me. I am extremely grateful for it, and I want to
take this opportunity for thanking you. I have also
been very much impressed, as I have listened to what
has been said about the life and the career of the
founder of this college. I think it contains a very
great lesson as to what we must look to for the build-
ing of a state. He felt that he must do something for
his country. He gave his all toward the founding of
this college ; he gave to his country his life. Those
are the men who make a great state. Those are the
men who ought to wear the laurels, and who deserve
the honors. In these modern days there is growing
up a class — so far a small class, thank Heaven — of
men with large possessions, which they enjoy beneath
the laws, and which they owe to the opportunities of
the United States. Those great gifts, to my thinking,
impose corresponding duties. I think they should
demand of men that, in return for all the country does
for them and has done for them, if they w^ould not
remain " mere names in the herd-book of humanity,"
they should try to serve the country to which they
owe so much. If they do not, they are a greater
menace to this country than the people whom we set



THE LUNCHEON. 285

down as ignorant and criminal ; for it is in such abuse
of wealth and opportunity that the weeds of socialism
and anarchy and disorder thrive. Those men, so
greatly gifted and so highly privileged, owe much to
their country ; but, until they show that sense of duty,
they deserve nothing at her hands. There are great
questions confronting this generation and the one that
is coming. We are closing one century, and entering
upon another. Mighty questions as to the relations
of society, of labor and capital, are pushing to the
front all over the civilized world. To meet them
with the success with which we met the questions
of this century, we need men with the sense of public
responsibility that Ephraim Williams showed when he
went to the front at the head of his regiment, and left
his property behind to found a college for the genera-
tions yet unborn.

President Carter : All of the colleges that we
have thus far heard from belong to the Puritans. But
there was a colony to which those obnoxious, on the
ground of religious opinions, to the strictest defenders
of the Established Church in and about Boston, went
with certainty of welcome. It was an enlightened
colony, with the illustrious Roger Williams practically
at its head. We have with us this afternoon the rep-
resentative of the college of that colony of whose
trustees twenty-two out of thirty-six must be of the
denomination called Anti-pedobaptist, and only four
of the denomination of Congregationalists. We make
less of the distinction between Calvinist and Hopkinsian



286 WILLIAMS COLLEGE.

than once we did, less of the distinction between Bap-
tist and Pedobaptist. I do not know how " anti" the
gentleman whom I am about to call upon is, but I know
that, when President Andrews was inaugurated presi-
dent of Brown University, Providence smiled upon
him, and that smile has broadened out into a laugh
as his administration has gone on. I have great
pleasure in introducing President Andrews, of Brown
University.

PEESIDENT ANDKEWS'S SPEECH.

When I think of the poverty, Mr. President, in the
midst of which I have to labor, and from that point of
view undertake to answer your question as to how
" anti " I am, I am inclined to say that I am " penny-
ante." In view of the lateness of the hour, Mr.
President and gentlemen of Williams College, I have
had it in my thought simply, if I were called upon
at all, to respond in the way of an expression of the
congratulations of the institution over which I have
the great honor to preside, — the congratulations of
that institution to the grand institution whose hun-
dredth anniversary you are celebrating to-day. 1
fished around in my mind, while some of the other
gentlemen were speaking, for some bonds of union
between our institution and this one. They are not
very plentiful. You are upon the outposts of New
England in one direction, and we are on the outposts of
New England, and in the opposite direction. Externally
the relations between these two colleges have not been
very numerous or very intimate. But I was reminded,



o







THE LUNCHEON. 287

as the noble orator of the morning was giving to us
those grand periods of his, that there was at least this
point of unity between us, that the veritable methods,
the principles and the aims, that have been exalted in
all the life of Williams College, have been those that
we also, in our way, have been endeavoring to exalt.
This afternoon I thought of another element of parity
in some respect, when hint was made of the poverty of
the earliest president of this college. I thought of the
letter, written about the same time as the letter
referred to, — perhaps in the very same year, — that
is on our records from the first president of Brown
University, in which he spoke of even greater humilia-
tion in the direction of poverty. He was writing to a
friend of his in England, and he said that he was very
much reduced ; that he had been not only the president
of a college, but a member of the Continental Congress,
and that in neither capacity had he received a cent of
salary for several years, and therefore he was reduced
to the condition in which he was obliged to look for-
ward to starvation, unless some one came to his relief
He wrote that there were in the house at the moment
of writing only a few cords of wood, two or three
bushels of potatoes, and eight barrels of cider. In
view, I suppose, of the latter beverage, he thanked
God, and took courao-e.

I fear I ought not to add a single word to what I
have said ; but a thought has been broached by two or
three of the preceding speakers, with regard to which
my heart is full, and has been full during the whole of
this auspicious day. It has seemed to me again and



288 WILLIAMS COLLEGE.

again, as these speakers have been giving you their
thoughts, that there is the very same need in New
England of a Williams College, and of other institutions
to do the very same work, that there was in the days
when Ephraim Williams made his will; and I feel
further, and with equal strength, that if Williams
College, and the other institutions that have the same
aims, do their duty during the next hundred years as
well as Williams College, at any rate, has done its duty
during the last century, the problems of New England
life that have been referred to by the honorable senator
at my left will be solved, and they will be solved
rightly ; and at the end of another century we shall
still have a New England with its grand life, with its
heroic aims, with its infinitely splendid power to make
character.

Presidei^t Carter : Let us pass over, for a moment,
into the business world, and let me present to you a
gentleman, Scotch by birth, American by adoption,
who has achieved distinojuished success, and has used
his accumulations for the good of his fellowmen, —
Andrew Carnegie.



MR. CARNEGIE'S SPEECH.

Mr. President and Gentlemen : I am called upon
to say a few words to you in five minutes, chiefly, I
think, because I am, of all the invited guests, the most
utter stranger to Williams and to New England, I am
sorry to say. But I wish now, before speaking further,



THE LUNCHEON. 289

to try to tell you, sir, what privilege you have con-
ferred upon your invited guests by calling us here.
To say that we have had a delightful time, that we
have enjoyed this celebration, would not at all express
my feelings. Sir, we have had an opportunity, — one
of those rare opportunities which come to men when
contact with an institution of learnino; like this
strengthens everything that is good within us. I
thank you profoundly, sir, for the invitation through
which I am enabled to receive this benefit.

Now, gentlemen, you all know — certainly Dr. Field
knows — that the only man who writes a good book
of travels is a man who knows nothing about the
country he visits. That is quite true, gentlemen ; I
have written two books myself If you do not write
a book upon your first impressions of a country, you
will never write anything very good about it. Now,
I wish to tell you in three minutes three impressions
which a novice like myself has received by contact
with Williamstown and with Williams College.

I know the Puritans all came from England, but I
wish to call the attention of our eloquent orator of this
morning to the fact that the only reason they did not
come from Scotland was because the English Puritan
had to run away ; and when Scotland was called upon
to uphold the banner of civil and religious liberty, —
not for herself but for the world, — she dashed back
the powers of England, and the Puritans of Scotland
stayed at home. That little mountainous land taught
the world then and there, then and forever, that neither
monarch, priest, pope, nor kaiser, could ever prevail

19



290 WILLIAMS COLLEGE.

over the determination of Scotchmen to rule Scotland
and maintain civil and religious liberty.

The first impression that I will speak about is this :
New England is a misnomer. This land of seven states,
called New England, should have been called New
Scotland. I judge so from the salaries that you paid
your professors in those early days. The Scotch pro-
fessor cultivates literature upon a little oatmeal ; and
I think the professors of Williams must have cultivated
it upon baked beans.

Another impression which I have received is the
same which has struck the worthy successor of Massa-
chusetts senators, — the question of wealth. The great
lesson which I have received here to-day is the coming
— yes, the present — dethronement of the acquisition of
wealth as an aim. I see in college professors, in those
men who value learning so highly, a total disregard of
wealth. Surely no one would say that a college pro-
fessor who wished wealth would choose that occupation.
I see it in lawyers who will resign a lucrative practice
to be judges among their fellowmen. I see it in our
clergymen. I see that all the highest natures in the
world are animated, not by vulgar and degrading love
of wealth, but by much higher aims. And this leads
me, gentlemen, to hail the coming of the day in which
I believe that the man who dies rich will die disg-raced.
The senator need not be alarmed about the aristocracy
of wealth. Those millionnaires who do not distribute
their wealth, hand it over to their children, — the most
efficacious mode of distribution that can be imagined.
If any millionnaire within the sound of my voice wants



THE LUNCHEON. 291

to ruin his boy, — I do not speak of exceptional cases;
no man has a right to consider his son exceptional ;
but on the average, if a man wants to ruin his boy, and
make him something neither useful to the state nor
creditable to himself, — let him hand his millions over
into the control of his boy. The solution of the ques-
tion of wealth comes on apace. Men will not strive
for wealth ; and those who have wealth will only wish
to get more, that they may use it to good ends, and
give it back to the community through which they
have been enabled to accumulate the vast sums such
as accrue to large employers of labor under our
economic conditions.

One word more : It is impossible for any of us
to forget Williams. We could not forget you, if we
would ; and we would not, if we could. I will say of
Williams as Webster said of Massachusetts: I shall
enter upon no eulogium of Williams. Here she is.
Her past, at least, is secure. As to your future, I do
indulge the confident hope that, whatever the stream
may be which shall flow forth from Williams as a con-
tribution to the national life of the republic, it will be
as pure as the streams which issue from your surround-
ing hills ; and as it passes on to the great sea, it shall
fertilize and stimulate unto bountiful harvest every
field which it touches in its pilgrimage.

President Carter : When Williams College was
founded there were no women's colleges, and there
was no co-education in the colleges. We expected
to-day to have had the heads of four women's col^



292 WILLIAMS COLLEGE.

leges sitting at our table. By the death of a relative,
Mrs. Mead of Mount Holyoke was prevented from
coming ; but we have with us President Taylor of
Vassar, President Seelye of Smith, and Miss Shafer
of Wellesley. I will call upon President Taylor of
Vassar, the earliest college of these four.



PRESIDENT TAYLOR'S SPEECH.

Mr. President, Alumni of Williams, and Eriends :

I bring to you the greetings of Vassar, and I hope,
on behalf of the other women's colleges, that I may
extend also their congratulations in this hour. It is
a very significant movement, it seems to me, and one
that perhaps has hardly yet gained the attention which
it deserves in the history of education, — this work for
women. Among all the great movements that we
have heard treated in these last few hours, in the
great conference of yesterday and in the other discus-
sions in public and in private here, I doubt if there is
a single one that merits the attention of the educa-
tional world to-day to the degree that is deserved by
this work for women. We may talk of the changes
in our curriculum; we may talk of those mighty
advances that have been made under the lead of the
great universities of New England, and under that of
Johns Hopkins University; we may discuss all these
problems that have arisen and that are not yet settled
in this day of educational theory, but, I ask you, where
is there a movement among them all, where is there



THE LUNCHEON. 293

an influence, that touches so much of the life of
America as this work of woman's education, — a new
movement in its grand proportions of to-day, a new
movement within little more than a quarter of a cen-
tury ? And when you think of the domestic life of
America, when you think of its social life, when you
think of the problems of sociology that are confronting
us, where is there an influence that means more to our
country than that of the educated woman ?

It is easy to indicate in a word the formative period
of this great movement, — how it was scattered through
New England and New York, through several of the
Northern States, and through many of the States of
the South, finding expression in the collegiate world
in the work of Oberlin and Antioch. It is easy to
show how these streams gradually grew and gath-
ered force, until they culminated in a great movement.
But we should lose sight of some of the chief influences
of that movement did we not also remember that it
w^as out of the years of the dreadful struggle of our
country, when many of you men who are here to-day
were in the front of the conflict and fous-ht for this
beloved land, — it was in that day that your mothers
and your sisters were learning in their homes, in the
Sanitary Commission, in the demands of the Civil War,
what organization meant, and the new responsibilities
that were laid upon them by their country. And syn-
chronous with the close of the war, out of these various
movements to which I have referred, came at last the
answer to the demand of the new generation, in the
great gift of Matthew Yassar. And so, out of the for-



294 AVILLTAMS COLLEGE.

mative period, into this new period of woman's educa-
tion we pass.

What of this new period, which we may well call a
critical period ? At first we were met on every hand
with the objections which are still the staple product
of visions of this movement on the part of the thought-
less and on the part of many thinking men also who
have not yet awakened to the facts. We were met
with the challenge that the physical system of woman
could not bear the strain ; and the challenge has been
answered over and over again by our women's colleges.
We were challenged with the fact that our domestic
and social life was threatened ; and we have sent forth
into communities through the length and breadth of
this land educated women who have known enough
and who have had tact enough still to conduct them-
selves as women in society and in the home, and who
have seemed to be in no more danger of deluging
society with the Greek language than you gentlemen
who have graduated from Williams. We were met
again with the grave question of woman's mental ca-
pacity, and again and again, wherever she has had a
fair chance to demonstrate it, she has answered that
question, — in Cambridge in England and in Cambridge
in this country, — and she is answering it to-day in the
imiversities which have opened their doors. East and
West, to women, whether in their undergraduate or
graduate work.

But still this period of criticism is not over, although
three hundred colleges or more have opened their
doors to women since Vassar opened its doors in 1865.



THE LUNCHEON. 295

Although the movement has spread until more than a
score of thousand women are studying in the colleges
of America to-day, it is yet true that the average man

— and I fear even the educated and college man.
who has not known the work of the woman's collecre

— doubts it. It is true that he has no real faith in its
efficacy, and I fear little faith in its thoroughness. I
am met on every hand with that challenge, which you
may well believe is not a grateful one to the soul of any
honest man or honest woman, representing that we do
very good work, that we are a kind of high-class board-
ing-school, that on the whole we are doing something
for the education of womankind ; but, with a lordly air
that we hardly appreciate, we are told that the standard
of the college is for men.

Now, I stand here to-day as a college man, Mr. Presi-
dent, — as a man acquainted not a little, I may say, with
various colleges in this country ; and I do not hesitate
to say, speaking for what I know of this work, that in
the leading colleges for women in this country the
facilities compare well with the general colleges for
men of highest rank, and that the work done is as
honest and as thorough as that done in any college for
men. And why should it not be so ? Who are the
teachers in a large section of our schools but women ?
Do you think that a trained woman cannot teach as
well as a trained man ? And if that be the question,
we are not confined to women teachers. We have
men in our college faculties, and do you think that
men cannot be found who will teach, and teach effi-
ciently? Do you think, as you look into the faces of a



296 WILLIAMS COLLEGE.

score or threescore of young women twenty or twenty-
two years of age, that they are not capable of thought,
and capable of response to all that an honest and
thorough teacher can do for them ? I plead with you,
Mr. President and brethren, on this occasion, for the
recog-nition of the fact. I ask for nothino^ more than
that. It is the critical period of woman's education,
but we deserve recognition, and I thank you, sir,
to-day for the recognition which is accorded to this
work in asking me to say a few words in behalf
of it — a recognition on this centennial occasion of
this grand old college which has stood for thorough-
ness — thoroughness of education and thoroughness of
manhood.

Let me suggest one word more in regard to the third
period in woman's education. It is a fact ; the men
who do not believe in it must move out of the way.
It is here ; it stands for a great movement and a sig-
nificant one. But what shall be its future ? Are we
to do imiversity work also in our women's colleges ?
Here is the problem which we heard discussed so ably
by Dean Griffin of Johns Hopkins yesterday, thrust
upon our women's colleges. Something has been done
for its solution, with the State universities of the West
granting all of their privileges to women ; with several
of our leading colleges in the East opening their
undergraduate work, or at least their graduate work,
to women ; with the great forward impulse that has
been given to the movement by the opening of the
graduate department of Yale University only a year
or two ago ; with the promise from Columbia sure to



ADDRESS. 297

come; with the promise indicated even at our oldest
university sure to be realized as regards its graduate
work. Still the problem is before us : are we to add
the university feature to our colleges, or are we to be
colleges in the simplest, purest, highest, noblest sense
of the old American word ? Whatever it may be, Mr.
President and gentlemen, the movement, as I have
said, is here. It is one of the most significant in
American education, and deserves from every thought-
ful man the consideration and the interest which he
gives to the education of his own sex.

But happily the day is also coming when there will
be no further consideration of the education of woman
as such ; when our educational conventions shall no
longer appoint speakers upon this specific phase of
education ; but when we shall discuss everywhere the
simple education of a personality, the development of
a character, the training of a mind.

President Carter : Johns Hopkins University has
stolen more than one professor from us. Of course it
is very natural, when a lady gets to be a hundred years
old, that the young girl of only eighteen or twenty
should take the jewels. We have been counted worthy
to suffer in that way, but we do not always like the
self-complacency of the young girl when she takes the
jewels ; but we will be forgiving, in view of the mag-
nificent work which President Gilman and the pro-
fessors whom he has taken from us are doing for all
the colleo:es of the land.



298 WILLIAMS COLLEGE.

PRESIDENT OILMAN'S SPEECH.

I THOUGHT you would excuse me, Mr. President, from
coming forward to say openly and publicly what I
knew I should have the opportimity of saying to you
privately and individually ; but since I am called out
I will say one or two words.

One is that I have noticed in all the drift of the talk
to-day, that the East and the West have been spoken
of, but the South has hardly been mentioned. Do not
forget that there is a great body of people at the South
struggling after higher education. I have noticed also
that almost all the way through the discussions to-day
there has been a historic note, — an admirable one, one
with which all our hearts beat in sympathy. But there
is also a prophetic note to be sounded ; there is a future
before us. As I heard you, Mr. President, and the
president of Yale College refer to the close relations
which existed between Yale and Williams in the past,
I said to myself that some eighty years hence, when
the centennial of Johns Hopkins university is cele-
brated, one of the speakers will be called upon to tell
of the relations existing between Baltimore and Wil-
liamstown in those early days. For his benefit I will
say that when it became necessary to bring together
a faculty for that institution, it was Williams College
that furnished the leader in science in the person of
Professor Remsen, our professor of chemistry. And
when it was evident that the study of psychology,
which had so long been promoted here, was to take
new phases and require new methods, it was to



THE LUNCHEON. 299

Stanley Hall, a graduate of this college, that Johns
Hopkins University turned. And when it became
necessary to carry the microscope to the depths of
the sea, and study, in the minute forms of marine
life, the phenomena of biological existence, it was to
Dr. William K. Brooks, whom you have this day hon-
ored, that Johns Hopkins University turned. We
claim that Dr. Brooks has made one of the most
profound analyses that have appeared since the days
of Charles Darwin. Then again, when it was deemed
important that methods of education should be repre-
sented among us, and that fresh and earnest attention
should be bestowed upon the principles of the human
mind and the formation of character, where did we
turn but to Williams College, and ask for one of its
graduates to come and show us the method how ; and
so we took Dean Griffin. As one who sits day after
day consulting with these four or five men, — Griffin
and Eemsen and Brooks and Murray, — on various
matters pertaining to the administration of an institu-
tion of learning, I am bound to say that I regard
Williams College as the fountain of common sense.

President Carter : When I remember the unani-
mous welcome given to Professor Briggs this morning,
I feel that the spirit of peace will descend upon us if he