many
discerning persons for the solidity of their learning, the
newness and beauty of their thoughts, and the faultless
elegance and the manly strength of their language,
were republished in England, where they were also
highly prized ; Rev. Joseph Fastre, who, though he con-
fined his literary undertakings to the humbler task of
translating excellent works from the Latin and French
languages into English, was so thoroughly master of all
those tongues that the authors whose productions he
rendered into English lost nothing, and some of them
gained in literary perfection by being clothed in Father
Fastre's pure and classical English. As for Father De
Smet, his fame is world-wide. Many of his published
writings were originally composed by him in the French
language, owing to the fact that they were addressed
to friends in Belgium, where French is the tongue
spoken in polite society ; yet his diaries, letters, and
addresses, which were written by him in the English,
are correct and vigorous in style, at the same time that
they are exceedingly interesting, and oftentimes charm-
ing, for the beauty of their matter. Thus, these found-
ers of the Missouri province acquired the language and
thought of the people, and caught the spirit of the
country, which they used for noble aims, at the same
time that they fulfilled the apostle's behest of making
themselves " all to all."
It must be said that those who have followed after
the early Belgian pioneers, and are still living, are not
unworthy successors of those apostolic men ; but an
account of their merits will pertain to the history of the
university's centenary. Since the year 1858, when Rev.
J. B. Druyts, then vice-provincial of Missouri, estab-
lished a scholasticate or seminary for the higher educa-
GRADUATES.
141
tion of young aspirants to the priesthood, the members
joining the society in Missouri have enjoyed advantages
of cultivation in science and literature never possessed
by those who had been previously educated in the
Western province. The permanent advancement thus
made justifies confiding expectations that the next half
century will also show a due proportion of growth in
the St. Louis University, as well as in all other zealous
works of the Missouri province ; and, therefore, that the
centenary of the St. Louis University will display a
progress in development as much beyond what it is
now, as the institution is now beyond what it was when
it first began, fifty years ago.
Names of all ivho received degrees in ' the literary and
scientific department of the St. Louis University, and
of those, also, on whom was conferred the honorary
degree of LL.D. 1834.
Year.
Degree. Names.
Professions.
Residence.
I834J
A.M.
A.B.
ct
*John Servary
*P. A. F.du Bouffay
* Peter A. Walsh
Literature
Baltimore, Md.
St. Louis Co., Mo.
St. Louis, Mo.
1835 j
A.M.
n
*Bryan Mullanphy
*Benjamin Eaton
*Barthol. McGowan
*Jeremiah Langton
Literature
St. Louis, Mo.
Ireland.
it
I8 3 6 |
A.B.
ii
*Joseph Puch y Bea
*John Shannon .
.
Campeche, Mex.
Natchez. Miss.
I8 3 8 |
A.M.
A.B.
*Jas. W. Sunderland
Valsin Dupuy
*Theophilus Littell
Professor . New England.
. llberville, La.
. jOpelousas, La.
* Deceased.
142
GRADUATES.
J 'ear.
1 Degree
Names.
Professions.
Residence.
1840 J
A.B.
*Wm. X. Guilmartin
Jos. G. H. Kernion
.
{Pennsylvania.
New Orleans, La.
1841 J
A.B.
Payton Spence
*John J. Morgan
.
St. Louis, Mo.
Madison, La.
r
A.B.
Henry B. Kelly .
....
New Orleans, La.
1842 J
"
Alex. J. P. Garesche
....
Wilmington, Del.
1
"
*Theodosius Barret
. . . .
Kentucky.
A.M.
*Wm. X. Guilmartin
Professor
Pennsylvania.
A.B.
J. Richard Barrett
...
Kentucky.
"
Fred. P. Garesche
...
Wilmington, Del.
*Isaac Cooper
....
St. Louis Co., Mo.
"
*Edward J. Carrell
. . . .
Louisville, Ky.
r
A.B.
Thomas M. Finney
....
St. Louis, Mo.
1844 J
4<
Didier Guyon
*F. Leavenworth
. . . .
Mt. Vernon, Ind.
I
"
Ferd. L. Garesche
....
Wilmington, Del.
r
A.M.
*Edward J. Carrell
Law .
Louisville, Ky.
A.B.
Ellsworth F. Smith
...
St. Louis, Mo.
845 1
"
J. S. B. Alleyne .
. . . .
" "
1846 {
A.M.
A.B.
Henry B. Kelly .
Lucien Carr
Law .
New Orleans, La.
St. Louis, Mo.
(.
r
A.M.
*John J. Morgan
Madison, La.
1847 \
*
Ellsworth F. Smith
Medicine
St. Louis, Mo.
(
"
J. S. B. Alleyne .
"
" "
8 8 /
A.M.
Alex. J. P. Garesche
Law .
St. Louis, Mo.
1 4 I
"
*Philip McKeever
. . . .
New Orleans, La.
r
In consequence of t
ic cholera, the
students were sent
1849 j
home before the us
ual time; henc
* no degrees were
l
given.
1850 {
A.B.
ft
*Thomas R. Harvey
John Harty
....
Siline Co., Mo.
St. Louis, Mo.
L
r
A.B.
John I. Coghlan .
Ireland.
Edward T. Parish
....
Woodville, Miss.
g
"
Ed. I. Fitzpatrick
.
St. Louis, Mo.
5 2
*William Linton
....
n
"
*Homer Mille .
.
Manchac, La.
"
Sdmond Trepagnier
. . . .
St. Charles, La.
* Deceased.
UNIVERSITY
GRADUATES.
Year. Degree. \
Xanies.
Professions .
Residence.
r
A.M. *Thos. A. Lonergani Medicine
St. Louis, Mo.
1853 ]
" jFrancis L. Haydel
tt
St. James, La.
(
" Frederic Ihmsen
A.B. . . .*
Pittsburg, Pa.
r
A.M. |E. Doumeing, A.B.
Medicine
New Orleans, La.
1
" Edward T. Parish ILaw .
St. Louis, Mo.
1854 -j
" *\Villiam Linton .
Literature
Chicago, 111.
A.B. *Wi!liam Kenny .
. .
Ireland.
I
" *Adolph Menard
. . . .
Galveston, Texas.
A.M. *Charles A. Pope
Medicine
St. Louis, Mo.
" *Moses L. Linton
14
a ft
o - -
" Robert A. Bakewell Law .
ft
l8 55
A.B. *George J. Hood
.
tt ft
" * Edward A. Leavy
...
n a
" ,*Henry B. Murphy
....
Old Mines, Mo.
r
A.M. -William Kenny .
....
St. Louis, Mo.
I
A.B. Earth. M. Chambers
...
tt ft
i8 5 6
" Robert Corcoran
.
it tt
" John H. Reel .
.
n ft
" Emile Webre .
St. James Par., La.
V.
1857 {
A.M. *Theodosius Barrett
" J. Richard Barrett
: : : :
St. Louis, Mo.
ft ft
r
A.B. *James A. Kelly .
....
St. Louis, Mo.
1858-^
11 *Geo. A. Dickinson
.
ft ft
L
" : *Adolph Webre .
. . . .
St. James Par., La.
r
A.M. Frederic W. Elbreg
Cincinnati, O.
1859 J
A.B. James A. Kennedy
....
St. Louis, Mo.
I
" *Thomas Grace .
....
ft tt
r
A.B. Aloysius Averbeck
Cincinnati, O.
" Fugene H. Brady
....
Louisville, Ky.
1860 -1
" *James Keenan .
.
St. Louis, Mo.
" Thomas Lyons
....
ff .4
I
" Patrick O'Reilly
. . . .
t f ft
r
A.B. Rod. W. Anderson
....
Collinsville, 111.
'* M. M. Boissac .
.
St. Gabriel, La.
1861 -
" Francis X. McCabe
.
St. Louis, Mo.
" *John Moynihan .
.
tt ft
.
" *Bernard M. Rice
....
n t
* Deceased.
144
GRADUATES.
Year.
! Degree.
Names.
Professions.
Residence.
\
A.B.
John Broderick .
....
St. Louis, Mo.
<
*John H. Ketterer
. . .
n
1862 \
<
*FrancisX. Lamotte
.
1
*John Langton .
.
a
I
"
Louis S. Tesson .
. . .
<
r
A.B.
Andrew J. Kennedy
....
St. Louis, Mo.
1863 J
f|
J. F. Conroy .
** w o <
(I
Gerald L. Griffin
....
Madison, Ind.
A M.
*John H. Ketterer
Law .
St. Louis, Mo.
<
^Francis X. Lamotte
1 1
u (i
Patrick O'Reilly .
Divinity .
K (i
(
J. A. Timmons, A.B.
Literature
Bardstown, Ky.
i
Julius S. Walsh, A.B.
.
St. Louis, Mo.
1864 .
A.B.
Santiago Belden .
*James A. Butler
. .
Monterey, Mex.
Cincinnati, O.
Jules J. Desloge .
....
St. Louis, Mo.
G. W. Fichtenkamp
...
u
tt
George H. Loker
....
( it
James A. Walsh .
....
11
r<
Jos. W. Rickert .
. . . .
Waterloo, 111.
LL.D.
Alex. J. P. Garesche
Law .
St. Louis, Mo.
*Moses L. Linton
Medicine
<
A.M.
Francis X. McCabe
Law .
A.B.
Francis E. Bonnet
. . . .
<
1865 -
H. O. Collins .
....
<
(i
Charles W. Knapp
...
<
Charles C. Lamotte
. .
'
tt
Lewis C. Smith .
. .
(i
.
t
Francis L. Stuever
. . . .
H
r
A.M.
fames A. Kennedy
Literature
Waterloo, 111.
rRfifi J
it
j. W. Fichtenkamp
Law .
St. Louis, Mo.
1 OOU -<
A.B.
Wolsey W. Collins
.
a
I
Bernard Finney .
. . . .
r
A.M.
H. O. Collins .
Law .
St. Louis, Mo.
Chas. W. Knapp
H
( f U
< <
Francis L. Stuever
Medicine
(1 <
1867 j
A.B.
Shepard J. Barclay
....
(I tl
1
Don Alonzo Burke
.
Carlinville, 111.
<
Charles F. Loker
....
St. Louis, Mo.
[ohn B. O'Meara
. . . .
ii ft
* Deceased.
GRADUATES.
145
Year. Degree . J\ \ i >nes .
Professions .
Residence.
A.M.
A. J. Cecil, A. B. | Professor
Elizabetht'wn, Ky.
1868 '
1868
Jeremiah F. Conroy
Law .
St. Louis, Mo.
Gerald L. Griffin
"...
Memphis, Tenn.
I
Andrew J. Kennedy
"...
St. Louis, Mo.
r
A.M.
*Felix McArdle .
Medicine
St. Louis, Mo.
A.B.
George H. Backer
" '*
1869
tt
Charles A. Fanning
.
< (
it
Leon Greneaux .
.
Natchitoches, La-
i
<<
Robt. J. Holloway
Louis L. McCabe
. .
Shelby ville, 111.
St. Louis, Mo.
A.M.
Montrose A. Fallen
Medicine
St. Louis, Mo.
" John F. McDermott
Literature
u
n
Joseph W. Rickert
Law .
Waterloo, 111.
A.B.
Daniel D. Burnes
; Weston, Mo.
1870
"
M. T- McLoughlin
St. Louis, Mo.
1
"
Joseph A. Mulhall
....
"
*
*Geo. E. Wilkinson
.
Yazoo City, Miss.
"
Louis A. Lebeau
.
Hermitage, La.
"
Benj. T. McEnery
.
Monroe, La.
I "
Jefferson L. Mellon
. . . .
Claysville, Mo.
r
A.B.
Louis R. Bergeron
Hermitage, La.
(4
William T. Humes
St. Louis, Mo.
14
Chas. A. Laforge
. . . . (New. Madrid, Mo.
"
P. Wm. Proven chere
.
St. Louis, Mo.
"
Valle F. Reyburn
....
<
1A.M.
Louis A. Lebeau
Medicine
Hermitage, La.
A.B.
Eleuterio Baca
.
Las Vegas, N.Mex.
"
John M. Breard .
i Monroe, La.
"
Robt. M. Breard
a
M
Callender J. Lewis
'.
Frankfort, Ky.
I "
Edmund R. Lynch
. . . .
St. Louis, Mo.
A.M.
Louis R. Bergeron
Literature
Hermitage, La.
"
Daniel D. Burnes
Law .
Weston, Mo.
1873 -
M
A.B.
Jno. A. McMenamy
James N. Burnes
"...
St. Joseph, Mo.
Weston, Mo.
"
*Henry S. Garesche
....
St. Louis, Mo.
ft
Ralph W. Humes
....
u
r
A.B.
Alfred Bouvier
St. Louis, Mo.
i8 7 4 ;;
Matthew F. Burke
Louis J. Hornsby
; Washington, Ind.
St. Louis, Mo.
I "
Francis J. Lutz .
. . . " "
* Deceased.
146
GRADUATES.
Year.
Degree
Names.
Professions.
Resilience.
A.B.
A. F. McAllister
.
St. Louis, Mo.
Thos. ], Reyburn
.
a
1874 -
George P. Miron
Amedee V. Reyburn
K
( (
(i
]. Gaston Soulard
.
<( ((
i<
Michael Courtney
Professor
<
,-
A.M.
*Henry S. Garesche
Medicine
St. Louis, Mo.
<
Wm. A. Garesche
Law .
f
Edward Walsh, Jr.
Civil Engineer'g
K (
1871;
A.B.
Tames Boro
Memphis, Tenn.
lo / D -
Louis H. Jones .
Eugene C. Slevin
. . . .
St. Louis, Mo.
Louisville, Ky.
f<
Solomon A. Link
. . . .
St. Louis, Mo.
r
A.M.
R. G. Frost, A.B.
Law .
St. Louis, Mo.
ti
Francis J. Lutz .
Medicine
(( <(
A.B.
Thos. H. Coppinger
....
Alton, 111.
"
Wm. E. Furlong
....
Milwaukee, Wis.
1876 .
James W. Garneau
...
St. Louis, Mo.
"
G. Edmund Graves
....
Lebanon, Ky.
r
Jas. J. Harrison .
....
St. Louis, Mo.
il
Alfred H. Kernion
.
New Orleans, La.
.
u
J. Henry Koetting
....
Milwaukee, Wis.
A.M.
Louis J. Hornsby
Law .
St. Louis, Mo.
K
J. Gaston Soulard
Medicine
it
A.B.
James A. Cain
.
Louisville, Ky.
ft
Ashley C. Clover
.
St. Louis, Mo.
< t
Joseph Solari
....
(t <
f
A.B.
Andrew Duggan
....
St. Louis, Mo.
James E. Hereford
....
Florissant, Mo.
1878 -
John J. McNamara
....
St. Louis, Mo.
B.S.
Russell K. Price
.
Louisville, Ky.
.
Harry D. Wilkes
....
<
'
LL.D.
J. S. B. Alleyne .
Medicine
St. Louis, Mo.
Hon. R. A. Bakewell
Law .
Hon. J. R. Barrett
it
Q w
it
Jerome K. Bauduy
Louis C. Boisliniere
Medicine
1879 -
ii
Hon. H. A. Clover
Law .
Emile Doumeing
Medicine
New Orleans, La.
14
Edward T. Farish
Law .
St. Louis, Mo.
I*
Hon. A. H. Garland
U. S. Senator
Arkansas.
"
Elisha H. Gregory
Medicine
St. Louis, Mo.
* Deceased.
GRADUATES.
147
Year. Degree
Natnes.
Professions.
Re* idence.
\
' LL.D.
Hon. Jas. Halligan
Hon. Henry B.Kelly
Law . . . Union, Mo.
"... New Orleans, La.
<'
Timothy L Papin
Medicine . St. Louis, Mo.
it
Hon. T. C. Reynolds
Law ... " "
Ellsworth F. Smith
Medicine . " "
A.M.
<
R. W. Anderson
Walter J. Blakely
. Collinsville, 111.
Literature . St. Louis, Mo.
Matthew F. Burke
Law . . . Washington, Ind.
<
James A. Cain
Literature . Fairfield, Ky.
Lucien Carr .
Liter. & Science Cambridge, Mass.
<
B. M. Chambers .
A.B. ... St. Louis, Mo.
< <
Ashley C. Clover
Law .
H ((
Wolsey W. Collins
" . . . San Francisco, Cal.
Thos. H. Coppingeri " Alton, 111.
a
Wm. A. Hard away
Medicine . St. Louis, Mo.
"
Michael F. Healy
Law .
ei K
Ralph W. Humes
Literature
<i i(
" William T. Humes
" " "
.
Louis H. Jones
(( K 4<
1879 -
ti
Geo. H. Loker, Jr.
" . '. "
"
John J. McCann
Law .
< <
M. T- McLoughlin Divinity .
(i ti
" |P. Wm. Provenchere Law . . .
( i
" JAmedee V. Reyburn i Literature
Valle F. Reyburn
Law .
( ( ((
Eugene C. Slevin
"...
<(
Louis S. Tesson .
Medicine
Ft. Custer, Mont
A.B.
Wilber N. Beal .
....
U (I
L. C. Boisliniere, Jr.
.
t
M
Lashley M. Gray
.
California, Mo.
"
Harrv T. HavHpl
St. Louis, Mo.
" James W. Kingston
" Francis H. Hobein
. . . . Kansas City, Mo.
. . . . St. Louis, Mo.
Robt. T. Venemann
...
Evansville, Ind.
a
Edward H. Tones
.
St. Louis, Mo.
" 'William H. Lepere
.
n
B.S.
Joseph A. Clarkson
...
< a
"
John W. Hughes
.
Ohio.
"
Thos. A. Roberson
. . . .
Arcadia, Mo.
CHAPTER XII.
THE chapter here following was prepared for this
volume by a cultivated scholar, who is master of the
subject which he treats. He desires the fact to be
recognized that, in writing this account of the " Ratio
Studiorum," he has made a free use of Cretineau Joli's
thoughts on the same topics. 1
The " Ratio Studiorum," the plan or method of teach-
ing and studying, is laid down by St. Ignatius in the
Constitution and Rules of the Jesuit Society, which he
established. This " Ratio Studiorum " has for its sub-
ject-matter, principally, the humaniora, or the branches
of polite learning, which in his day were taught almost
exclusively in the Latin language; but his method itself
is applicable to any of the polished living tongues as
well. The " Ratio Studiorum " also includes within
the scope of its subject-matter the higher sciences, as
philosophy, theology, etc.
THE RATIO STUDIORUM, OR SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
ADOPTED BY ST. IGNATIUS FOR THE COLLEGES OF
THE SOCIETY OF JESUS.
I. ORIGIN OF JESUIT COLLEGES THEIR OBJECT AND
WORK.
The "Ratio Studiorum," or system of studies which
was adopted by the Society of Jesus from its origin,
1 J. Cretineau Joli, Histoire de la Comp. de Jesus, 6 vols.
(148)
RATIO STUDIORUM. 149
more than three centuries ago, was nothing more than
the system which had prevailed in the universities then
flourishing all over Europe, with such modifications as
seemed to be demanded by the special object of Jesuit
colleges. St. Ignatius, the founder of the society, was
aware that the future of Christianity depended on the
Christian education of youth ; and he perceived what
efforts were made by the leaders of the movement
against the Church in his day to get possession of the
minds of the rising generation, and sow in them the
seeds of their own system of reform. The old universi-
ties themselves, which had been till then as beacons to
the nations of the world, the safe guides and instruc-
tors of men, began to be infected with the new doctrines,
and it became necessary to secure the youth of the time
against the errors and vices which threatened them.
St. Ignatius resolved at once to establish colleges
wherever it would be permitted, and to draw around
the chairs of his teachers as many as possible of the
young men whose after life was destined to exercise an
influence on the world. It is true that his subjects
were few, but he knew their ability, and he hoped that
their number would increase. Besides, the education
of his own young subjects in the higher branches of
literature and of profane and sacred science, a thorough
knowledge of which was indispensable to their voca-
tion, required the establishment of "houses of studies,"
or colleges ; and the presence of extern students with
his own would be a stimulus to greater effort, and a
means to secure a higher culture for them all.
Jesuit colleges then were founded, and the plan of
studies and government so wisely laid down by St.
Ignatius in his constitutions was carried into effect with
I5O SYSTEM OF STUDIES.
such success that in a short time Italy, Spain, Portugal,
and even Germany and the Low Countries, saw Jesuit
colleges in their cities, crowded with scholars in every
branch of literature and science. The number of these
nurseries of virtue and learning increased as time ad-
vanced, and wherever the society gained a foothold in
Europe, Asia, or America, colleges were established as
soon as there was a prospect of their successful opera-
tion for the good of religion. And such was the popu-
larity, the renown of these institutions in every land,
that it may be said without exaggeration that St. Igna-
tius educated the Catholic youth of the whole world.
Hence it follows, that so long as successive generations
of youth were trained by such a master, the revolution-
ary spirit which had been aroused against the Church
could hope for no decisive advantage.
This is quite sufficient to account for its ceaseless en-
deavors to get possession of youth, by depriving the
Jesuits of the power to teach. Hence, also, that con-
tinual cry against Jesuit education, that ever-growing
animosity of the universities against it ; hence, in fine,
the lamentable blow which destroyed the work of three
centuries, and left the youth of Europe to the treacher-
ous training of Jansenism and infidelity.
No sooner had the Christian world recovered from
the shock of the revolutions which had resulted from
this fatal error, than the society, recalled from its tomb,
began anew the work of education ; no longer, it is true,
under the same favorable circumstances, but with the
same zeal, the same patient devotedness, the same
results in proportion to the extent of its influence. The
system which had, for more than two hundred years,
produced such admirable fruits was revived in all the
RATIO STUDIORUM. 1$!
new colleges, and was religiously observed by the suc-
cessors of the celebrated teachers of the ancient society.
But, outside of Rome and a few other cities, whose
rulers had the courage to be just, none of the former
colleges were restored to the society. They and the
possessions attached to them had been sold or appro-
priated by the governments, and the society was called
upon to begin anew. The face of Europe is covered
with seven hundred colleges, and thousands of other
houses and churches, which once belonged to the
society before 1773 ; and they now serve as monuments
to mark a sad date in the history of the Church, to per-
petuate the memory of a happier past, and of the im-
piety of the men who destroyed it.
But this did not deter the society from the work of
education, though she might expect to see her institu-
tions ruined again and again. It was her vocation to
teach wherever she could, and so long as she was per-
mitted to do so. She left the future to God, and took
care of the present. Italy, Austria, France, Spain,
Switzerland, even England, Ireland, and America saw
the colleges of the society rising up in the first years of
her restoration, and already many of them have reached
a high rank among educational establishments.
2. CATHOLIC EDUCATION.
As was remarked above, the adequate object of Jesuit
education is to train up a race of enlightened and faith-
ful Christians. The end of man is the aim of St.
Ignatius in all his work : not this world alone, nor its
duties, enjoyments, occupations; but duty here for the
sake of the eternal hereafter, and for the purpose of
securing it. Secular knowledge is used as a means for
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SYSTEM OF STUDIES.
conveying along with it the more precious knowledge
of things divine. The mind is used as an avenue to the
heart ; truth as a lever to elevate the soul to God.
True education complete education consists of